BRITISH ZOOLOGY.
ILLUSTRATED BY PLATES AND BRIEF EXPLANATIONS.
LONDON, Printed: And Sold by B. WHITE in FLEET-STREET.
MDCCLXX.
TO WILLIAM CONSTABLE,
Esq
OF
BURTON-CONSTABLE.
DEAR SIR,
AS you have quitted your philosophic retirement, give me leave to wish every felicity may attend you, and that you may soon be enabled to resume those beloved Studies, and all the agreeable amusements of which you have so fully learnt the true enjoyment. May the tour thro' the different parts of EUROPE you propose visiting, be prosperous and entertaining; and to ensure that, may your primary object, the re-establishment of your health, meet with the most perfect success. May you return with the same inclinations you set out with, with that munificent disposition, and that benignity which a retreat from the world, instead of impairing, (as is too often the case) has exalted and improved.
To the last it is possibly owing that you have entertained such a favourable opinion of my labors, in a science we are both so enamoured of; to you therefore I address this little supplementary work; it may perhaps overtake you on the road, and if it does not afford you a transient amusement, will at lest give you a proof, that absent or present, at home or abroad, I remain unalterably, and with the truest esteem,
Dear Sir,
Your affectionate friend, And obedient humble Servant,
Thomas Pennant.
Downing,
Jan. 1, 1770.
ADVERTISEMENT.
THIS publication is intended to illustrate the
Zoology
of
Great Britain,
and particularly to supply the deficiency of plates in the three first volumes; and to correct any errors that may have crept into them. Every defect of that nature which can be discovered, and introduced with propriety into this work, will be fairly confessed, it being far from the editor's design to conceal any mistakes which thro' his own fallibility, thro' misinformation of others, or too great confidence in preceding writers, have found a place in the arduous task he has undertaken.
The few subjects engraved in this volume which have been before inserted in the folio edition, are such only as have been ill expressed in the great book; or are intended to exhibit some very different variety; or in a few instances meerly to fill the plate: a very few must be excepted, which are repeated in order to give here a series of birds of every
British
genus; and this will apologize for regraving the
Cuckoo, Wryneck,
and a few others; there being only a single species of each in these islands, as a representative of those
genera.
I FALCON GENTIL.
EXPLANATION.
PLATE I. FALCON GENTIL.
Falco gentilis. F. cera pedibusque flavis corpore cinereo, maculis fuscis, cauda fasciis quatuor nigricantibus.
Lin. syst.
126.
Falk.
Faun. suec.
No. 58.
Kram. austr.
328.
Falco gentilis.
Brunnich.
No. 6.
A Species highly esteemed by Falconers; those of
Germany
search for them in the
Dalecarlian Alps,
those of
Denmark
in
Jutland
and
Norway,
and those of our countrymen, who still pursue the diversion, find them in the
N. of Scotland
Last summer I saw one at his grace the Duke of
Gordon
's, taken in
Glenmore.
.
Cere and legs yellow; irides pale yellow; pupil large and of a full black. Head light rust color, with oblong black spots; whole under side from chin to tail white, tinged with yellow; each feather marked with heart-shaped dusky spots, pointing downwards. The back brown; quill feathers dusky, barred on the outward web with black, on the lower part of the inner web with white. Coverts of the wings and scapulars brown, edged with rust color; wings reach only one half of the length of the tail. The tail barred with four or five broad bands of black, and the same of cinereous, the edges of the first bounded by narrow lines of dull white. The tips of the feathers white.
II.
PLATE II. Is a variety, a young bird not arrived at its full plumage, with transverse bars of brown on the breast instead of cordated spots.
III. SPOTTED FALCON.
TWO of these were killed in different years, near
Longnor,
in
Shropshire.
Size of a buzzard: bill black: cere and legs yellow: irides pale yellow: crown of the head, and hind part of the neck, white: spotted with light reddish brown: back, and scapulars of the same color, edged with white: quill feathers dusky, barred with ash color: under side of the neck, breast,
II FALCON GENTIL.
III SPOTTED FALCON.
IV LANNER.
V MOOR BUZZARD.
belly, and thighs, white: the first of these, likewise the beginning of the breast, marked with a few rusty spots: rump white: middle feathers of the tail barred with deep brown and white; the rest with a lighter and deeper brown: the legs strong.
IV. LANNER.
The Lanner.
Br. Zool.
I. 138. sp. ix.
V. MOOR BUZZARD.
Moor Buzzard.
Br. Zool.
I. 146. sp. xiv.
THIS exhibits a singular variety, with a yellowish white head and chin; and the hind and lower part of the neck, and the coverts of the wings blotched with the same color.
Isle of Man.
VI. EAGLE OWL.
Bubo maximus nigri et fusci coloris.
Sib. Scot.
14.
Great horn, or eagle owl.
Wil. orn.
99.
Raii syn. av.
Strix bubo.
Lin. syst.
131.
Uff.
Faun. suec.
No. 69.
Berg-uggle, Katugl-hane.
Strom. Hist. Sondmore,
222.
Buhu.
Kram. Austr.
323.
Le grand Duc.
Brisson av.
I. 477.
SIR
Robert Sibbald
says it is found in the
Orknies:
it has been once shot in
Yorkshire;
another time in the county of
Fife.
It inhabits inaccessible rocks and desert places; and preys on hares, and game of all kinds. Its appearance in cities was deemed by the
Romans
an unlucky omen;
Rome
Pliny. lib.
x.
c.
12. who calls it
Noctis monstrum.
itself once underwent a lustration, because one of them strayed into the
Capitol.
The antients had them in the utmost abhorrence, and thought them, like the screech owl of the moderns, the messengers of death.
Solaque culminibus
ferali
carmine
BUBO,
Saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces.
Virgil.
Perch'd on the roof, the bird of night complains
In lengthen'd shrieks, and dire funereal strains.
In size it is almost equal to the eagle: the irides bright yellow: the head, and whole
VI. EAGLE OWL
VII. BUTCHER BIRD.
VIII TURTLE
ROCK PIGEON.
body, finely varied with lines, spots, and specks of black, brown, ash color, and ferruginous: the wings long: the tail short, marked with dusky bars: the legs thick, covered to the very end of the toes with a close and full down, of a pale yellowish brown: the claws great, much hooked, and dusky.
VII. GREAT BUTCHER BIRD.
Br. Zool.
I. 161. sp. 1. the female.
DISTINGUISHED from the male by semicircular brown lines across the breast. It breeds in the North of
England;
makes its nest of heath, and moss, lines it with wool and gossamer; and lays six eggs, of a dull olive green, spotted in the thickest part with black. It is said to kill the young of small birds in their nests.
VIII.
TURTLE.
Br. Zool.
. 222. sp. 3.
ENGRAVEN to give a better figure than that in the folio edition, which was taken from a young bird.
ROCK PIGEON.
Br. Zool.
I. 217. in the note.
IX.
SWALLOW.
Br. Zool.
II. 242. sp. I.
App.
502.
TO strengthen the two opinions in regard to the disappearance of these birds, a few other evidences in support of each are added to those before given.
IX SWALLOW.
SWIFT
This rendezvous of swallows about the same time of year is very common on the willows, in the little isles in the
Thames.
They seem to assemble for the same purpose as those in
Hampshire,
notwithstanding no one has yet been witness of their departure. On the 26th of
September
last, two gentlemen who happened to lie at
Maidenheadbridge,
furnished at lest a proof of the multitudes there assembled; they went by torchlight to an adjacent isle, and in less than half an hour brought ashore 50 dozen, for they had nothing more to do than to draw the willow twigs thro' their hands, the birds never stirring till they were taken.
The northern naturalists will perhaps say, that this assembly met for the purpose of plunging into their subaqueous winter quarters; but was that the case, they would never escape discovery in a river so perpetually fished as the
Thames,
some of them must inevitably be brought up in the nets that harass that water.
Other witnesses crowd on us to prove the residence of those birds in a torpid state during the severe season: First, In the chalky cliffs of
Sussex;
as was seen on the fall of a great fragment some winters ago.
Secondly, In a decayed hollow tree that was cut down, near
Dolgelli,
in
Merionethshire.
Thirdly, In a cliff near
Whitby, Yorkshire,
where, on digging out a fox, whole bushels of swallows were found in a torpid condition.
These are doubtless the lurking places of the latter habitations of those young birds, who are incapable of distant migrations. There they continue insensible and rigid; but like flies may sometimes be reanimated by an unseasonable hot day in the midst of winter, for very near
Christmas
a few appeared on the moulding of a window of
Merton College, Oxford,
in a remarkable warm nook, which prematurely set their blood in motion; having the same effect as laying them before the fire at the same time of year.
SWIFT.
Br. Zool.
I. 245. sp. iv.
THE fabulous history of the
Manucodiata,
or bird of
Paradise,
is here in a great measure verified. It was believed to have no feet, to live upon coelestial dew, to float perpetually on the
Indian
air, and to perform all its functions in that element.
The Swift actually performs what has been in these enlightened times disproved of the former, except the small time it takes for sleeping, and what it devotes to incubation; every other action is done on wing. The materials of its nest it collects either as they are carried about by the winds, or picks them from the surface in its sweeping flight. Its food is undeniably the insect tribe: its drink the dew: even its amorous rites are performed on high. Few persons who have attended to them in a fine summer's morning, but must have seen them making their aerial courses at a vast height, encircling a certain space with an easy steady motion. On a sudden they fall into each others embraces, then drop precipitate with a loud shriek for numbers of yards. This is the critical conjuncture, and no more to be wondered at than that insects (a familiar instance) should discharge the same duty in the same element.
X.
SEDGE BIRD.
Lesser reed sparrow.
Wil. orn.
144.
Passer arundinaceus minor.
Raii syn. av.
47.
Motacilla salicaria.
Lin. syst.
330.
Faun. suec. No.
249.
La Fauvette babillarde.
Brisson av.
III. 384.
FREQUENTS the fens of
Lincolnshire,
but not peculiar to that part of the kingdom. It sits on low bushes, on reeds or sedges, and has a most hasty jarring note.
It is a small slender shaped bird: its bill black: over each eye a white line: the crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and upper part of the back, cinereous, marked with dusky spots: the lower part of the back and rump, tawny; coverts of the wings, and quill feathers, dusky; the first edged with pale brown: the tail deep brown: the feet, as Mr.
Ray
well observes, remarkably large for the size of the bird.
TREE SPARROW.
SEDGE BIRD.
XI YELLOW HAMMER.
SNOW-FLAKE.
TREE SPARROW.
Mountain Sparrow.
Br. Zool.
II. 308. sp. iv.
COMMON near
Lincoln, Spalding,
&c. is conversant among trees, but does not frequent houses. It is less than the common sparrow: the bill thick and black: the crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and lesser coverts of the wings, bright bay; the first plain; the two last spotted with black; just above the greater coverts is a row of feathers, black, tipt with white; the greater coverts black, edged with rust color: quill feathers dusky, edged with pale red: lower part of the back olive brown: tail brown: legs straw color.
Behind each ear is a large black spot; on the chin another: cheeks and whole under side of the body whitish.
XI.
SNOW FLAKE
The name they are known by in
Scotland,
from their appearance in hard weather, and deep snows.
.
Greater Brambling.
Br. Zool.
II. 321. sp. iv.
THESE birds appear in hard weather on the
Cheviot
hills, and in the
Highlands
of
Scotland,
in amazing flocks: a few breed on the summits of the highest mountains, in the same places with the
Ptarmigans,
but the greatest numbers migrate from the north: they appear first
Bishop Pocock
's
journal,
M. S. the stages or resting places of these birds in their passage to
Scotland,
are probably these,
Greenland, Iceland, Faroe, Shetland, Orknies, Caithness.
in the
Orkney
isles, and multitudes of them often fall, wearied with their flight, on vessels in the
Pentland Firth.
Their appearance is a certain forerunner of hard weather, and storms of snow, being driven by the cold from their summer retreats,
Spitzbergen, Greenland, Hudson's
bay, and the
Lapland
alps, into less rigorous climates: they visit at that season all parts of the northern hemisphere,
Sweden, Prussia, Austria, Siberia
Bell
's
travels,
I. 198.
Kramer Aust.
372. the last says they are taken and fed with millet, and like the
Ortolan,
grow exceffively fat.
: they arrive lean and return fat: in their flights keep very close to each other, mingle most confusedly together: and fling themselves collectively into the form of a ball, at which instant the fowler makes great havock among them.
I had opportunity of examining several in
North Britain;
some were of the colors of that described p. 121, others were black and white,
vide
p. 322, paragraph 2. I am not certain, but suspect the former to be young; but possibly they may vary according to the season, as is common with arctic birds.
The weight of one I call an old bird, was 1 oz. one-fourth: the bill and legs black: the forehead and crown white: hind part of the head black; and some mixture of black on the hind part of the neck; the rest of the neck, and whole under side of the body white: the back of a full black: the rump marked with a white spot: the bastard wing, and the ends of the greater coverts black; the others white: the base of the quill feathers white; the remaining part black: the secondaries white, with a black spot on their exterior web: the middle feathers of the tail black; the three outmost white, with a dusky spot near their ends
This bird was killed amidst the
Grampian
hills, in the centre of those vast mountains not distant from
Invercauld,
the seat of Mr.
Farquharson,
whose hospitality I experienced in my late tour, and under whose conduct I saw, with the greatest pleasure, the august scenery, which that secluded part of the world affords.
Invercauld
lies in a fertile vale, thro' which flows the
Dee,
a large and rapid river: nothing can be more beautiful than the different views from the several parts of it: on the northern entrance, immense ragged and broken crags bound one side of the prospect, over whose grey sides and summits is scattered the melancholy green of the picturesque pine, which grows out of the naked rock, where one would think that nature had denied vegetation.
A little lower down, is the castle of
Braemar,
formerly a necessary curb on the discontented chieftains; for this country was once the property of the family of
Mar;
but now happily serves for little more than to adorn the landscape.
The views from the skirts of the plain, near
Invercauld,
are very great; the hills that immediately bound it are cloathed with trees, particularly with birch, whose long and pendent branches, waving a vast height above the head, surpass the beauties of our weeping willow.
The southern extremity is particularly magnificent; the mountains form there a vast theatre, the bosom of which is covered with extensive forests of pines; above, the trees grow scarcer and scarcer, and then seem only to sprinkle the surface; after which vegetation ceases, and naked summits of a surprizing height succeed; many of them topped with perpetual snow: and as a fine contrast to the scene, the great cataract of
Garval bourn,
which seems at a distance to divide the whole, foams amidst the dark forest, rushing from rock to rock for a vast distance.
.
YELLOW HAMMER.
Br. Zool.
II. 319. sp. ii.
XII.
WOODPECKER.
Picus major. P. albo nigroque varius, crisso pileoque rubris.
Lin. syst.
176.
Faun. suec. No.
101.
A Bird that seems only a variety of my greater spotted woodpecker.
LITTLE SPOTTED WOODPECKER.
Br. Zool.
I. 180. sp. iii. the female,
DIFFERS from the male, in wanting the crimson mark on the head: the vent feathers in both sexes are of a dirty light yellowish brown.
XII MIDDLE & LITTLE SPOTTED WOODPECKERS.
XIII F. GROUS. PTARMIGAN.
XIV REDSHANK
WOODCOCK.
XIII.
GROUS.
Br. Zool.
I. 204. sp. iii. the female.
PTARMIGAN.
Br. Zool.
I. 206. sp. iv.
ONE that I weighed last summer, in the county of
Breadalbane,
was nineteen ounces
My account of the weight of this species in the
Br. Zool.
was taken from Mr.
Willoughby,
for at that time I had no opportunity of examining a fresh bird.
. They inhabit the very summits of the highest of the
Highland
mountains, amidst the rocks, perching on the grey stones, the general color of the strata in those lofty situations: they seldom take long flights, but fly about like pigeons; are very silly birds, and so tame as to suffer a stone to be flung at them without rising. It is scarce necessary to have a dog to find them. They taste so like a grous as to be scarce distinguishable. They are found from
Breadalbane.
in the county of
Perth,
to the vast naked hill of
Scaraben,
in the county of
Caithness.
XIV.
WOODCOCK.
Br. Zool.
II. 348.
RED SHANK.
Br. Zool.
II. 368. sp. vi.
XV. RUFF AND REEVE.
Br. Zool.
II. 363. sp. iii.
RUFFS lose their long feathers in moulting season, nor do they recover them till spring. At the same time the pimples break out about the bill; and the older the birds the larger and more numerous are these marks, and the longer the neck feathers.
Soon after their arrival in the fens in spring, they begin to
hill,
i. e. to collect on some dry bank near a flash of water, in expectation of the Reeves, which resort to them; each male keeps possession of a small piece of ground, which he continues running round till he has formed a naked circle on the spot. If a female lights the Ruffs immediately fall to fighting.
XV REEVE.
RUFF
XVI PURR
SANDPIPER
There is a great difference between the weight of a Ruff and Reeve, the first being 7 oz. ½ the last only 4 oz. Besides the fens they visit annually a place called
Martin Moor
in
Lancashire,
the latter end of
March,
or beginning of
April,
but continue there scarce three weeks.
XVI.
PURRE.
Br. Zool.
II. 374. sp. xiii.
SANDPIPER.
Br. Zool.
II. 373. sp. xi.
XVII.
GREBE.
Br. Zool.
II. 395. sp. ii.
LITTLE BLACK AND WHITE GREBE.
Br. Zool.
II. 397. sp. iv.
XVIII. GREAT AUK.
Br. Zool.
II. 401. sp. i.
XIX.
COMMON AUK.
Br. Zool.
II. 403. sp. ii.
LITTLE AUK.
Br. Zool.
II. 409. sp. iv.
THE variety mentioned by Mr.
Edwards,
I met with it in the cabinet of Doctor
David Skene,
at
Aberdeen,
shot on the coast about twenty miles north of that city, in the spring of the year.
XVII BLACK & WHITE. GREBE.
GREBE.
XVIII GREAT AUK.
XIX. LITTLE AUK.
AUK.
XX. LESSER GUILLEMOT.
POTTED GUILLEMOT.
XXI LUMME. M. & F.
XXII ARCTIC GULLS.
XX.
SPOTTED GUILLEMOT.
Br. Zool.
II. 412. sp. viii.
A Variety of the same species with the black guillemot, shot on the same coast as the former.
LESSER GUILLEMOT.
Br. Zool.
II. 411. sp. vii.
XXI. LUMME.
Br. Zool.
II. 415. sp. iii.
LINNAEUS
observes very justly, that they are monogamous, and that their cry forebodes a tempest. I saw a pair on the coast of
Caithness,
flying wildly high in the air, with a horrible croaking.
XXII. ARCTIC GULLS.
Strundt-jager, i. e. Coprotheres.
Raii syn. av.
127.
Br. Zool.
II. 420. sp. iv.
THE
Faskidar
of
Martin,
hist. west. isles, p. 73. and the
dirty aulin
of the
Firth
of
Forth,
from its filthy manner of life.
XXIII.
KITTIWAKE.
Larus albus major
Belon? Raii syn. av.
129.
Larus Rissa.
Lin. syst.
224.
Islandis
Ritsa, incolis
Christiansoe,
Lille Solvet, Rotteren.
Brunnich, No.
140.
La petite mouette cendrèe.
Brisson, av.
vi. 178.
tab.
xvii.
INhabits the romantic cliffs of
Flamborough
head;
Where it is called
Petrel.
; the
Bass
isle, and the vast rocks near the castle of
Slains,
in the county of
Aberdeen,
the elegant and hospitable seat of the Earl of
Errol,
placed like a falcon's nest on the edge of a precipice washed by a wild ocean. These and various other sorts of gulls scream perpetually over the head, while the waves roar beneath.
The young of these birds are a favorite dish in
North Britain,
being served up roasted, a little before dinner, in order to provoke an appetite, but from their rank taste and smell, seem much more likely to produce a contrary effect. These proved to be the
Cornish Tarrock, Br. Zool.
II. 425, or the
Kittiwake,
before its first moulting.
XXIII. KITTIWAKE
GULL.
WILD DUCKS. XXIV
XXV. SHAG.
GULL.
Br. Zool.
II. 424. sp. viii.
HAS a great resemblance to the former, in respect to colors; but sometimes the head and hind part of the neck is marked with pale brown spots, as Mr.
Ray
describes it.
XXIV. WILD DUCKS.
Br. Zool.
II. 462. sp. xiii.
XXV. SHAG.
Br. Zool.
II. 478. sp. ii.
ARE found in small flocks of five or six, on
Flamborough Head,
and on other rocks on the coast of
Britain;
but this variety with a crest is very rare.
XXVI. SMOOTH HOUND.
Br. Zool.
III. 91. sp. x.
XXVII-VIII. THORNBACK.
Br. Zool.
III. 69. sp. v.
XXIX.
LUMP FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 103. sp. i.
FIG.
I. shews it on its back, in order to give a view of the part by which it adheres so strongly to the rocks. These fish are found in vast numbers during spring on the coast of
Sutherland,
near the
Ord
of
Caithness,
a vast promontory, with a road over it much more tremendous than our
Penmaenmawr.
The seals which abound beneath, feed greatly on these fish, leaving the skins, numbers thus emptied floating at that season ashore.
Erratum,
p. 104. lower
lege
upper.
SEA SNAIL.
Br. Zool.
III. 105. sp. ii.
FIG.
II. The adhering part. These fish are full of spawn in
January,
and their bellies at that time vastly prominent.
XXVI SMOOTH HOUND.
XXVII. THORN-BACK.
XXVLII. THORNBACK.
XXIX. I LUMP FISH.
II
III
IIII SEA SNAIL.
XXX. DRAGONET.
XXXI. I LESSER DRAGONET.
II WEEVER.
XXXII LESSER HAKE.
COAL FISH.
XXX. DRAGONRT.
Br. Zool.
III. 130. sp. i.
IS taken by bait in 30 or 38 fathom water; and is very often found in the stomach of cod fish.
XXXI.
LESSER DRAGONET.
Br. Zool.
III. 133. sp. ii.
WEEVER.
Br. Zool.
III. 134. sp. i.
XXXII.
LESSER HAKE.
Br. Zool.
III. 158. sp. xi.
COAL FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 152. sp. vii.
TWO Specimens of the same size, and caught at the same time, proved the fallibility of the characters of species, taken from the number of rays, for in the two were these differences in the several fins:
P. Dors. 14 17 21. Pect. 20. Vent. 6. An. 22 22.
P. Dors. 13 19 21. Pect. 19. Vent. 6. An. 25 20.
The same variation is sometimes observed in the rays of other fish; and in the
squamae
and
scuta
of serpents.
XXXIII.
WHISTLE FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 164. sp. xv.
BROWN WHISTLE FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 165. sp. xvi.
XXXIV. BLENNY.
Br. Zool.
III. 169. sp. iii.
XXXV. FATHER LASHER.
Br. Zool.
III. 179. sp. iii.
XXXVI. WRASSE.
Br. Zool.
III. 207. sp. iv.
XXXVII.
WRASSE.
Br. Zool.
III. 208. sp. v.
XXXIII. BROWN WHISTLE FISH.
SPOTTED WHISTLE FISH.
XXXIV. SMOOTH BLENNY.
XXXV. FATHER LASHER.
XXXVI. STRIPED WRASSE.
XXXVII. GIBBOUS WRASSE.
TRIMACULATED WRASSE.
XXXVIII. GRAY GURNARD.
XXXIX. TUB FISH.
XL. SAMLET.
TROUT.
WRASSE.
Br. Zool.
III. 206. sp. iii.
XXXVIII. GURNARD.
Br. Zool.
III. 231. sp. i.
IS fond of sporting near the top of the water. Is sometimes taken above two feet and a half long.
XXXIX. TUB-FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 235. sp. iv.
XL.
TROUT.
Br. Zool.
III. 250. sp. iv.
SAMLET.
Br. Zool.
III. 253. sp. v.
XLI.
RUD.
Br. Zool.
III. 310. sp. vi.
Rothauge.
Meyer An.
II.
tab.
53.
Scarf?
Faun. suec.
No. 366.
FREQUENT opportunity has occurred since the publication of the history of the
British
fish, of examining this more attentively. It is found in the river
Charwell,
near
Oxford;
in
Holderness;
and in the
Witham
in
Lincolnshire.
Our former description is in part erroneous, being confounded with the next species: the rays of the fins of this were, P. D. 11. P. 17. V. 9. A. 13.
Linnaeus
makes the
Orf,
figured by
Meyer,
II. 94. a synonym of our fish; but the last gives the print of one widely differing from the
Rud,
which in form has much resemblance to the roach: the
Orf
is less deep, and comes nearer the shape of the dace.
CRUSIAN.
Karass.
Gesner pisc. Paralip.
16.
Karauschen.
Meyer An.
II. 54.
Ruda?
Faun. suec.
No. 364.
IS a deeper and thicker fish than the last, and of a deeper yellow color: the dorsal fin extended further along the back, and
XLI. CRUSIAN.
RUD.
XLII. STICKLEBACKS. I
II
III
XLIII. TUNNY.
consisted of eighteen or twenty rays; the two first strong and serrated.
This species is not uncommon in the ponds near
London;
whether it is native, or brought out of
Germany
originally, as many suppose, is unknown to me.
XLII.
STICKLEBACK.
Fifteen spined, S. back.
Br. Zool.
III. 120. sp. iii.
STICKLEBACK.
Br. Zool.
III. 217. sp. i.
STICKLEBACK.
Br. Zool.
III. 219. sp. ii.
XLIII. TUNNY.
Br. Zool.
III. 223. sp. ii.
THE magnificent environs of
Inveraray
receive no small improvement from the busy scene during the herring-fishery on
Lough Fine,
an arm of the sea, which from its narrowness, and the winding of its shore, has all the beauties of a fresh water lake. Every evening several hundreds of boats in a manner cover the surface: on the week days the chearful noise of the bagpipe and dance ecchoes from on board: on the sabbath each boat approaches the land, and psalmody and devotion divide the day; for the common people of the north are disposed to be religious, having the example before them of a gentry untainted by luxury and dissipation, and being instructed by a clergy who are active in their duty, and who preserve respect amidst all the disadvantages of a narrow income.
Each morning the capture of the night is brought on shore: the herring is too common a fish to attract the attention of a stranger, but the size and form of the tunny is what immediately catches his eye.
This fish is the follower of the herring, on which it preys, and often, during night, strikes into the nets and does considerable damage. When the fishermen draw them up in the morning, the tunny rises at the same time towards the surface, ready to catch any fish that drop out; a strong hook, baited with a herring, and fixed to a rope, is immediately flung out, and the tunny seldom fails taking it; but as soon as hooked loses all spirit, and after very little resistance, submits to its fate.
They do not come in shoals like the tunnies of the
Mediterranean,
for not above two or three are taken in a night, which are dragged on shore and cut up, either to be sold fresh to the people who carry them to the country markets, or else are salted in large casks.
The flesh when fresh cut looks exactly like raw beef; but when boiled looks very pale, and has something of the flavor of salmon.
One that I saw
Sept.
6.
was 7 feet 10 inches long, the greatest circumference 5-7; the lest near the tail 1-6; the distance between one point of the tail, and the other, 2-7: The first dorsal fin consisted of thirteen strong spines, which when depressed, were so concealed in a deep slit in the back, as to be quite invisible till very closely inspected: it had six branchiostegous rays; above were eleven; beneath, ten spurious fins of a fine yellow color: eyes large: irides pale green: the skin on the back smooth, black, and thick: on the belly the scales were visible, strong, compact, and white.
This fish was cut up without being weighed; but another taken the same day, (which I did not see) and weighed for my information, was 460 lb.
They are known on this coast by the name of
Mackrel Sture,
mackrel, from some resemblance they have to that fish,
Sture
from the
Danish, Stor,
great.
XLIV.
FLYING FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 282. sp. i.
THE upper figure represents it in front; the lower sideways. It is found in all warm climates; this is the most northerly I ever heard of its being seen in.
ANCHOVY.
Br. Zool.
III. 296. sp. iv.
TAKEN
April
21, 1769, in the
Chester
channel, near my house. Length 5 inches: under jaw much shorter than the upper: teeth small, a row in each jaw, and another in the middle of the tongue: eyes great: scales large, and very deciduous: back green, and semipellucid: sides and belly silvery and opake: edge of the belly smooth. This is the same with the
Italian
anchovy, having compared it with one which I procured last summer in spirits from
Leghorn.
XLIV. FLYING FISH.
ANCHOVY.
XLV. II.
II.
I WARTY LIZARD.
XLVI SEALS
This is no new discovery, for Mr.
Ray
mentions them in a letter to
Doctor Lister, May 7th ,
1669
Praeterea
Encrasicholos
pisces, seu
Anchovas
non procul inde
(Cestriae)
in mari captos vidimus.
Philosoph. Letters.
p. 47.
.
XLV. LIZARD.
Br. Zool.
III. 15. sp. ii.
THE two small ones are
Larvae,
with their branchial fins, which drop off when they quit the water.
XLVI. SEAL.
Br. Zool.
I. 71. sp. i.
THE lower figure is the common species; the upper are two white seals, taken from a painting in the
Museum
at
Oxford,
and probably are young ones.
Seals are found in great numbers on the north coast of
Scotland;
and are seen floating amidst the waves near the foot of the rocks. They prey entirely on fish, never molesting the birds, which swim with great composure amongst them: they eat their prey beneath the water, and if they are devouring any very oily fish, the place is known by a certain smoothness of the waves immediately above.
On the coast of
Caithness
are immense caverns opening into the sea, and running some hundreds of yards beneath the land: these are the resort of seals in the breeding time, where they continue till their young are old enough to go to sea, which is in about six or seven weeks. The first of these caves is near the
Ord,
the last near
Thrumster:
their entrance is so extremely narrow as only to admit a boat; their inside very spatious and lofty. In the month of
October,
or the beginning of
November,
the seal-hunters enter the mouths of the caverns about midnight, and rowing up as far as they can they land, each of them being provided with a bludgeon, and properly stationed, light their torches and make a great noise, which brings down the seals from the further end in a confused body with frightful shrieks and cries; at first the men are obliged to give way for fear of being over-born, but when the first crowd is past, kill as many as straggle behind, (chiefly the young) by striking them on the nose; a very slight blow on that part dispatches them. When the work is over, they drag the seals to the boat, which two men are left to guard. This is a most hazardous employ, for should their torches go out, or the wind blow hard from sea during their continuance in the cave, their lives are lost. The young seals are most esteemed, yielding more oil than their emaciated dams, above eight gallons having been got from a single whelp: the oil sells from 6
d.
to 9
d.
per gallon; the skins from 6
d.
to 12
d.
The growth of the seals is very sudden; the seal-hunters say that after nine tides from their birth (54 hours) they are as active as their parents: this is certain that a whelp which yields that great quantity of oil is not above five or six weeks old.
On this coast, and on the rock
Hiskyr,
one of the western isles, is the species of seals (as I conjecture) described by Doctor
Parsons,
Ph. Tr.
No. 469.
and mentioned by
M. de Buffon;
Le grand Phoque, xiii. 341.
; it resembles the other in all respects but in size: a gentleman told me he once killed one near 12 feet long; the common kind seldom exceeds ceeds six feet.
XLVII.
ALPINE HARE.
ON the very top of the highest
Scotish Alps,
with the
Ptarmigans
and
Snowflakes,
natives of the loftiest situations, is found a small species of hare, grey in summer, white in winter; which never descends to the sides of the hills, never mixes with the common brown hare, notwithstanding the last abounds in its neighbourhood. It is inferior in size to that species, weighs about 6 lb. ½ has very slender legs, and shorter ears and tail. It does not run fast, and when pursued is very apt to take shelter under stones, and in clifts of rocks. It is very easily tamed, and soon becomes much more familiar than the common hare; is exceedingly sprightly and full of frolick, and shews great agility in its boundings round a room: is very fond of honey and carraway comfits, and is commonly observed to eat its own dung before a storm. The hair is soft and full; the predominant color grey, mixed with a little black and tawny: this is its summer's dress.
In winter it entirely changes to a snowy whiteness, except the edges and tips of the
XLVII WHITE HARE. RABBET
ears, which retain their blackness; the alteration of color commences in
September,
and first appears about the neck and rump; in
April
it again resumes its grey coat. This kind is found on the
Alps,
in
Norway, Sweden,
and
Russia
These countries seem unacquainted with our brown hare, for
Linnaeus, Pontoppidan,
and
Strahlenberg,
all speak of that as
grey
in summer, white in winter.
, and like this is subject to the same changes; but in the extreme cold of
Greenland
never varies from white, the eternal color of the country.
RABBET.
Br. Zool.
I. 90. sp. ii.
A Gentleman long resident in the
Orkney
isles informed me, that abundance of rabbets were found there, and that their skins formed a considerable article of trade; but that no hares, foxes, snakes or toads were to be seen in the country.
XLVIII.
ARGENTINE.
Br. Zool.
III. 276.
FROM a drawing of a fish of this species, taken in the sea near
Downing,
in
April
last. The figure is as big as life.
ATHERINE.
Br. Zool.
III. 277.
THESE are found in high season near
Southampton,
from the latter end of
March
to the latter end of
May,
or beginning of
June,
in which month they spawn: they never entirely desert the place, and are taken in every month, except when there is a hard frost.
XLIX.
DOREE.
Br. Zool.
III. 181.
SMEAR DAB.
Br. Zool.
III. 189.
L. HORSE.
XLVIII ARGENTINE
ATHERINE
XLIX SMEAR DAB.
DOREE
This horse, by its long residence among us, may be said to be naturalized, therefore we hope to be excused for introducing it here, notwithstanding its foreign descent. From its great beauty it may be presumed that it derives its lineage from
Monaki Shaduhi, of the pure race of horses, purer than milk
Vide the
Arabian
certificate in a following note for the meaning of this phrase.
.
Arabia
produces these noble animals in the highest perfection; first, because they take their origin from the wild unmixed breeds that formerly were found in the deserts
Leo Africanus,
who wrote in the time of
Leo
X. says, that in his days great numbers of wild horses were found in the
Numidian
and
Arabian
deserts, which were broke for use. He adds that the trial of their swiftness was made against the
Lant,
or the
Ostrich;
and if they could overtake either of those animals, they were valued at a hundred camels.
Hist. Africa,
339.
, which had as little degenerated from their primaeval form and powers as the lion, tiger, or any other creature which still remains in a state of nature unchanged by the discipline of man, or harvested provision.
The
Arabs
place their chief delight in this animal; it is to them
As a proof of this, receive the following lamentation of an
Arab,
obliged, thro' poverty, to part with his mare:
My eyes,
says he, to the animal,
my soul, must I be so unfortunate as to have sold thee to so many masters, and not to keep thee myself? I am poor, my
ANTELOPE.
You know well enough, my honey, I have brought thee up as my child; I never beat nor chid thee; I made as much of thee as ever I could for my life. God preserve thee my dearest; thou art pretty, thou art lovely; God defend thee from the looks of the envious.
To understand the first part of this speech, it must be observed, that it is usual for many
Arabs,
of the poorer rank, to join in the purchase of a horse, the original owner generally retaining one share. This, as well as most of the other particulars relating to the
Arabian
horse, are taken from
M. D'Arvieux
's curious account of
Arabia,
p. 167.
London,
1732.
as dear as their family, and is indeed part of it: men, women, children, mares, and foals, all lie in one common tent, and they lodge promiscuously without fear of injury.
This constant intercourse produces a familiarity that could not otherwise be effected; and creates a tractability in the horses that could arise only from a regular good usage, little acts of kindness, and a soothing language, which they are accustomed to from their masters; they are quite unacquainted with the spur; the lest touch of the stirrup sets these airy coursers in motion; they set off with a fleetness that surpasses that of the
For an account of its speed,
vide Adanson
's
vay.
85.
ofstrich, yet they are so well trained as to stop in their most rapid speed by the slightest check of the rider: there are sometimes instances of their being mounted without either bridle or saddle, when they shew such compliance to their rider's will, as to be directed in their course by the meer motion of a switch
Tavernier's5 travels.
I. 63.
.
Paret in obsequium lentae moderamine virgae,
Verbera sunt praecepta fugae, sunt verbera fraena
Nemesiani Cyneg.
267.
.
Several things concur to maintain this perfection in the horses of
Arabia,
such as the great care the
Arabs
take in preserving the breed genuine, by permitting none but stallions of the first form to have access to the mares: this is never done but in the presence of a witness, the secretary of the
Emir,
or some publick officer; he asserts the fact, records the name of the horse, mare, and whole pedigree of each, and these attestations
The reader is here presented with an original attestation, some of which
M. D' Arvieux
says have been preserved for above 500 years in the publick records.
Taken before ABDORRAMAN KADI of ACCA.
The Occasion of this present Writing or Instrument is that at ACCA in the House of
Badi
legal establish'd Judge, appear'd in Court
Thomas Usgate
the English Conful and with him
Sheikh Morad Ebnal Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh
of the County of
Safad,
and the said Consul desir'd from the aforesaid
Sheikh
proof of the race of the Grey Horse which he bought of him, and He affirm'd to be
Monaki Shadûhi,
These are the Names of the 2 Breeds of Arab Horses, which are reckon'd pure and true, and those which are of both these breeds by Father and Mother are the most noble and free from Bastardy.
but he was not satisfied with this but desir'd the Testimony of the
Arabs,
who bred the Horse and knew how he came to
Sheikh Morad,
whereupon there appear'd certain
Arabs
of Repute whose Names are undermention'd, who testified and declar'd that the Grey Horse which the Consul formerly bought of
Sheikh Morad,
is
Monaki Shadûki
of the pure Race of Horses, purer than Milk,
A Proverbial Expression.
and that the beginning of the Affair was, that
Sheikh Saleh, Sheikh
of
Alsabal,
bought him of the
Arabs
of the Tribe of
al Mohammadat,
and
Sheikh Saleh
sold him to
Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh
of
Safad,
and
Sheikh Morad
sold him to the Consul aforesaid, when these Matters appear'd to us, and the Contents were known, the said Gentleman desir'd a Certificate thereof, and Testimony of the Witnesses, whereupon we wrote him this Certificate, for him to keep as a Proof thereof.
i. e.
29
Jany.
1722.
Dated Friday 28 of the latter
Rabi
in the Year 1135.
Witnesses.
Sheikh Jumat al Falibau
of the
Arabs
of
al Mohammadat.
Ali Ebn Taleb al Kaabi
Ibrahim
his Brother
Mohammed al Adhra Sheikh Alfarifat,
Khamis al Kaabi.
are carefully preserved, for on these depends the future price of the foal.
The
Arabs,
whose riches are their horses, take all imaginable care of them; they have it not in their power to give them grass in their hot climate, except in the spring; their constant food is barley, and that given only in the night, being never suffered to eat during the day.
In the day-time they are kept saddled at the door of the tent, ready for any excursion their masters may make; the
Arabs
being fond of the chace, and living by the plundering of travellers. The horses are never hurt by any servile employ, never injured by heavy burthens, or by long journies, enjoy a pure dry air, due exercise, great temperance, and great care.
Every horse in
Arabia
(except those which by way of contempt are called
Guidich,
or pack horses) has a degree of good qualities superior to those of other places; but it is not to be supposed but that there are certain parts of that country, which have attained a higher perfection in the art of management than others.
Thus we find by some late information
Wall
on horses, 74.
, that
Yemine,
in
Arabia Felix,
is at present in great repute for its breed; for the jockies of that part have acquired such a superior name, as to be able to sell their three year old horses for two or three hundred guineas a-piece, and when they can be prevailed on to part with a favorite
stallion,
they will not take less for it than fifteen hundred guineas. It is from this country that the great men in
India
are supplied with horses, for
India
itself is possessed of a very bad kind. These noble animals being much neglected there, from the constant use of the
Buffalo,
not only in tillage, but even in riding.
It may be allowed here to give some account of the horses of other countries, which derive their origin, and at lest receive their improvement from the
Arabian
kind, for wheresoever the
Saracens
spread their victorious arms, they, at the same time, introduced their generous race of horses.
Those of
Persia
are light, swift, and very like those of
Arabia,
but formed very narrow before: they are fed with chopped straw, mixed with barley, and instead of soiling, are fed with new-eared or green barley for about fourteen or twenty days
Tavernier's Travels.
I. 145.
.
Aethiopia
has with some writers the credit of having originally furnished
Arabia
with its fine race of horses; but we believe the reverse, and that they were introduced into that empire by the
Arabian
princes, whose lineage to this day fills that throne. The horses of that country are spirited and strong, and generally of a black color: they are never used in long journies, but only in battle, or in the race, for all servile work is done by mules: the
Aethiopians
never shoe them, for which reason, on passing thro' stony places, they dismount, and ride on mules, and lead their horses
Ludolph. hist. Aethiop.
53.
; so from this we may collect, that this nation is not less attached to these animals than the
Arabs.
Aegypt
has two breeds of horses, one its own, the other
Arabian;
the last are most esteemed, and are bought up at a great price, in order to be sent to
Constantinople;
but such is the discouragement arising from the tyranny of the government, that the owners often wilfully lame a promising horse
Univ. modern hist.
quoted from
Maillet & Pocock.
lest the
Beys
should like it and force it from them.
Barbary
owes its fine horses to the same stock, which in general are far inferior in point of value; and for the same reason as is given in the last article, the great insecurity of property under the
Turkish
government. The breed was once very famous: M.
D'arvieux
D'arvieux.
173.
says, that when he was there in 1668, he met with a mare that he thought worthy of the stud of his
grand Monarque,
when in the height of his glory; but
Doctor Shaw
informs us, that at present the case is entirely altered
Shaw's travels.
238.
.
Notwithstanding
Spain
has been celebrated of old for the swiftness of its horses, yet it must have received great improvement from those brought over by their conquerors, the
Saracens.
According to
Oppian
Cyneg. lib.
I. v. 284.
, the
Spanish
breed had no other merit than that of fleetness, but at present we know that they have several other fine qualities.
To sum up the account of this generous animal, we may observe, that every country that boasts of a fine race of horses, is indebted to
Arabia,
their primaeval seat. No wonder then, that the poetic genius of the author of the book of
Job,
who not only lived on the very spot, but even at a time when the animal creation still enjoyed much of its original perfection, should be able to compose that sublime description which has always been the admiration of every person of genuine taste
Job
ch. XXXIX. v. 19 to 25.
.
LI. SEA EAGLE.
LII. PEREGRINE FALCON.
LI. SEA EAGLE.
Br. Zool.
I. 126.
THE largest of this species inhabits
Greenland,
where they are strong enough to take a young seal out of the water: It is strange that writers should give the name of
Nisus
to the sparrow-hawk, when the poet expressly mentions the bird into which the father of
Scylla
was transformed.
Quam pater ut vidit (nam jam pendebat in auras
Et modo factus erat fulvis
Haliaeetos
alis.)
Ibat, ut haerentem rostro laniaret adunco.
LII. PEREGRINE FALCON.
Br. Zool.
I. 136.
Br. Mus.
THIS engraving was taken from a dark colored and very beautiful specimen preserved in the
British Museum.
These birds breed in the north of
Scotland,
and are sometimes trained for falconry, being an excellent species. They never quit their prey as long as it is in sight, but dash through the thickest woods after it. This is the species
Booke of St. Albans,
first printed by
Wynken de W
rde,
1486.
which
Dame Juliana Barnes,
sayeth, is by the best judgments bequeathed to an
Earl.
LIII. BUZZARD.
Br. Zool.
I. 143. Falco Buteo.
Carniol.
Kaine,
Scopoli An.
I.
No.
4.
LIV.
CROW.
Br. Zool.
I. 167. Corvus vulgaris.
Carniol.
oru,
Scopoli No.
36.
VERY few crows in the highlands of
Scotland,
the
Royston,
or as it is called there the hooded crow, being much more numerous.
JACK-DAW.
Br. Zool.
I. 175.
Br. Mus. Scopoli No.
38.
JACK-DAWS sometimes breed in hollow trees, near a rookery, and will join the rooks in their foraging parties.
LIII. BUZZARD.
LIV. JACKDAW.
CROW.
LV. F. CUCKOO.
WRYNECK.
They also breed in the interstices between the upright and transome stories of
stone-henge,
a proof of the prodigious height of that stupendous antiquity, for their nests, are placed beyond the reach of the shepherds boys, who are always idling about the place: but in the neighboring country of
Hampshire,
these birds affect as humble a situation to breed in as the other is lofty, laying and bringing up their young in the rabbet burrows.
LV.
CUCKOO, FEMALE.
Br. Zool.
I. 182.
Carniol.
Kukautra,
Scopoli, No.
48.
Br. Mus.
JUVENAL
Satyr.
vi. 275.
very properly transfers the disgrace of cuckoldom to the bird in whose nest the cuckoo leaves its offspring.
Tu tibi tunc
Curruca
places.
WRYNECK.
Br. Zool.
I. 181.
Carniol.
Tschudesch,
Scopoli, No.
50.
Br. Mus.
BOTH these birds migrate in the winter from
Carniola.
This feeds on ants, as we found on opening the stomach of one recently killed. Its note is like that of a
Kestrel,
a quick repeated squeak.
LVI.
NUTHATCH.
Br. Zool.
I. 185.
Carniol.
Barless,
Scopoli, No.
50.
Br. Mus.
LAYS up against winter a considerable provision of nuts in a hollow tree.
KINGFISHER.
Br. Zool.
I. 187. Alcedo Ispida
Scopoli, No.
64.
Br. Mus.
LVII.
CREEPER.
Br. Zool.
I. 193. Certhia familiaris.
Scopoli, No.
59.
Br. Mus.
HOOPOK.
Br. Zool.
I. 195. Smerda kaura, Smerduch
Scopoli No.
62.
FEEDS on infects which it picks out of ordure of all kinds, carries them to its young, which seems the reason why
LVI NUTHATCH.
KINGFISHER.
LVII. CREEPER.
HOOPO.
LVIII. CHOUGH.
LIX. BUSTARD.
its nest is so excessive foetid. Is found far S. as
Ceylon:
also found in
Aegypt,
where it is called
Tir Chaous,
or messenger bird, from its crest resembling the plumes worn by the
Chaous
or
Turkish
messengers
Shaw's Trav. Suppl.
72.
.
LVIII. CHOUGH.
Br. Zool.
I. 197. Gracula Pyrrhocorax.
Italis
Zaola, Zola.
Scopoli No.
46,
Br. Mus.
SCOPOLI
says that in
Carniola
and
Carinthia,
it devours the locusts, is very fond of juniper berries; and that the feet of some turn black in autumn.
LIX. BUSTARD.
Br. Zool.
I. 214. Otis Tarda.
Scopoli, No.
159.
DRAWN in all its insolence from a most beautiful bird in the menagery of her grace the Dutchess Dowager of
Portland.
LX. BLACKBIRDS.
Br. Zool.
I. 228.
Carniol.
Koss,
Scopoli No.
197.
Br. Mus.
LXI.
RING-OUZEL.
Br. Zool.
I. 229. Turdus Torquatus
Scopoli No.
198.
Br. Mus.
LX. M. & F. BLACKBIRD.
LXI. RING OUZEL.
STARE.
To this account I must add, that these migratory flocks seem to be on their passage to some other kingdom; for as far as I could learn, that this species, which is found plentifully in the mountanous parts of
Wales
and in the highlands of
Scotland
It is also said to inhabit
Dartmoor
in
Devonshire.
, resides in both places the whole year: it breeds in the hills, and comes down from the highlands in flocks to eat the berries of the wicken trees. I have seen these birds disturbed in the breeding season, when they flutter for some time about, and make a harsh chattering noise.
STARE.
Br. Zool.
I. 231.
Carniol.
Starl.
Scopoli, No.
189.
Br. Mus.
DURING winter assemble in myriads in the fens of
Lincolnshire
and do great damage to the fenmen, by breaking down the reeds by roosting on them; the reeds being the thatch of that country, and harvested for that purpose with great care.
LXII.
SKY LARK.
Br. Zool.
II. 233.
Carniol.
Lauditza.
Scopoli No.
184.
Br. Mus.
YELLOW WAGTAIL.
Br. Zool.
II. 276.
Italis
Squassacoda d'acqua
Scopoli No.
225.
Br. Mus.
THIS species migrates during winter from our country. A few of the grey, and of the white wagtails continue with us.
WHITE WAGTAIL.
Br. Zool.
II. 275.
Carniol.
Pliska, Pasteritza.
Scopoli No.
224.
Br. Mus.
LXII. WHITE WAGTAIL.
YELLOW WAGTAIL.
SKY LARK.
LXIII. M.&F. GOATSUCKERS.
LXIV F. CROSS BILL.
M. GREAT BULFINCH.
LXIII. GOATSUCKER.
Br. Zool.
II. 246. Caprimulgus Europeus.
Scopoli No.
167.
Br. Mus.
MALE, and female. The error of their sucking the teats of goats and other horned cattle, prevalent from the time of
Aristotle
Hist. An. lib.
ix. c. 30.
to the present: for
Scopoli
seems to credit the report. In fact their food is only moths and nocturnal insects; perhaps
Dorrs,
or
canthari,
for which reason
Charlton
calls them
Cantharophagi
Charlton ex.
79.
.
LXIV.
PINE BULL FINCH.
Loxia enucleator. L. Linea alarum duplici alba, rectricibus totis nigricantibus.
Lin. Syst.
299.
Suecis
Tallbit, Swansk Papgoja.
Wbothnis
natt-waka.
Faun. Snece. No.
223.
Coccothrausies canadensis
Brisson av.
III. 250.
Pl. Enl.
135. Greatest Bull-Finch
Edw.
123, 124.
INHABITS the pine forests of
Invercauld
in the county of
Aberdeen
and perhaps other parts of
Scotland.
Found also in the north of
Europe
and of
America;
feeds on the seeds of the pine and fir:
Linnaeus
says they sing in the night. I have seen them flying in the forests of
North Britain, August
the fifth, so suppose they breed there.
Length nine inches three quarters. Bill strong, dusky, hooked at the end; head, back, neck, and breast of a rich crimson; the bottom of the feathers of a deep ashcolor; back and head spotted with black; lesser coverts of the wings dusky edged with orange crossed with a white line, and the greater coverts with another; quil feathers and tail dusky; the exterior edges of the feathers whitish; lower belly and vent ash-color; legs black.
The female is of a dirty green; the quil feathers and tail dusky.
CROSS-BILL:
Br. Zool.
II. 279. Loxia curvirostra.
Scopoli. No.
200.
The female.
LXV. M. & F. SPARROWS.
LXVI SISKIN. M. & F.
TWISTE. M. & F.
LXVII. GREATER AND LESSER RED POLIS.
LXV. SPARROWS.
Br. Zool.
II. 300.
Carniol.
Grabetz,
Scopoli. No.
220.
Br. Mus.
SPARROWS sometimes make their nests in trees that are near buildings.
LXVI.
SISKINS.
Br. Zool.
II. 309.
Carniol.
Saisl,
Scopoli. No.
212.
Br. Mus.
TWITE.
Br. Zool.
II. 315.
Br. Mus.
IS very soon tamed; is almost incessantly uttering a weak low note.
LXVII.
GREAT RED-POLL.
Br. Zool.
II. 312.
Br. Mus.
LESS REDPOLL.
Br. Zool.
II. 313.
Br. Mus.
LXVIII. TITMICE.
1. GREAT.
Br. Zool.
II. 334.
Carniol.
Snitza,
Scopoli. No.
242.
Br. Mus.
IS very destructive to bees; watches those insects at the door of the hive, and catches them as they go in and out: If the bees are not inclined to stir out, the titmouse will strike against the hive with its bill in order to force them abroad.
2. BLUE.
Br. Zool.
II. 325.
Carneol.
Blava snitza, Blau-mandltz.
Scopoli. No.
244.
Br. Mus.
3. COLE.
Br. Zool.
II. 326.
Scopoli. No.
246.
4. Marsh.
Br. Zool.
II. 326.
Scopoli. No.
245.
Br. Mus.
LXVIII. 1 GREAT
2 BLUE
3 COLE
4 MARSH TITMOUSE.
LXIX. RED GODWIT.
LXX WHIMBREL.
LXIX. RED GODWIT.
Br. Zool.
II. 354.
Br. Mus.
DR.
BUCKWORTH,
of
Washenborough, Linconshire,
informed me, that a few of these birds breed in the fens, near his house.
LXX. WHIMBERL.
Br. Zool.
II. 347.
Kleiner Goisser.
Kramer.
350.
I Received one from
Invercauld,
shot on the
Grampian
hills, where they breed: it differed from that described in the
British Zoology,
and perhaps might have been of another sex.
The length was sixteen inches; the bill two; the head round, black on the top, divided lengthways by a white line; chin white; cheeks, neck, breast, and upper part of the belly of a whitish brown, marked with streaks of black, pointing downwards: the streaks on the neck narrow, on the belly broader; lower belly and vent white. Back and coverts of the wings dusky; the sides of each feather spotted with reddish white. Lower part of the back white. Rump white, barred with black. Tail barred with dusky and white; quil feathers black, with large white spots on the inner webs only; the secondaries spotted on both webs. Legs black.
These birds are called at
Spalding,
curlew knots: appear in that neighborhood in
April,
continue there a month, and never revisit the place till the year following, and about the same time.
LXXI.
SNIPE.
Br. Zool.
II. 358.
Carniol.
Kositza,
Scopoli. No.
138.
Br. Mus.
JACKINIPE.
Br. Zool.
II. 350.
Carniol.
Pokerl,
Scopoli. No.
139.
Br. Mus.
LXXI. JACK SNIPE.
SNIPE.
LXXII. RED SAND-PIPER.
GREEN PLOVER.
LXXII.
RED SANDPIPER.
Tringa Icelandica. Tr. rostro pedibusque fuscis, corpore subtus ferrugineo, remigibus secundariis margine albis.
Lin. syst. inter addenda.
Tringa ferruginea
islandis
Randbrislanger
Brunnich. ornith Boreal. No.
180.
HAVE appeared in great flocks on the coast of
Essex,
on the estate of
Col. Schutz.
Crown of the head spotted with black and ferruginous. The lower side of the neck, the breast, and belly of a full ferruginous color. Back marked with black and rust color. Coverts of the wings ash-colour; legs black. Bill strong, an inch and a half long: the whole length of the bird ten inches.
GREEN PLOVER.
Br. Zool.
II. 379.
The variety with a minute back toe, mentioned
Br. Zool.
II. 380.
GREEN plovers breed on the
Cheviot
hills, in
Northumberland,
and in the highlands of
Scotland.
The bellies of the young birds are black.
LXXIII.
DOTREL.
Br. Zool.
II. 381.
APPEARS near the sea side at
Meales,
in
Lancashire,
the beginning of
April,
frequents the barley fallows, and continue there about three weeks; from thence remove northward to a place called
Leyton Haws,
where they stay only a fortnight. From the account I received of certain birds that breed in the
Highlands,
I suspect that lofty tract to be one of the summer retreats of the dotrel.
SANDERLING.
Br. Zool.
II. 384.
THESE birds vary much in their marks, some being much whiter than others.
LXXIV.
WATER-RAIL.
Br. Zool.
II. 385. Rallus aquaticus
Scopoli. No.
155.
Br. Mus.
LXXIII. SANDERLING.
DOTTEREL.
LXXIV. WATER-RAIL.
LAND-RAIL.
RED AND GREY SCOLLOP TOED SAND-PIPER.
LAND RAIL.
Br. Zool.
II. 387.
Carncol.
Rostz,
Scopoli. No.
154.
LXXV. SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPERS.
GREY.
Br. Zool.
II. 391.
RED.
Br. Zool.
II. 391.
SHOT on the banks of a fresh water pool in the Isle of
Stronsa,
one of the
Orknies, May,
1769
Doctor
Ramsay,
Pr. nat. hist. t
Edenburg
was of obliging as to communicate this bird.
.
Size of a purr. Bill an inch long, strait to near the end, which bends a little downwards. Crown of the head, hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings of a deep lead color; the back and scapulars striped with dirty yellow. Cross the greater coverts is a line of white. Throat white; under part and sides of the neck of a bright ferruginous; breast of a deep cinereous; belly white; tail short and cinereous; legs black.
LXXVI.
WATER-HEN.
Br. Zool.
II. 388. Fulica Chloropus,
Scopoli, No.
153.
Br. Mus.
COOT.
Br. Zool.
II. 392.
Carniol.
Liska.
Scopoli, No.
149.
Br. Mus.
A Few years ago a white coot was shot near
Spalding.
I have been credibly informed that the common coots will lay fourteen Eggs.
LXXVII.
LITTLE GREBE.
Br. Zool.
II. 398.
IN the male birds the chin is black; the feathers on the cheeks, over the ears, bright ferruginous. These breed as far north as the isle of
Tirey,
one of the western isles of
Scotland.
LESSER CRESTED GREBE.
Br. Zool.
II. 396. Colymbus auritus.
Scopoli, No.
100,
Br. Mus.
LXXVI. WATER HEN.
COOT.
LXXVII. LITTLE GREBE.
EARED GREBE.
Length to the rump one foot; extent of wings twenty-two inches. Bill turns up a little;
lorum
naked and black; irides red. Behind each eye a long tuft of ferruginous feathers, pointing backwards; feathers on the head, cheeks, and throat full and black; neck, back, and quil feathers black; secondaries white; sides under the wings as far as the rump of a bright serruginous color. Belly white and glossy; outside of the legs dusky, inside greenish.
LXXVIII. AVOSETTA.
Br. Zool.
II. 399. Scolopax avosetta
Scopoli, No.
129.
Br. Mus.
ARE found in considerable numbers during the breeding season, near
Fossdyke wash,
in
Lincolnshire,
called there
Yelpers,
on account of their noise; and sometimes
Picarinis.
Like the lapwing when disturbed, fly about and have a shrill note (twit) twice repeated; and carry their long necks and legs quite extended during their flight.
LXXIX.
HERRING GULL.
Br. Zool.
II. 421.
WAGEL.
Br. Zool.
II. 422.
LXXX:
WINTER MEW.
Br. Zool.
II. 423.
BLACK TOED GULL.
Br. Zool.
II. 419.
A Variety that in color nearly approaches that described by doctor
Lysons,
in the 52d volume of the
Phil. Trans.
p. 135.
LXXXI.
GREAT TERN.
Br. Zool.
II. 428.
Br. Mus.
LXXVIII AVOSETTA.
LXXIX. GULLS.
LXXX. WINTER MEW.
BLACK TOED GULL.
LXXXI LITTLE & GREAT TERN.
LXXXII. LITTLE PETREL.
FULMAR.
LXXXIII. M.&F. RED-BREASTED GOOSANDER.
LXXXIV. WILD GOOSE.
LESS TERN.
Br. Zool.
II. 429.
Br. Mus.
LXXXII.
FULMAR.
Br. Zool.
II. 431.
STORM FINCH.
Br. Zool.
II. 434.
LXXXIII. RED BREASTED GOOSANDER.
Br. Zool.
II. 437.
Edw.
95,
Br. Mus.
MALE and female: the first rarely migrates farther south than the
Firth
of
Forth;
the female is often seen in the southern parts of this island.
LXXXIV. WILD GOOSE.
Br. Zool.
II. 447.
BREEDS in such numbers in
Harris
and
Vist,
two of the western isles, that the inhabitants are obliged to watch their corn to prevent it from the attacks of these birds. In autumn they begin to migrate southward: some species of wild goose (I could not learn which) breeds in the fens of
Lincolnshire,
which they leave in
October,
and go to the rye grounds.
Head of the white fronted wild goose,
Br. Zool.
II. 450. Branta Albifrons
Scopoli, No.
87.
LXXXV. VELVET DUCK.
Br. Zool.
II. 456.
Male and female.
LXXXVI. SWALLOW TAILED SHIELDRAKE.
Br. Zool.
II. 469. Anas hiemalis
Brunnich. ornith. Boreal. No.
76.
DIFFERS from that described in the
Br. Zoology;
the crown of the head is dusky, rest of the head white; all the neck; breast and back of a chocolate brown; scapulars edged with tawny; belly white.
LXXXV. M.&F. VELVET DUCK.
LXXXVI. SWALLOW TAILED SHIELDUCK.
WHITE THROATED DUCK.
LXXXVII. GARGANEY.
LITTLE BROWN DUCK.
The lower figure is a duck taken in a decoy in
Lincolnshire,
seems only a variety of the common kind.
LXXXVII.
GAROANEY.
Br. Zool.
II. 474. Anas Querquedula
Scopoli No.
75.
Br. Mus.
A Few breed in the fens of
Lincolnshire,
called there the
summer
duck or teal.
BROWN DUCK.
LESS than the last above, the whole plumage is brown and cinereous, some parts clouded with a deeper shade; coverts of the wings cinereous. No
speculum
or spot on the wings; quil feathers dusky; belly white: from the furthest corner of the eye is a whitish line, extending almost to the hind part of the neck; bill dusky and flattish.
I found two of these in
Leaden-ball
market. Whether the females of the
Garganey?
LXXXVIII. LAMPRIES.
1. LAMPREY,
Br. Zool.
III. 58.
2. LESSER L.
Br. Zool.
III. 60.
3. PRIDE L
Br. Zool.
III. 61.
LXXXIX.
STURGEON.
Br. Zool.
III. 96.
THE drawing is taken from a young fish; which have the tubercles much larger in proportion than old fish, and also much closer together; the number of tubercles on the back differ in different fish, is therefore no specific character.
SUN FISH.
OBLONG.
Br. Zool.
III. 100.
LXXXVIII. 1 LAMPRIES.
2
3
LXXXIX. SUN-FISH.
STURGEON.
XC. SWORD-FISH.
XCI. GILT HEAD.
OPAH.
SHORT.
Br. Zool.
III. 102. Tetrodon mola
Brunnich pisc. massil. No.
16.
MR.
BRUNNICH
informs us, that between
Antibes
and
Genoa,
he saw one of this species lie asleep on the surface of the water, and adds, that a sailor jumped overboard and caught it. Perhaps the name is derived from its thus basking on the top of the water.
I took the liberty of borrowing the figures of these two species from doctor
Borlase's
history of
Cornwall;
the
sword fish
from
Klein's hist. pisc.
and the
opah
from the
pbilosophical transactions,
as I could not possibly procure the originals for my limner to paint.
XC. SWORD-FISH.
Br. Zool.
III. 126. Xiphias gladius
Brunnich, pisc. massil, No.
27.
XCI.
GILT-HEAD.
Br. Zool.
III. 197.
ORAN.
Br. Zool.
III. 201.
Zeus cauda cauda bifurca, colore argenteo, purpureo splendens
Strom Sondmor.
323.325.
tab.
I.
fig.
20.
A Fish inhabiting the
Norwegian
and
North British
seas; to be placed in the genus of
zeus,
in the
Artedian
system; and to be removed into that of
doree
in the
Br. Zool.
III. 181.
XCII.
PERCH.
Crooked Perch,
Br. Zool.
III. 213.
phil. trans.
LVII. 204.
Faun. suec. No.
332. p. 118.
A Variety with a very hunched back, and the back bone near the tail laterally distorted; found in
Great Britain
in the water of
Llyn Raithlyn
in
Merionethshire;
some have been taken of two pounds weight; but they are most commonly much smaller. In some parts of
Caernarvonshire,
are also found trouts with the same curvature, which likewise never attain the size of the common sort.
XCII. PERCH.
SEA PERCH.
XCIII. SALMON.
LOCHE.
SEA PERCH.
Une perche de mer,
Belon.
163.
Perca marina,
Salvian.
225.
Rondel.
182.
Wil. Icth.
327.
Raii syn. pisc.
140.
Perca lineis utrinque septem transversis, nigris, ductibus miniaceis, coeruleisque in capite et antica ventris,
Arted. syn. pisc.
68.
Perca marina. P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis radiis xv spinosis, xiv muticis, corpore lituris variegato,
Lin. syst.
483.
TAKEN in the sea near
Scarborough,
but omitted in the
British Zoology;
grows to the length of a foot; the head large and deformed; irides yellow; on the gill covers two large spines; body deep; back fins united: the rays next the head spiny, the others soft; tail slightly forked; color on the head and fore part of the belly red and blue disposed in stripes; the rest of the body and fins red tinged with yellow.
XCIII.
LOCHE.
Br. Zool.
III. 239.
SALMON.
Br. Zool.
III. 239.
ALL fishermen agree that they never find any food in the stomach of this fish; it is likely that many neglect their food entirely during the time of spawning and melting; as
sea lions
Leonine seal,
No.
272.
and
sea bears
Ursine seal,
No.
271 of my synopsis of
Quadrupeds,
printed for
Benjamin White, Bookseller, Fleet street.
are known to do for months together during their breeding season: and it may be observed, that like those animals the salmons return to the sea lank and lean; and come from the salt water in good condition. It is evident that their food is both fish and worms, for the angler uses both with success, as well as a large gaudy colored artificial fly, which probably the fish mistakes for a gay
libellula,
or dragon fly.
Otters are said to hunt this strong and active fish, in concert; one stations itself above, another beneath the place where the fish lies, and continue chasing it incessantly from one to the other, till the salmon quite wearied, becomes their prey
I think myself much indebted for these observations to Mr.
Robert Harrison,
teacher of mathematics at
Newcastle upon Tyne.
.
XCIV. MULLET.
PARR.
XCV. PIKE.
SEA PIKE.
XCIV.
MULLET.
Br. Zool.
III. 278.
PAR.
A Small species never exceeding eight inches and a half in length; but very rarely reaches that size: the sides marked with eight or nine large oval spots, lying transversly; and of a bluish color; the side line marked with red spots; and above them in old fish are some black spots; tail forked.
Common in the rivers of
Scotland;
the river
Levin
that washes
Dunbarton,
during the month of
May,
is animated with their fry: are perhaps a variety of the samlet.
Br. Zool.
III. 253.
XCV.
PIKE.
Br. Zool.
III. 270.
SIA PIKE.
Br. Zool.
III. 274.
XCVI.
GATTORUGINE.
Br. Zool.
III. 168.
CRESTED.
Crested Blenny,
Br. Zool.
III. 167.
SPOTTED.
Spotted Blenny,
Br. Zool.
III. 171.
XCVII. WRASSES.
THESE three species were sent to me from the coast of
Cornwall.
The first was of a slender form; the back, fins, and tail red; the belly yellow; the sides marked beneath the side line with a smooth, even stripe from the gills to the tail of a silvery color; the tail rounded at the end. P. D. 20. spiny, 11. soft. Pect. 14. vent. 5, an, 3 spiny, 7 soft. caud, 14. perhaps the COMBER,
Br. Zool.
III, 210.
XCVI. GATTORUGINE.
CRESTED. BLENNY
SPOTTED BLENNY.
XCVII: WRASSES. 1
2
3
XCVIII. SCAD.
MACKREL.
The second, a deeper species, of a red color, striped with yellow about the head; the tail rounded; the red on the fins and tail more brilliant than the body.
P. D. 16 spiny, 9 soft. Pect. 14, vent, 5. an. 3 spiny, 9 soft, caud, 13.
The third, the colors of this were much faded, but seemed to have been olive or greenish; was marked with a black spot near the tail; another about the vent.
Goldsinny, Br. Zool.
III. 209.
P. D. 16 spiny, 9 soft. Pect. 14. vent. 6. an. 3 spiny 11 soft. caud. 15. tail almost even.
XCVIII.
SCAD.
Br. Zool.
III. 225.
MACKREL.
Br. Zool.
III. 221.
MACKREL appear very late on the coasts of
Scotland,
I think not till
August,
and are small and lean in comparison son of what they are in the south of
Great Britain.
It is a common opinion among fishermen, that at a certain season of the year, these fish are blind, and they assert they have taken them with a film over their eyes.
Martin
relates something to this purpose, in his voyage to
Spitsbergen,
p. 121, he says he took
June
27.
some mackrel near the isle of
St. Kilda
that were half blind, occasioned by a black skin which grows over their eyes in winter and comes off the beginning of summer.
XCIX. GOAT.
Br. Zool.
I. 29.
O senior! cui saepe tuis in montibus
hirci
Prolixam invident barbam.
C.
OTTER.
Br. Zool.
I. 67.
XCIX. GOAT.
C. OTTER.
BADGER.
CI. WEESEL.
ERMINE.
CII. MOUSE.
WATER SHREW MOUSE.
BADGER.
Br. Zool.
I. 64.
CI.
ERMINE.
Br. Zool.
I. 84.
TAKEN in the winter of 1770, in
Whiteford parish, Flintshire,
at a time when it had undergone only a partial change of color.
WEISEL.
Br. Zool.
I. 82.
CII.
WATER SHREW-MOUSE.
Mus araneus dorso nigro ventreque albo
Merr
Pinax.
167.
La musaraigne d'eau
de Buffon.
viii. 64.
tab.
Sorex fodiens.
Pallas ined.
FOUND in the fens of
Lincolnshire, May,
1768, where it is called, from the smallness of its eyes, the blind mouse: the
Germans
call it
Groeber,
or digger. I imagine it is the same which the inhabitants of
Sutherland
name the water mole; and those of
Caithnes
the
Lavellan.
Inhabits the banks of ditches and other wet places; brings, according to
M. de Buffon,
nine young at a time.
Length from the nose to the tail is three inches three quarters; tail two inches; eyes very small; nose long; color of the head and upper-part of the body black; belly white, or very pale ash-color; beneath the tail is a triangular dusky spot.
MOUSE.
Common mouse
Br. Zool.
I. 105.
CIII.
BATS.
Long eared bat,
Br. Zool.
I. 116.
NOCTULE.
La noctule
de Buffon.
viii.
tab.
XVIII p. 128.
A Species first discovered by
M. de Buffon,
in
Burgundy;
since that in
Flintshire,
and in other parts of
England;
ranges high in the air for food; retires early in summer.
CIII. LONG EARED BAT.
GREAT BAT.
Is the largest kind in
Great Britain;
its length being four inches 6/10 tail inclusive; that of the tail one 7/10 ears small and rounded; eyes small; nose bilobated; on the chin a little verruca; color of the fur ferruginous.
These bats collect in great numbers in some places, if I mistake not the species; for doctor
Buckworth
informed me, that at
Queen's College, Cambridge,
in one night were taken in a net placed against the eaves 185, the second night 63, the third night 2, and in two or three years after 95 were taken in one night, each measuring fifteen inches in extent.
END of the four first Classes of BRITISH ANIMALS.
CATALOGUE OF The
European
Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles
Extra-Britannic.
SINCE the great use of Mr. RAY'S
Sylloge stirpium
EUROPAEARUM
extra Britannias
Stirpium
Europoearum
extra
Britannias
nascentium Sylloge, 1694.
has been so fully approved by the travelling Botanist, it is thought a similar enumeration of the Species of certain classes of the animal kingdom would be equally agreeable and serviceable to the traveling Zoologist. It comprehends the
extra-Britannic
Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles of
Europe,
formed from the works of the general Naturalists, from the
Fauna
of different countries and from my own observations. The arrangement of the subjects are according to the excellent method of our countryman Mr. RAY, a little altered, or reformed. As there are not at this instant
English
names for most of the articles, we have been obliged to substitute those used by
Linnoeus
and other foreign writers; but to gratify the
English
reader's curiosity, who may wish for fuller accounts of the quadrupeds in his own language, we refer him to the second column to out own
synopsis
of
Quadrupeds,
speedily to be published: and in respect to the birds, to the
English
edition of Mr. WILLUGHBY'S
Ornithology.
CLASS I. QUADRUPEDIA. QUADRUPEDS,
 
I.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lin.
Syn. nost.
No.
Place.
I
Bos
Urus
99
 
4
Lithuania
 
Bubalis
ibid.
 
5
Italy
II
Ovis
Strepsiceros
98
 
8
B. Hungary
 
Laticauda
 
 
 
Calmuck country
III
Capra
Rupicapra
95
 
10
Alps, Pyrenees
 
Ibex
ibid.
 
9
Alps
 
Ammon
97
 
11
Corsica, Sardinia
 
Tatarica
ibid.
 
30
Ukraine
IV
Cervus
Alces
92
 
35
N. of the Baltic
 
Tarandus
93
 
36
ibid.
V
Sus
Aper Sylvestris
102
 
54
Germany, France, &c.
 
II.
 
 
 
 
VI
Canis
Lupus
58
 
111
Almost-all the continent
 
Lagopus
59
 
113
Lapland
VII
Felis
Lynx
62
 
135
Many parts of
Europe
VIII
Ursus
Arctos
69
 
138
ibid.
 
Maritimus
70
 
139
Nova Zembla
 
Luscus, et
71
 
 
 
 
Mustela Gulo
67
 
140
N. of the Baltic
IX
Viverra
Genetta
65
 
171
Spain
 
Zibellina
68
 
156
Lapland
 
Perouasca
 
 
P. 233
Note,
Poland
X
Lutra
Mustela Lutreola
66
 
174
Sueden
XI
Castor
Fiber
78
 
190
N
of
Europe
 
Moschatus
79
 
192
Russia
XII
Hystrix
Cristata
76
 
193
Italy
XIII
Marmotta
Mus Marmotta
81
 
197
Alps, Poland
 
Cricetus
82
 
200
Germany
 
Souslik
 
 
201
S. of Russia
 
Lemmus
80
 
202
Lapland
 
Citellus
80
 
203
S. of Europe
 
Zemni
 
 
204
Poland
XIV
Sciurus
Volans
88
221
 
Poland
 
Glis
87
217
 
S. of Europe
 
Mus quercinus
84
218
 
ibid.
XV
Jerboa
Mus Jaculus
85
223
 
Calmucks country
XVI
Mus
Gregarius
84
234
 
Germany, Sueden
 
III.
 
 
 
 
XVII
Trichechus
Rosmarus
49
263
 
Within the polar circle
 
IV.
 
 
 
 
XVIII
Vespertilio
Serotina
 
288
 
France
 
Pipistrilla
 
289
 
ibid.
 
Barbastella
 
290
 
ibid.
 
 
 
286
 
ibid.
CLASS II. AVES. BIRDS.
I. ACCIPITRES. RAPACIOUS.
Wil.
orn.
Place.
II
Vultur
Vultur
Briss.
I.
453
66
Alp, Italy
Percnopterus
Raii. syn.
10
64. 67
Spain, Minorca
North
Countries the other side the
Baltic.
III
Falco
Leucocephalus
Lin.
124
Melanaeetos
ibid.
61
Morphno congener
Raii. syn.
7
63
Rusticolus
Lin.
125
Sweden
St. Martini
Briss.
I.
443
France
Islandicus
Brunnich
No.
Iceland
Lagopus
No.
Vespertinus
Lin.
129
Ingria
Minutus
131
Malta
Subfurcatus
Kiamer
326
No.
5
Castaneus
Kiamer
327—6
Austria
Ferrugineus
Kiamer
328—7
Cinereus
Kiamer
329—12
III
Strix
* Scandiaca
Lin.
132
North
Scops
Lin.
ib.
** Nyctea
Lin.
132
North
Sylvestris
Scop. No.
13
Carniola
Funerea
Lin.
133
North
IV
Lanius
Infaustus
Lin.
138
197?
North?
Major
Gesneri
581
Briss.
II.
146
88
Germany
II. PICAE. PIES.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place.
V
Corvus
Caryocatactes
Lin.
157
132
Germany. N.
 
Pyrrhocorax
—158.
 
Alps
VI
Coracias
Garrulus
Lin.
159
131
Eur.
passim
Those with this word refer to all the continent, except the extreme north,
Lapland,
&c.
VII
Oriolus
Galbula
—160
198
ibid.
VIII
Cuculus
Glandarius
—169
 
Spain
IX
Picus
Martius
—173
135
Europe
pass
 
Tridactylus
—177
 
Norway
X
Merops
Apiaster
—182
147
Ita. S. of
Eu.
 
Icterocephala
Bris.
IV. 537
148
ibid.
XI
Certhia
Muraria
—184
 
Italy
III. GALLINAE. GALLINACIOUS.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place
XII
Tetrao
* Nemesianus
Sco. No.
171
 
Caraiola
 
Betulinus
No.
172
 
ibid.
 
Lagopus
Bru. No.
199
 
Norway
 
Bonafia
Lin.
257
175
Europe
passim
 
** Rufus
—276
167
S. of Europe
 
Francolinus
—275
174
ibid.
 
Alchata
—276
167
No.
5
Pyrenees
 
Graeca (Perdix)
Briss.
I. 241
169
S. of Europe
 
Montana
224
 
 
 
Tridactyla
Shaw's t.
253
 
Spain
XIII
Otis
Tetrax
Lin.
264
179
France, Italy
IV. PASSERES. SMALL BIRDS.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place.
XIV
Stur
s
Collaris
Sco. No.
192.
 
Carniola
XV
Turdus
Arundinaceus
Lin.
296
143
Europe
passim
 
Roseus
294
194
Italy
 
Saxatilis
294
197
 
 
Cyanus
296
191
Italy, Spain
 
Caeruleus
Belon
 
192
Alps
XVI
Al
uda
Cristata
Lin.
288
209
Europe
passim
 
Spinoletta
288
209
Italy
 
Calandra
288
 
Italy, Spain
 
Alpestris
299
 
Poland
 
Lusitanica
nova
 
Portugal
 
Crassirostris
nova
 
ibid.
XVII
Emberiza
Hortulanus
Lin.
309
270
S. of Europe
 
Cia
310
271
ibid.
 
Cirlus
311
269 zivolo
ibid.
 
Barbata
Sco. No.
210
 
Carniola
 
Brumalis
No.
213
 
ibid.
XVIII
Fringilla
Lapponica
Lin.
317
 
North
 
Lulensis
318
 
Sueden
 
Citrinella
320
265
S. of Europe
 
Serinus
320
265
ibid.
 
Petronia
322
267
ibid.
 
Passer Campestris
Briss.
III. 82
251 Friquet
ibid.
 
Torquatus
85
250
No.
7
ibid.
 
Stultus
87
249—2
ibid.
 
Bononiensis
91
250—4
ibid.
 
Albicilla
92
250—5
ibid.
 
Passerculus
93
252—13
ibid.
 
Sclavonicus
24
250—6
Dalmatia
 
Argentoratensis
146
 
Strasbourg
 
Grau-fink
Frisch I. 3
 
Germany
XIX
Motacilla
Schaenobanus
Lin.
329
 
Italy
 
Curruca
329
 
Sueden
 
Ficedula
Lin.
330
 
S. of Europe
 
Stapazina
331
Strapazino 233
ibid.
 
Dumetorum
334
 
Austria
 
Erithacus
335
3tia Aldr. 218
Sueden
 
Suecica
336
 
North
 
Curruca minor
Bri.
III. 374
Borin.
Wil.
216
Italy
 
cineraria
376
 
Italy, &c.
 
rufa
387
 
Germany
 
naevia
389
Boarina 217
Italy
 
Ruticilla
Gibraltar
407
 
S. of Europe
 
Phaenicurus torqua.
411
 
ibid.
 
Ruhecula bononien.
422
Spipola 234
Bologna
 
Curruca grisea naev.
App. VI.
112
 
 
 
Tithys
Sco. No.
233
 
Carniola
 
Zya
—234
 
ibid.
 
Muscipeta
—236
 
ibid.
 
Lusitanica
nova
 
Portugal
 
Hispaniea
nova
 
Spain
XX
Parus
Cristatus
Lin.
340
242
Germany
 
Pendulinus
342
 
Austria
 
Ignotus
Brun. p.
73
 
North
XXI
Hirundo
Melba
Lin.
345
 
Spain
 
Rupestris
Sco. No.
167
 
Spain, and Carniola
V. AQUATICAE FISSIPEDES. CLOVEN FOOTED WATER FOWL.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place.
XXII
Platalea
Leucorodia
Lin.
231
289
Europe
passim
XXIII
Ard
a
Grus
—234
274
 
 
Ciconia
235
286
 
 
Nigra
ibid.
ibid.
 
 
Nycticorax
ibid.
279
 
 
Purpurea
236
 
S. of Europe
 
Garzetta
237
280
ibid.
 
Grisea
239
 
 
 
Minuta
Lin.
240
 
 
 
Candida minor
Briss
V. 438
280
 
 
Torquata
440
282
 
 
Botaurus major
455
283
 
 
Botaurus minor
453
 
 
 
Botaurus striatus
454
 
 
 
Botaurus rufus
458
283
 
 
Botaurus naevius
462
 
 
 
Cancrophagus
466
281
No.
9
Italy
 
Cancroph. castaneus
468
 
ibid.
 
Cancroph. rufus
469
281—7
 
 
Cancroph. naevius
471
 
 
 
Cancroph. luteus
472
281—8
Italy
 
Viridis Belgica
nova
 
Holland
 
Ardea alba
Sco. No.
127
 
Carniola
XXIV
Tantaius
Falcinellua
Lin.
241
295
Germany
XXV
Numenius
Danicus
novus?
 
Denmark
 
Passerinus
novus
 
Holland
XXVI
Scolopax
Fusca
Lin.
243
 
 
 
Australis
Sco. No.
94
 
Carniola
XXVII
Tringa
Gambetta
Lin.
248
 
 
 
Striata?
 
 
 
 
Calidris
 
 
 
 
Helvetica
 
 
 
 
Varia
 
 
 
 
Minuta
nova
 
 
 
Totanus naevius
Briss.
V. 200
 
 
 
Cinclus torquatus
216
 
 
 
Calidris grisea
233
 
 
 
Calidris naevia
229
 
 
 
Bononiensis major
110
 
 
 
Erythropus
Sco. No.
146
 
 
 
Undata
Brun,
—183
 
 
XXVIII
Pratincola
Krameria
Kramer
381
L.
345
No.
12
Austria
XXIX
Charadrius
Alexandrinus
Lin.
253
 
 
 
Apricarius
254
 
 
 
Luteus
novus
 
France
XXX
Gallinula
Grinetta
 
Wil. orn.
315
Italy
 
Serica
 
ibid.
ibid.
 
Major
 
313
 
 
Porphyrio
Balearicus
novus
 
Minorca
VI. PEDIBUS PINNATIS. WITH FINNED FEET.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place.
XXXI
Phalaropus
Platyrhynchus
 
Brunnich Mo.
172
North
VII, PEDIBUS PALMATIS, WITH WEBBED FEET.
 
 
 
Wil. orn.
Place.
XXXII
Phoenicopterus
Rube
Lin.
230
320
S. of France
XXXIII
Corrira
Longipes
Raii syn
118
231
Italy
XXXIV
Mergus
Castor
 
 
 
 
Aethiops
Scopoli No.
90
 
Carniola
XXXV
Larus
Albus
Scopoli No.
106
 
ibid.
 
Merulinus
108
 
ibid.
 
Bicolor
110
 
ibid.
XXXVI
Sterna
Cinerea
Briss.
VI. 210
 
 
 
Naevia
216
 
 
XXXVII
Anas
Niveus (anser)
Briss.
VI 288
 
North
 
Moscoviticus?
277
360
 
 
Spectabilis
Lin.
195
 
North
 
Glaucion
201
367
 
 
Histrionica
204
 
North
 
Rufa
Fau. su. No.
134
 
Sueden
 
Muscaria
Raii syn.
146
375
 
 
Ferroënsis
Briss.
VI. 466
 
Ferroe isles
 
Subterranea
Scopoli No.
83
 
Carniola
 
Cinerea
K.
341
No.
14
 
Austria
XXXVIII
Pelecanus
Onocrotalus
Lin.
215
327
Danube, Po.
CLASS III. REPTILIA. REPTILES.
* PEDATA: WITH FEET.
 
 
 
 
Place.
Rana
Bombina
Lin.
355
 
Sueden
 
Arborea
357
Raii syn. qua.
251
Germany
Lacerta
Chamaeleon
Lin.
364
Raii syn. qua.
276
S. of Europe
 
Salamandra
371
273
ibid.
 
Orbicularis
365
264
Naples
 
Marmorata
368
 
S. of Europe
 
Aurata
ibid.
 
ibid.
 
Umbra?
367
 
ibid.
 
Seps
363
 
ibid.
 
Chalcides
369
Raii syn. qua.
272
ibid.
Testud
Coriacea
Lin.
350
 
Mediterran.
 
Corticata
Rondel pisc.
445
 
ibid.
 
Orbicularis
Lin.
351
 
S. of Europe
 
Graeca
352
Raii syn. qua.
253
ibid.
 
Lutaria
ibid.
254
ibid.
** APODIA. WITHOUT FEET.
 
 
 
 
Place.
Serpentes
Anguis
Aesculapii
Plinii lib. xxix.
c. 4
Raii syn. qua.
291
Italy
 
Coluber Chersea
Lin.
377
Wulff. Boruss.
10
Sweden
 
Aspis
Lin.
378
Strom Sondm.
193
Fr. Norway
 
Jaculus
Wulff. Boruss.
13
 
Prussia
INDEX.
A
A Berdavine
vide
Siskin
Anchovy XLIV 36
Argentine XLV 42
Atherine
ib. ib.
Auk,
greater or Penguin XVIII 24
common XIX
ib.
little
ib. ib.
Avosetta LXXVIII
B
Badger c
Bat,
long eared CIII
noctule
ib.
gregarious in their retreats
Black-birds LX
Blenny,
Gattorugine XCVI
crefted
ib.
spotted
ib.
smooth XXXIV 30
Bustard LIX
Butcher bird, great VII II
Butter fish,
vide
spotted Blenny
Buzzard,
common LIII
moor V 9
Bulfinch, pine LXIV
C
Cepphus,
vide
blacktoed Gull
Chough LVIII
Coal Fish XXXII 29
Cole Mouse LXVIII
Coot LXXVI
Creeper LVII
Crossbill LXIV
Crows, few in the Highlands
Crucian KLI 3
Cuckoo, female LV
D
Didapper,
vide
little Greble
Diver,
red throated or Lumme XXI 25
black throated
ib. ib.
Doree XLVI 42
Dottrel LXXIII
Dove, Turtle VIII II
Dragonet XXX 29
lesser XXXI
ib.
Duck Wild XXIV 27
little brown LXXXVII
E
Eagle, Sea LI
Ermine CI
F
Falcon
gentle I 7
peregrine LII
spotted III 8
Father Lasher XXXV 30
Flying Fish XLIV 36
Fulmar LXXXII
G
Garganey LXXXVII
Gattorugine XCVI
Gilt-head XCI
Goat XCIX
Goatsucker LXIII
Godwit, the red LXIX
Goldsinny XCVII
Goosander red breasted LXXXIII
Goose,
wild, where it breeds LXXXIV
white fronted
ib.
Grebe XVII 24
black and white
ib. ib.
little LXXVII
eared
ib. ib
Grous, female XIII 21
Guillemot,
lesser XX 25
spotted
ib. ib.
Gull
arctic XXII
ib.
black toed LXXX
brown and white LXXIX
herring
ib.
kittiwake XXIII 26
common
ib.
27
Gurnard,
grey XXXVIII 3
Tub XXXIX
ib.
yellow,
vide
Dragonet
H
Hake, lesser or forked beard XXXII 29
Hare, alpine or white XLVII 40
Hoopoe LVII
Horse
Arabian
L 43
Persian 48
Aethiopian
ib.
Aegyptian 49
Barbary
ib.
Spanish 50
Hound Smooth, a shark XXVI 28
I
Jack Curlew,
vide
Whimbrel
Jack-daw LIV
Jack-snipe LXXI
Invercauld,
its magnificent scenery 19
K
King-fish,
vide
Opah
Kingfisher LVI
Kittiwake Gull XXIII 26
L
Lamprey
common LXXXVIII
Lampern
ib.
Pride
ib.
Lanner IV
Lark, Sky LXII
Lavellan,
vide
Water
Shrew Mouse
Linnet,
red headed LXVII
lesser
ib.
Lizard warty XLV 37
Loche XCIII
Lumme XXI 25
Lump Fish XXIX 28
M
Mackrel
common XCVII
horse
ib.
Spanish XLIII 33
Mallard XXIV 27
Martin black IX 15
Mew, winter LXXX
Migration of Swallows 12
Mouse common CII
N
Nuthatch LVI
Noctule, Bat CIII
O
Opah XCI
Otter c
Ouzel, ring LXI
Owl, Eagle VI 10
P
Parr XCIV
Penguin XVIII 24
Perch,
crooked XCII
sea
ib.
Petrel or Storm Finch LXXXII
Fulmar
ib.
Pigeon, rock VIII 12
Pike XCV
sea, or sea needle
ib.
Plover green LXXII
Pride LXXXVIII
Ptarmigan XIII 21
Purre XVI 23
R
Rabbet XLVII 40
Rail,
land LXXIV
water
ib.
Ray, or Thornback XXVII 28
Razor Bill or Auk XIX 24
Red game
viae
Grous
Redshank XIV 21
Reed Sparrow lesser X 16
Ring Ouzle, its migrations LXI
Rud XL 32
Ruffe and Reeve XV 22
S
Salmon XCIII
Samlet XL 31
Sandpiper XVI 23
scollop toed
Scad XCVIII
Sedge Bird X 16
Seal,
how taken in
Caithnes
XLVIII 27
great 39
Shag XXV 27
Shielduck, swallow tailed LXXXVI
Shrew Mouse, water CII
Siskin LXVI
Smeardab XLVI 42
Snail, sea XXIX 28
Snipe LXXI
Jack
ib
Snow-fleck XI 17
Sparrows
common LXV
mountain, or tree X 17
Stare LXI
Sticklebacks XLII 33
Stint or Purre XVI 23
Stoat CI
Storm-finch LXXXII
Sturgeon LXXXIX
Swallow, its migration IX 12
Swallow sea,
vide
Tern
Swift IX 15
Sword-fish XC
T
Tarrock,
vide
Kittiwake
Tern,
greater LXXXI
less
ib.
Thornback XXVII 28
Titmouse,
great LXVIII
blue
ib.
marsh
ib.
cole
ib.
Trout XL 31
Tub-fish XXXIX 31
Tunny XLIII 33
Turtle Dove VIII II
Twite LXVI
U
Velvet Duck LXXXV
W
Wagel LXXIX
Wagtail
white LXII
yellow
ib.
Water Hen, common LXXVI
Weesel CI
Weever XXXI 29
Whimbrel LXX
Whistle Fish,
brown XXXIII 30
spotted
ib. ib.
Winter Mew LXXX
Woodcock XIV 21
Woodpecker
greater spot. XII 20
lesser
ib.
Wrasse
striped XXXVI 30
gibbous XXXVII
ib.
trimaculated
ib. ib.
Goldsinny XCVII
Wryneck V
Y
Yellow Hammer X 20
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BRITISH ZOOLOGY, with 132 Plates of the most curious Quadrupeds and Birds, elegantly coloured, Imperial Paper.
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