SYNOPSIS of QUADRUPEDS
HEB DDUW HEB DDIM ADUW ADIGON
CHESTER Printed by J. MONK
MDCCLXXI.
PREFACE.
THE following Synopsis was originally intended for private amusement, and as an Index, for the more ready turning to any particular animal in the voluminous history of quadrupeds by M. DE BUFFON: But as it swelled by degrees to a size beyond my first expectation, in the end I was determined to fling it into its present form, and to usher it into the world.
THE Synopsis of our illustrious countryman Mr. RAY has been long out of print; and though from his enlarged knowlege and great industry one might well suppose his Work would for some time discourage all further attempts of the same sort, yet a republication of that Synopsis would not have answered our present design: For, living at a period when the study of Natural History was but beginning to dawn in these Kingdoms, and when our contracted. Commerce deprived him of many lights we now enjoy, he was obliged to content himself with giving descriptions of the few Animals brought over here, and collecting the rest of his materials from other Writers. Yet so correct was his genius, that we view a systematic arrangement arise even from the Chaos of
Aldrovandus
and
Gesner.
Under his hand the indigested matter of these able and copious Writers assumes a new form, and the whole is made clear and perspicuous.
FROM this period every Writer on these subjects proposed his own method as an example; some openly, but others more covertly, aiming at the honor of originality, and attempting to seek for fame in the path chalked out by Mr. RAY; but too often without acknowleging the merit of the Guide.
MR. KLEIN, in 1751, made his appearance as a Systematic Writer on Quadrupeds, and in his first order follows the general arrangement of Mr. RAY; but the change he has made of separating certain animals, which the last had consolidated, are executed with great judgement. He seems less fortunate in his second order; for, by a servile regard to a method taken from the number of toes, he has jumbled together most opposite animals; the
Camel
and the
Sloth,
the
Mole
and the
Bat,
the
Glutton
and
Apes;
happy only in throwing back the
Walrus,
the
Seal,
and the
Manati,
to the extremity of his system: I suppose, as animals nearly bordering on another class.
M. BRISSON, in 1756, favored the world with another system, arranging his animals by the number or defect of their teeth; beginning with those that were toothless, such as the
Ant-eater,
and ending with those that had the greatest number, such as the
Opossum.
By this method, laudable as it is in many respects, it must happen unavoidably that some Quadrupeds, very distant from each other in their manners, are too closely connected in his System; a defect, which, however common, should be carefully avoided by every Naturalist.
IN point of time, LINNAEUS ought to have the precedence; for he published his first System in 1735. This was followed by several others, varying constantly in the arrangement of the animal kingdom, even to the last edition of 1766. It is therefore difficult to defend, and still more ungratefull to drop any reflections on a Naturalist, to whom we are so greatly indebted. The variations in his different Systems may have arisen from the new and continual discoveries that are made in the animal kingdom; from his sincere intention of giving his Systems additional improvements, and perhaps from a failing, (unknown indeed to many of his accusers) a diffidence in the abilities he had exerted in his prior performances. But it must be allowed, that the Naturalist runs too great a hazard in imitating his
present
guise; for in another year he may put on a new form, and leave the complying Philosopher amazed at the metamorphosis.
BUT this is not my only reason for rejecting the system of this otherwise able Naturalist: There are faults in his arrangement of
Mammalia
Or animals which have paps and suckle their young; in which class are comprehended not only all the genuine quadrupeds, but even the cetaceous tribe.
, that oblige me to separate myself, in this one instance, from his crowd of votaries; but that my secession may not appear the effect of whim or envy, it is to be hoped that the following objections will have their weight.
I reject his first division, which he calls
Primates,
or Chiefs of the Creation; because my vanity will not suffer me to rank mankind with
Apes, Monkies, Maucaucos
and
Bats,
the companions LINNAEUS has allotted us even in this his last System.
THE second order of
Bruta
I avoid for much the same reason: The most intelligent of Quadrupeds, the half-reasoning
Elephant
is made to associate with the most discordant and stupid of the creation, with
Sloths, Ant-eaters
and
Armadillos,
or with
Manaties
and
Walruses,
inhabitants of another element.
THE third order of
Ferae
is not more admissible in all its articles; for it will be impossible to allow the
Mole,
the
Shrew,
and the harmless
Hedge-hog,
to be the companions of
Lions, Wolves
and
Bears:
We may err in our arrangement,
Sed non ut placidis Coeant immitia, non ut
Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni.
IN his arrangement of his fourth and fifth orders we quite agree, except in the single article
Noctilio,
a species of Bat, which happening to have only two cutting teeth in each jaw, is separated from its companions and placed with squirrels, and others of that class.
THE sixth order is made up of animals of the hoofed tribe; but of genera so different in their nature, that notwithstanding we admit them into the same division, we place them at such distances from each other, with so many intervening links and softening gradations, as will, it may be hoped, lessen the shock of seeing the
Horse
and the
Hippopotame
in the same piece. To avoid this as much as possible, we have flung the last into the back ground, where it will appear more tolerable to the Critick than if they were left in a manner conjoined.
THE last order is that of Whales; which, it must be confessed, have, in many respects, the structure of land animals; but their want of hair and feet, their fish-like form, and their constant residence in the water, are arguments for separating them from this class, and forming them into another independent of the rest.
BUT while I thus freely offer my objections against embracing this System of Quadrupeds, let me not be supposed insensible of the other merits of this great and extraordinary person: His arrangement of fish, of insects, and of shells, are original and excellent; he hath, in all his classes, given philosophy a new language; hath invented apt names, and taught the world a brevity, yet a fullness of description, unknown to past ages; he hath with great industry brought numbers of synonyms of every animal into one point of view; and hath given a concise account of the uses and manners of each, as far as his observation extended, or the information of a numerous train of travelling disciples could contribute: His Country may triumph in producing so vast a Genius, whose spirit invigorates science in all that chilly region, and diffuses it from thence to climates more favorable, which gratefully acknowlege the advantage of its influences.
LET us now turn our eyes to a Genius of another kind, to whom the History of Quadrupeds owes very considerable lights: I mean M.
de Buffon,
who, in the most beautifull language, and in the most agreeable manner, hath given the amplest descriptions of the oeconomy of the whole four-footed creation
For the anatomical part in the province of M.
D' Aubenton.
: Such is his eloquence, that we forget the exuberant manner he treats each subject, and the reflections he often casts on other Writers; the creation of his own gay fancy
This is not advanced without reason: B
,
in our regard to a Gentleman whose abilities we respect,
forbear producing our proofs; not doubting, but when he
had time to recollect himself, he will, by a recantation of a certain g
d▪ misrepresentation, convince the Publick that his candor is not inferior to his learning and genius.
. Having in his own mind a comprehensive view of every animal, he unfortunately seems to think it beneath him to shackle his lively spirit with systematic arrangement; so that the Reader is forced to wander thro' numbers of volumes in search of any wished-for subject. The misunderstanding between these two able Naturalists is most injurious to science. The
French
Philosopher scarce mentions the
Suede,
but to treat him with contempt;
Linnaeus,
in return, never deigns even to quote M.
de Buffon,
notwithstanding he must know what ample lights he might have drawn from him.
I shall in a few words mention the plan that is followed in the present distribution of quadrupeds, and at the same time shall clame but a small share of originality.
I copy Mr. RAY, in his greater divisions of animals into
hoofed,
and digitated; but, after the manner of Mr. KLEIN, form separate genera of the
Rhinoceros, Hippopotame, Tapiir
and
Musk.
The
Camel
being a ruminating animal, wanting the upper foreteeth, and having the rudiments of hoofs, is placed in the first order, after the
Musk,
a hornless cloven-hoofed quadruped.
THE
Apes
are continued in the same rank Mr. RAY has placed them, and are followed by the
Maucaucos.
THE carnivorous animals deviate but little from his system, and are arranged according to that of LINNAEUS, after omitting the
Seal, Mole, Shrew
and
Hedge-hog.
The herbivorous or frugivorous quadrupeds keep here the same station that our countryman assigned them; but this class comprehends, besides the
Shrew,
the
Mole
and the
Hedge-hog.
The
Mole
is an exception to the character of this order, in respect to the number of its cutting teeth; but its way of life, and its food, place it here more naturally than with the
Ferae,
as LINNAEUS has done. These exceptions are to be met with even in the method
Such as the
Trichechus Rosmarus,
which has four distinct grinders in every jaw, the
Phoca Ursina
and
Leonina,
the
Mustela Lutris,
and the
Sus Hydrochaeris;
and particularly in the genus of
Vespertilio,
which consists of numbers of species, many of which vary greatly in the number of their fore teeth.
of that able Naturalist; nor can it be otherwise in all human systems; we are so ignorant of many of the links of the chains of beings, that to expect perfection in the arrangement of them would be the most weak presumption. We ought, therefore, to drop all thoughts of forming a system of quadrupeds from the character of a single part: but if we take combined characters of parts, manners and food, we bid much fairer for producing an intelligible system, which ought to be the sum of our aim.
THE fourth section of digitated quadrupeds consists of those which are absolutely destitute of cutting teeth, such as the
Sloth
and
Armadillo.
THE fifth section is formed of those which are destitute of teeth of every kind, such as the
Manis
and
Ant-eater.
THE third and fourth orders, or divisions, are the
Pinnated
and the
Winged
Quadrupeds; the first takes in the
Walrus
and the
Seals,
and (in conformity to preceding Writers) the
Manati.
But those that compose this order are very imperfect: Their limbs serve rather the use of sins than legs; and their element being for the greatest part the water, they seem as the links between the quadrupeds and the cetaceous animals.
THE
Bats
again are winged quadrupeds, and form the next gradation from this to the class of Birds; and these two orders are the only additions I can boast of adding in this Work.
SO far of System; the rest of my plan comprehends numerous Synonyms of each Animal, a brief description, and as full an account of their place, manners, or uses, as could be collected from my own observations, or the information of others; from preceding Writers on the subject; from printed Voyages of the best authorities, or from living Voyagers
And it may be added, from the different
Museums
at home and abroad, particularly from that matchless collection in the
British Museum;
and, placed as it is under the direction of Gentlemen as much distinguished for their politeness as their love of science, my access to its contents, has been rendered, at all fit times, so easy, as to put this Work under singular obligations to them.
. If it has the fortune to be any-ways usefull to my Countrymen, in promoting the knowlege of Natural History, my principal object will be answered: Let it be treated with candor till something better appears; and when that time comes the Writer will chearfully resign it to oblivion, the common fate of antiquated Systems.
Thomas Pennant.
DOWNING,
MARCH 20, 1771.
METHOD.
Div. I. HOOFED QUADRUPEDS.
II. DIGITATED.
III. PINNATED.
IV. WINGED.
Div. I.
Sect. I. Whole hoofed.
Genus
1. Horse.
Sect. II. Cloven hoofed.
II. Ox
III. Sheep
IV. Goat
V. Giraffe
VI. Antelope
VII. Deer
VIII. Musk
IX. Camel
X. Hog
XI. Rhinoceros
XII. Hippopotame
XIII. Tapiir
XIV. Elephant.
Div. II. DIGITATED.
Sect. I. Anthropomorphous, frugivorous.
XV. Ape
XVI. Maucauco.
Sect. II. With large canin
teeth separated from the cutting teeth. Six or more cutting teeth in each jaw. Rapacious, carnivorous.
XVII. Dog
XVIII. Hyaena
XIX. Cat
XX. Bear
XXI. Badger
XXII. Opossum
XXIII. Weesel
XXIV. Otter.
Sect. III. Without canine teeth, and with two cutting teeth in each jaw. Generally herbivor
us, or frugivorous.
XXV. Cavy
XXVI. Hare
XXVII. Beaver
XXVIII. Porcupine
XXIX. Marmot
XXX. Squirrel
XXXI. Jerboa
XXXII. Rat
XXXIII. Shrew
XXXIV. Mole
XXXV. Hedge-hog.
Sect. IV. Without cutting teeth. Frugivorous, herbivorous.
XXXVI. Sloth
XXXVII. Armadillo.
Sect. V. Without teeth. Insectivorous.
XXXVIII. Manis
XXXIX. Ant-eater.
Div. III. PINNATED. Piscivorous, or herbivorous
Their Element chiefly the Water.
.
XL. Walrus
XLI. Seal
XLII. Manati.
Div. IV. WINGED. Insectivorous.
XLIII. Bats.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF THE GENERA, SPECIES, and VARIETIES.
I. HORSE.
1 GENEROUS
Page 1
2 Zebra
Page 2
3 Ass
Page 3
Mule
ibid
II. OX.
1 Bull
Page 4
α. Grunting
Page 5
β. Indian
Page 6
2 Buffalo
Page 7
A. Naked
Page 8
3 American
ibid
4 Dwarf
Page 9
III. SHEEP.
1 Ram
Page 10
α. Common
Page 11
β. Cretan
ibid
γ. Hornless
ibid
δ. Many-horned
ibid
ε. African
Page 12
ζ. Broad-tailed
ibid
IV. GOAT.
1 Wild
Page 13
α. Domestic
Page 14
β. Angora
Page 15
γ. Syrian
ibid
δ. African
Page 16
ε. Whidaw
ibid
ζ. Capricorn
ibid
2 Chamois
Page 17
3 Siberian
Page 18
V. GIRAFFE.
1 Camelo-pard
Page 20
VI. ANTELOPE.
1 Blue
Page 24
2 Aegyptian
Page 25
3 Bezoar
Page 26
4 Indian
ibid
5 Harnessed
Page 27
6 Guinea
ibid
7 Royal
Page 28
8 Indostan
Page 26
9 White-footed
Page 29
10 Swift
Page 30
11 Red
ibid
12 Striped
Page 31
13 Common
Page 32
α. Brown
ibid
β. Smooth-horned
Page 33
14 Barbary
ibid
15 Flat-horned
Page 34
16 White
ibid
17 Chinese
Page 35
18 Scythian
ibid
19 Spotted
Page 37
20 Cervine
ibid
21 Senegal
Page 38
22 Gambian
Page 39
VII. DEER.
1 Elk
Page 40
2 Rein
Page 46
3 Fallow
Page 48
4 Stag
Page 49
5 Virginian
Page 51
6 Axis
ibid
7 Great Axis
Page 52
8 Porcine
ibid
9 Roe
Page 53
10 Mexican
Page 54
11 Grey
Page 55
VIII. MUSK.
1 Tibet
Page 56
2 Brasilian
Page 58
3 Indian
Page 59
4 Guinea
ibid
IX. CAMEL.
1 Arabian
Page 60
2 Bactrian
Page 63
3 Llama
Page 64
4 Pacos
Page 66
X. HOG.
1 Common
Page 68
α Guinea
Page 69
β Chinese
Page 70
γ Whole-hoofed
ibid
2 Aethiopian
ibid
3 Mexican
Page 72
4 Indian
Page 73
XI. RHINOCEROS.
1 One-horned
Page 75
α Two-horned
ibid
XII. HIPPOPOTAME
1 Hippopotame
Page 78
XIII. TAPIIR.
1 Long-nosed
Page 82
2 Thick-nosed
Page 83
XIV. ELEPHANT.
1 Great
Page 85
2 American
ibid
Div. II. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS.
Sect. I.
XV. APE.
1 Great Ape
page 96
2 Pygmy
page 98
3 Long-armed
page 99
α. Lesser
page 100
β. Silvery
ibid
4 Barbary
page 101
5 Tufted
page 102
6 Ribbed-nosed Baboon
page 103
7 Little
page 105
8 Pig-tailed
ibid
9 Dog-faced Monky
page 107
10 Lion-tailed
page 109
α. Ouanderou
ibid
β. Purple-faced
ibid
γ. White
page 110
δ. Little
ibid
ε. Speckled
ibid
11 Hare-lipped
page 111
12 Spotted
page 112
13 Green
page 113
14 White Eye-lid
page 114
15 Mustache
ibid
16 Talapoin
page 115
17 Negro
ibid
18 Egret
page 116
19 Red
ibid
20 Chinese
page 117
21 Varied
Page 118
22 Cochin-china
Page 119
23 Tawny
Page 120
24 Winking
ibid
25 Goat
ibid
26 Annulated
Page 121
27 Philippine
ibid
28 Preacher
Page 122
α. Royal
Page 123
29 Four-fingered
Page 124
30 Capucin
Page 126
31 Weeper
Page 127
32 Orange
Page 128
33 Horned
Page 129
34 Antigua
ibid
35 Fox-tailed
Page 130
36 Great-eared
Page 131
37 Striated
Page 132
38 Silky
Page 133
39 Red-tailed
ibid
40 Fair
Page 134
XVI. MAUCAUCO.
1 Tail-less
Page 135
2 Woolly
Page 136
3 Ring-tail
Page 137
4 Ruffed
Page 138
5 Yellow
ibid
6 Flying
Page 139
Sect. II.
XVII. DOG.
1 Faithfull
Page 141
2 Wolf
Page 149
Mexican Wolf
Page 151
3 Fox
Page 152
4 Arctic
Page 155
5 Grey
Page 157
6 Silvery
ibid
7 Jackal
Page 158
8 Surinam
Page 260
XVIII. HYAENA.
1 Striped
Page 161
2 Spotted
Page 162
XIX. CAT.
1 Lion
Page 164
2 Tiger
Page 167
3 Panther
Page 170
4 Leopard
Page 172
5 Lesser Leopard
Page 173
6 Hunting
Page 174
7 Once
Page 175
8 Brasilian
Page 176
9 Mexican
Page 177
10 Brown
Page 179
11 Black
Page 180
12 Cape
Page 181
13 Cayenne
Page 182
14 Common
Page 183
α. Angora
Page 184
β. Tortoise-shell
ibid
γ. Blue
ibid
15 Mountain
Page 185
16 Lynx
Page 186
17 Bay Lynx
Page 188
18 Persian Lynx
Page 189
XX. BEAR.
1 Black
Page 190
2 Polar
Page 192
3 Wolverene
Page 195
4 Raccoon
Page 199
XXI. BADGER.
1 Common
Page 201
2 American
Page 202
XXII. OPOSSUM.
1 Virginian
Page 204
2 Murine
Page 207
3 Mexican
Page 208
4 Short-tailed
ibid
5 Surinam
Page 209
6 Merian
Page 210
XXII. WEESEL.
1 Common
Page 211
2 Stoat
Page 212
3 Polecat
Page 213
4 Ferret
Page 214
5 Martin
Page 215
6 Pine
Page 216
7 Sable
Page 217
8 Fisher
Page 223
9 Madagascar
Page 224
10 Pekan
ibid
11 Guinea
Page 225
12 Guiana
ibid
13 Ichneumon
Page 226
14 Four-toed
Page 228
15 Brasilian
Page 229
16 Stifling
Page 230
17 Striated
Page 232
18 Skunk
Page 233
19 Zorilla
ibid
20 Fizzler
Page 234
21 Civet
ibid
β. Zibet
Page 235
22 Genet
Page 236
23 Fossane
Page 237
XXIV. OTTER.
1 Greater
Page 238
2 Lesser
Page 239
3 Sea
Page 241
Sect. III.
XXV. CAVY.
1 Restless
Page 243
2 Rock
Page 244
3 Spotted
ibid
4 Long-nosed
Page 245
5 Olive
Page 246
6 Javan
ibid
7 Cape
Page 247
8 Musk
ibid
XXVI. HARE.
1 Common
Page 248
2 Alpine
Page 249
3 Rabbet
Page 251
β. Angora
Page 252
γ. Russian
ibid
4 Brasilian
ibid
5 Baikal
Page 253
6 Cape
ibid
XXVII. BEAVER.
1 Castor
Page 255
2 Musk
Page 259
3 Long-nosed
Page 260
XXVIII. PORCUPINE.
1 Crested
Page 262
2 Long-tailed
Page 263
3 Brasilian
Page 264
4 Canada
Page 266
XXIX. MARMOT.
1 Alpine
Page 268
2 Maryland
Page 270
3 Quebec
ibid
4 German
Page 271
β. Vormela
Page 273
5 Casan
ibid
6 Lapland
Page 274
7 Earless
Page 276
8 Podolian
Page 277
9 Circassian
Page 278
XXX. SQUIRREL.
1 Common
Page 279
α. Hudson's Bay
Page 280
β. White-legged
ibid
2 Ceylon
Page 281
3 Bombay
ibid
4 Grey
Page 282
5 Black
Page 284
α. Cat
ibid
6 Varied
Page 285
7 Fair
ibid
8 Brasilian
Page 286
9 Mexican
ibid
10 Palm
Page 287
β. Barbary
ibid
11 Ground
Page 288
12 Fat
Page 289
13 Garden
Page 290
14 Dormouse
Page 291
15 Sailing
Page 292
16 Flying
Page 293
β. Hooded
Page 294
XXXI. JERBOA.
1 Aegyptian
Page 295
2 Siberian
Page 296
3 Torrid
Page 297
4 Woolly
Page 298
XXXII. RAT.
1 Black
Page 299
2 Brown
Page 300
3 Water
Page 301
4 Mouse
Page 302
5 Field
ibid
α. American
Page 303
6 Harvest
ibid
7 Oriental
Page 304
8 Short-tailed
Page 305
9 Gregarious
ibid
XXXIII. SHREW.
1 Faetid
Page 307
2 Water
Page 308
3 Minute
ibid
4 Murine
Page 309
5 Brasilian
ibid
6 Mexican
ibid
XXXIV. MOLE.
1 European
Page 311
β. Yellow
Page 312
2 Siberian
Page 313
3 Radiated
ibid
4 Long-tailed
Page 314
5 Brown
ibid
6 Red
Page 315
XXXV. HEDGE-HOG.
1 Common
Page 316
2 Asiatic
Page 317
3 Guiana
Page 318
XXXVI. SLOTH.
1 Three-toed
Page 319
2 Two-toed
Page 321
XXXVII. ARMADILLO.
1 Three-banded
Page 323
2 Six-banded
Page 324
3 Eight-banded
Page 325
4 Nine-banded
ibid
5 Twelve-banded
Page 326
6 Eighteen-banded
Page 327
XXXVIII. MANIS.
1 Long-tailed
Page 328
2 Short-tailed
Page 329
XXXIX. ANT-EATER.
1 Great
Page 331
2 Middle
Page 332
3 Lest
Page 333
XL. WALRUS.
1 Arctic
Page 335
2 Indian
Page 338
XLI. SEAL.
1 Common
Page 339
2 Great
Page 341
3 Rough
ibid
4 Hooded
Page 342
5 Harp
ibid
6 Little
Page 343
7 Ursine
Page 344
8 Leonine
Page 348
XLII. MANATI.
1 Manati
Page 352
Sea Ape
Page 356
Beluga
Page 357
XLIII. BAT.
1 Ternate
Page 359
β. Lesser
Page 362
2 Spectre
ibid
3 Javelin
Page 363
4 Leaf
Page 364
5 Cordated
ibid
6 Peruvian
Page 365
7 Bull-dog
Page 366
8 Senegal
ibid
9 Bearded
Page 367
10 New-York
ibid
11 Striped
Page 368
12 Molucca
ibid
13 Horse-shoe
Page 369
14 Noctule
ibid
15 Serotine
Page 370
16 Pipistrelle
ibid
17 Barbastelle
ibid
18 Common
Page 371
19 Long-eared
ibid
PLATES.
IN the Title-Page, Head of the
Barbary
Antelope,
No.
26.
The WELCH Motto signifies,
Without
GOD
nothing, with
GOD
enough.
I. Indian Oxen, p. 6. Horns of the Dwarf,
No.
7.
II. American Buffalo,
No.
6. Naked, A. p. 8.
III. Four-horned Ram, p. 11, Horns of the
Iceland
Sheep, p. 11, and the
Cretan,
β. p. 11.
IV. Cape Sheep with pendulous ears. Great-tailed Sheep, the trunk of the tail enveloped with fat, and only a small part of the end appearing out.
V. Two varieties of the
Syrian
Goats, γ. p. 15. From drawings in the
British Museum.
VI. White-footed Antelope, male and female,
No.
21, p. 39.
Vignet
of the Heads of the Blue Antelope,
No.
13, and the
Senegal, No.
33.
VII. Female Moose Deer, or
American
Elk,
No.
35. Horns of the
European.
VIII. Rein Deer,
No.
36. From one in the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
The WELCH Motto signifies,
Without
GOD
nothing, with
GOD
enough.
. Porcine Deer,
No.
42.
IX. Fossil Horns, p. 44. Horns of the
Virginian
Deer,
No.
39. of the
Mexican? No.
44.
X.
Tibet
Musk,
No.
46.
Indian, No.
48.
XI.
Indian
Hog,
No.
57. Variety of the common Hog, place unknown.
XII. Pygmy Ape,
No.
95. Tufted,
No.
68.
XIII.
Simia Porcaria?
From a drawing in the
British Museum,
p. 102. A new Baboon, communicated by Mr.
Paillou,
painter.
The animals, or parts of animals, preserved in the
British Museum
in
London,
or the
Ashmolean
in
Oxford,
are marked
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
XIII. A. Lion-tailed Monky,
No.
73. α. Variety of the Tawny M.
No.
86.
XIV. Long-tailed Monky, β. p. 109. Dog-faced. From a drawing by Mr.
Edwards. No.
72.
XV. Silky Monky,
No.
101.
XVI. Tail-less Maucauco,
No.
104. Yellow,
No.
108.
XVII. Spotted Hyaena,
No.
119. Arctic Fox,
No.
113.
XVIII. Hunting Leopard, after a Painting by Mr.
Stubbs, No.
125. Black Tiger,
No.
130.
XIX. Bay Lynx,
No.
136.
Persian, No.
137.
XX. Polar Bear,
No.
139. Wolverene,
No.
140.
XXI.
Brasilian
Weesel,
No.
164. Fossane,
No.
171.
XXII.
Virginian
Opossum,
No.
144. Lesser Otter,
No.
174.
XXIII.
Alpine
Hare, a
Siberian
variety,
No.
184.
Russian
Rabbet, γ. p. 252.
XXIV.
Brasilian
Porcupine,
No.
195.
Quebec
Marmot, 199.
XXV.
Casan
Marmot,
No.
201.
Lapland, No.
202.
Aegyptian
Jerboa,
No.
222.
XXVI. Black Squirrel,
No.
210. Grey Sq.
No.
209.
Hudson's Bay,
α. p. 280.
XXVII. Sailing Squirrel,
No.
220.
XXVIII. Radiated Mole,
No.
243. Long-tailed M.
No.
314. Hedge-hog,
No.
247.
XXIX. Three-toed Sloth,
No.
250.
XXX. Lest Ant-Eater,
No.
262.
XXXI. Variety of the
Ternate
Bat, β. p. 362.
New-York
Bat,
No.
283.
The Bookbinder is desired to observe that each plate is numbered with the page it is to be placed opposite to.
ADDITIONS.
To the Article Ass, p. 3.
The
Onager,
or Wild Ass; the
Tchigetai
of
Gmelin,
Sibir. II. 107, and the
Kulan
of
Ritchkoff Topogr. Orenb.
I. 291, are found in herds of thousands in the deserts beyond the river
Yaick,
about the rivers
Yemba
and
Sarassu;
have long erect ears, and thick long mouse-colored hair; run very swift, and are eaten by the
Tartars.
Add, the description of ε. another bearded man, &c. p. 10, to that of the Spotted Monky,
No.
75.
P. 88. Authorities for the three relations of the sagacity of Elephants.
Hamilton's Voy. East-Indies,
II. 109.
Terry's Voy.
148.
De Buffon,
xi. 77.
P. 98. Add to
Aelian lib.
—xvi.
c.
21.
Add to p. 104. A new Baboon, from a drawing lately communicated by Mr.
Paillou;
who informed me, that it was a large species, very deformed, as the figure shews; of a reddish brown color; very long limbed; went often on all fours; had a short pig-like tail, which it carried erect
Vide
Plate XIII.
. Place unknown.
P. 120. A variety of the Tawny Monky,
No.
86. communicated by Mr.
Paillou:
face black, with long white hairs on the cheeks: body of a dull pale green; limbs grey; tail dusky
Plate XIII. A.
.
P. 174.
No.
125. The Hunting Leopard is called in
India, Chittah,
and is the same with
Le Guepard
of M.
de Buffon.
Add after Oriental Mouse, p. 304.
Mus barbarus. M. cauda mediocri corpore fusco, striis decem pallidis, palmis tridactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Lin. syst. tom.
I.
pars.
II.
addenda.
Less than the common mouse: of a brown color: marked on the back with ten slender streaks: three toes with claws on the fore feet, with the rudiments of a thumb: tail of the length of the body.
Inhabits Barbary.
No. 163. This animal seems to be the same with the Rattle Mouse of
Kolben hist. Cape,
II. 124. who says it lives on acorns, nuts, &c. and jumps from tree to tree like a squirrel; and that it makes a rattling noise with its tail, which is neither very long nor hairy.
P. 232.
Virginian
species,
add
or skunk.
ERRATA.
Page 19.
In the running title, Giraffe,
read
Goat.
Page 21.
In the running title, Antelope,
read
Giraffe.
Page 1.
quod. quad.
Page 38.
Cert, Cerf.
Page 76.
are, is.
Page 99.
**
Gesner,
** Strabo.
Page
†
Strabo,
†
Gesner.
Page 97.
has, have.
Page 103.
Full stop after
de Buffon,
comma after
Brisson.
Page 138.
make,
read
makes.
Page 162:
Lyneis, Lyncis.
Page
Hyaena, Hyaenae.
Page 176.
oruli, oculi.
Page 188.
aera, aere.
Page 197.
Rofomack, Rosomack.
Page 230.
265 to 272, 165 to 172.
Page 236.
Fernanaez, Fernandez.
Page 269.
et, at.
Page 273.
difficu ty, difficulty.
Page 293.
Poulatouche, Polatouche.
SYNOPSIS OF QUADRUPEDS.
Div. I. HOOFED.
SECT. I. Whole Hoofed.
II. Cloven Hoofed.
SECT. I.
Hoof consisting of one piece.
I. HORSE.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
1. GENEROUS.
Equus
Gesner quod.
404.
Raii syn. quod.
62. Pferdt
Klein quad.
4.
Equus cauda undique setosa. E. caballus.
Lin. syst.
100. Haest.
Faun. suec.
No. 47.
Equus auriculis brevibus erectis, juba longa.
Brisson. quad.
69.
Le Cheval.
de Buffon.
iv. 174.
tab.
I.
Br. Zool.
l. 1.
Wild horse.
Leo, Afr.
339.
Hakluyt
's
coll. voy.
I. 329.
Bell's trav.
I. 225.
H. with a long flowing mane; tail covered on all parts with long hairs.
Cultivated in most parts of the world. In a wild state, at present only in the
Tartarian
deserts, and in
S. America;
the last from the
European
breed, escaped from the owners and turned savage. Horses unknown in
America
before its discovery by the
Spaniards.
The most generous and useful of quadrupeds, docil, spirited yet obedient; adapted to all purposes the draught, the chace, the race: its voice, neighing; its arms, hoofs and teeth; its tail of the utmost use in driving off insects in hot weather. Subject to various diseases, many from our abuse, more from our too great care of it. Its
exuviae
useful
the skin for collars and traces; the hair of the mane for wigs; of the tail, for the bottoms of chairs, and floor-cloths:
Tartars
feed on its flesh, and drink the milk of mares.
2. ZEBRA.
Pulcher onager.
Martial Epig.
xiii. 101.
Oppian Cyneg.
iii. 183.
Zebra.
Nieremberg.
168.
Zecora.
Ludolph. Aethiop.
56.
Zebra.
Raii syn. quad.
64.
Klein quad.
5.
Le Zebre on L'ane rayè.
Brisson quad.
70.
De Buffon,
xii. 1
tab.
I. II.
Equus Zebra. Eq. fasciis fusci versicolor.
Lin. syst.
101
Edw.
222.
Wild Ass.
Kolben Cape goo
Hope,
ii. 112.
H. with a short erect mane: tail furnished with long hairs at the end: whole body beautifully striped from the back to the belly, with lines of brown, on a very pale buff ground. The most elegant of quadrupeds.
Inhabits
Africa,
from
Congo
to the
Cape
of
Good Hope,
thence to
Aethiopia.
Gregarious, useless, untameable, vitious: vastly swift: most probably known to the
Romans,
being of the same country with the
Giraffa,
which had been early introduced into their
spectacula. Martial
seems to hint at it by his
pulcher onager; Oppian
particularly describes the stripes diverging from the black list on the back.
3. ASS.
Asinus.
Gesner quad.
5.
Raii syn. quod.
63.
Esel.
Klein quad.
6.
L'ane.
De Buffon.
iv. 377.
Equus auriculis longis flaccidis juba brevi.
Brisson quad.
70.
Equus asinus. Eq. caudae extermitate setosa, cruce nigra supra.
Lin. syst.
100. Asna.
Faun suec.
No. 35.
ed.
1746.
Ass.
Br. Zool.
I. ii.
H. with long slouching ears, short mane, tail covered with long hairs at the end: the body generally of an ash color, with a black bar cross the shoulders.
Wild in
Leo. Afr.
340.
Bell's Trav.
I. 224.
the
African
and
Tartarian
deserts; go in small herds; extremely swift in a state of nature: mistakenly called mules. In a tame state, stupid, patient, laborious, obstinate, slow, love mild or hot climates, scarce known in the cold ones. Best: in
Arabia
and the
East.
MULE. Mulus.
Gesner quad.
702.
syn. quad.
64.
Maul esel.
Klein quad.
6.
Le Mulet.
De Buffon,
iv. 401. xiv. 336.
Brisson quod.
71.
Equus mulus.
Lin. syst. Faun. suec.
No. 35.
Br. Zool.
I. 13.
A spurious offspring of the horse and ass, or ass and mare: does not propagate again;
Aristotle
in that mistaken. Is very hardy; has more the form as well as disposition of the ass than horse. The finest in
Spain,
very large ones in
Savoy.
Div. I. Sect. II. Cloven Hoofed.
* with Horns.
** without Horns.
* II. OX.
Horns bending out laterally.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Skin along the lower side of the neck pendulous.
4. BULL.
Bos
Gesner quad.
25.
Raii syn. quad.
70.
Ochs.
Klein quad.
9.
Bos cornibus levibus teretibus. sursum reflexis.
Brisson quad
52.
Bos Taurus. B. cornibus teretibus flexis.
Lin. syst.
98.
Faun suec.
No. 48.
Le Taureau.
De Buffon,
iv. 437
tab.
xiv.
Br. Zool.
I. 15.
O. with rounded horns, with a large space between their bases.
Still found wild in small numbers, in the marshy forests of
Poland
and
Lithuania,
and the eastern parts of
Siberia.
The
Urus, Bonasus,
and
Bison,
of the antients; the finest and largest tame cattle in
Holstein
and
Poland;
the smallest in
Scotland:
most useful animals, every part serviceable, the horns, hide, milk, blood, fat. More subject than other animals to the pestilence. Goes nine months with young.
In a wild state, the
Bonasus
of
Aristotle. hist. an.
ix. c. 45, and
Pliny lib.
viii. c. 15. The
Urus
of
Caesar, lib.
vi. c. 28.
Gesner quad.
143.
Et Bonasus,
p. 131, and
Bison,
140.
Bison
and
Urus Rzaczinski Polon,
214.228.
Bell
's
travels,
I. 224. the
Aurochs
of the
Germans.
The antient
Gauls
used the horns to drink out of; in
amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur
says
Caesar:
if, according to
Pliny,
each horn held an
urna,
or four gallons, it was a goodly draught.
Gesner
in his
Icon. Anim.
34, says, he saw a horn, he supposes of an
Urus,
hung against a pillar in the cathedral of
Strasbourg,
which was six feet long.
α GRUNTING. vacca grunniens villosa cauda equina, Sarluk.
Nov. com. Petrop.
v. 339.
Rubruquis voy. Harris coll.
I. 571.
Bos grunniens. B. cornibus teretibus extrorsum curvatis. vellere propendente, cauda undique jubata.
Lin. syst.
99.
La vache de Tartarie.
De Buffon,
xv. 136.
Le boeuf velu.
Le Brun. voy. Moscov.
I. 120.
Bubul.
Bell's Travels,
I. 224.
Br. Mus.
A mane on the neck: whole body covered with long hair, reaching almost to the ground: back hunched: tail like that of a horse, covered with full white and long hairs: strikes with its head like a goat: is very unruly: found in the country of the
Calmucs,
called by them
Sarluk.
Grunts like a hog.
In the
Br. Museum,
the tail of a cow from
Tibet,
covered with fine white silky hairs, six feet long, possibly belonging to one of this kind.
Bernier
P.
124.
vol.
II.
mentions this species;
Rubruquis
speaks of the same kind, which he says are very strong, and draw the houses of the
Tartars;
and that they have a great aversion to red.
A wild species called
Bucha,
found near the kingdom of
Tibet,
so fierce that if wounded, will turn on its enemy, and never fail of destroying him.
β. INDIAN. O. with a vast lump on the shoulders
The same kind in
Senegal. Adanson
's
voy.
64.
. Differ much in size, and in the form of their horns. Some very large, of a reddish color: horns short and bending close to the neck: others very small, with horns almost upright, bending a little forward. In
Surat
a minute kind, not bigger than a great dog, which have a fierce look, and are used to draw children in small carts.
In
Celebes
a small species, not larger than a middle sized sheep, called
Anoa,
very fierce and wild, of a dark ash color, inhabiting the rocks. Mr.
Loten,
when in
India,
put some of them into a paddock, and in one night's time they killed 14 or 15 of his deer, by ripping open their bellies.
White cattle with black ears in the isle of
Tinian.
What species?
Cattle of
Abissinia,
with horns so soft and flexible that they hang quite pendulous, mentioned by
Lobo,
p. 70.
A species of ox in
Ceylon,
called
Gauvera:
his back stands up with a sharp ridge, his four feet white half way up the legs.
Knox's Ceylon,
21.
GREATER AND LESSER INDIAN OX
P. 6.
5. BUFFALO.
.
Arist. hist. lib.
ii. c. 1.
Bos Indicus.
Plin. lib.
viii. c. 45.
Bubalus.
Gesner quad.
122.
Raii syn. quad.
72.
Klein quad.
10.
Bull elephants.
Ludolph. Aethiop.
52.
Buffalo.
Dellon voy.
72.
Faunul. Sinens.
Bos cornibus compressis, sursum reflexis, resupinatis fronte crispa.
Brisson quad.
54.
Bos cornibus resupinatis intortis antice planis.
Lin. syst.
99.
Le Buffle.
De Buffon
xi. 284.
tab.
xxv.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
O. with large horns, strait for a great length from their base, then bending inwards; not round but compressed, and one side sharp.
Found wild in many parts of
Africa
and
India:
but in both are domesticated: serve for milking and producing cheese: are very common in
Italy,
originally brought from
India,
into
Lombardy,
in the reign of King
Agilulf,
who reigned from 591 to 616
Tunc primum caballi sylvatici et
Bubali
in
Italiam
delati,
Italia
populis miraculo fuerunt.
Warnefridi de gestis Longobardor. Lib.
iv.
. They are said to be found wild in
Apuglia;
and to be very common in hot weather on the sea shore, between
Manfredonia
and
Barletta;
serve for the draught and for the saddle instead of horses; grow to an enormous size, twice the bulk of our largest oxen, from which some call them
Taurelephantes.
A pair of horns in the
Br. Museum,
probably of this kind: one is 6 feet 6 inches ½ long, weighed 21 lb. and the hollow contained five quarts of water.
Lobo
mentions some that would hold more than ten.
Dellon
has seen some in
India
10 feet long: they are sometimes wrinkled, but oftner smooth and black: skin almost destitute of hair,
Misson
's
voy.
iv. 392.
and black: eyes whitish: very common in
Italy,
especially the hotter parts, introduced there originally from
India:
are very fierce when in a state of nature: fond of wallowing in the mud: love the sides of rivers, and swim very well.
Well described by
Aristotle,
under the title of
wild oxen
among the
Arachotae,
notwithstanding
Belon
and
M. de Buffon
say it was unknown to him.
A. NAKED: a small sort exhibited in
London
some years ago, under the name of
Bonasus;
of the size of a
Welch
runt: hair on the body bristly, and very thin, so that the skin appeared: the rump and thighs quite bare: the first marked on each side with two dusky stripes pointing downward, the last with two tranverse stripes: horns compressed sideways, taper, sharp at the point.
East Indies.
6. AMERICAN.
Taurus mexicanus.
Hernandez. mex.
587.
de Laet.
220.
Purchas's Pilgrims,
iv. 1561.
Bison ex Florida allatus.
Raii syn. quad.
71.
Klein quad.
13.
Buffalo.
Lawson Carol.
115.
Catesby App.
xxxvii.
du Pratz.
II. 49.
Bos bison. B. cornibus divaricacatis, juba longissima, dorso gibboso.
Lin. syst.
99.
Le Bison d'Amerique.
Brisson quad.
56.
de Buffon,
xi. 305.
Le Boeuf de
Canada. Charlevoix
v. 193.
Br. Mus.
O. with horns very closely united at the base, bending inwards and downwards, and turning outwards at their points; two feet round at the base, and vastly prominent, rising just on the top of the forehead; length only two feet; very sharp at the points: head and shoulders of the bull covered with very long hairs, of a dark color: body naked behind: shoulders very high: flesh scents strong of musk.
I NAKED BUFFALO
P. 8.
II AMERICAN B. No . 6. III DWARF
Common in the interior parts of
N. America,
in the
Savanna's;
fond of marshy places: lodges amidst the high reeds: very fierce, but capable of being tamed: will breed with the common kind: the only animal analogous to the domestic creatures found in
America
by the
Europeans:
weighs from 1600 to 2400 lb. M.
de Buffon
gives the figure of some horns of this species, which he thinks came from the
Cape of Good Hope.
Le Boeuf Musqué
Charlevoix
v. 194. musk ox
Dobb's Hudson's Bay
19.25. and
Clerk's Voy.
II. 260. seem to be the same with the above.
7 DWARF.
Un moult beau petit boeuf d'Afrique.
Belon voy.
119, 120.
Bos Indicus. B. cornibus aure brevioribus, dorso gibbo juba nulla.
Lin. syst.
99.
Bekkerel wash?
Shaw's trav.
242.
O. with horns almost close at their base, broad and flat at the beginning: receding in the middle, almost meeting at the points, and standing erect: larger than a roebuck, less than a stag: compact, and well made in all its limbs: hair shining, of a a tawny brown: legs short, neck thick, shoulders a little elevated: tail terminated with long hairs, twice as coarse as those of a horse.
The horns of this animal are in the
Museum
of the royal society, described by
Grew.
p. 26. who mistakes the animal they belong to.
M. de Buffon
imagines his
Zebu
xi. 439.
tab.
xlii. to be
Belon
's; but that as well as Mr.
Edwards
's little
Buffalo, plate
200, are only varieties of the
Indian
ox β. Perhaps the
Lant
or
Dant
described by
Leo Afri
nus,
p. 340, may be of this kind, of whose hide are made shields and targets, impenetrable by a bullet. He celebrates their swiftness, says their hair is white, hoofs black as jet.
III. SHEEP.
Horns twisted spirally and pointing outwards.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
8. RAM.
Ovis.
Plinii. lib.
viii. c. 47.
Gesner quad.
771.
Raii syn. quad.
73.
Widder Schaaf.
Klein quad.
13.
La brebis.
de Buffon,
v. 1.
tab.
I.II.
Aries Laniger cauda rotunda brevi.
Brisson quad.
48.
Ovis aries. O. cornibus compressis lunatis.
Lin. syst.
97.
Far.
Faun. suec.
No. 45.
Br. Zool.
I. 22.
Subject to vast variety: its origin not certainly known. The
Moufflon
of
M. de Buffon,
to be described hereafter, approaches nearest; but still has some distinctions that makes it nearer allied to the goat and deer.
The sheep the most useful of the lesser animals; the source of wealth in civilized nations.
England
once the envy of
Europe
for its vast commerce in the products of this creature, now begins to be rivalled by others, thro' the neglect, the luxury, the too great avidity of our manufacturers. The
English
wool excellent for almost every purpose. The
Spanish
extremely fine; the oeconomy of the shepherds admirable, as is their vast attention to the business; and their annual migrations with their flocks. The finest fleeces in the world are those of
Caramania
Chardin's Travels
in
Harris's Coll.
ii. 878.
, reserved entirely for the
Moulhaes
I CRETAN SHEEP
P 11.
II MANY HORN'D. III ICELAND
P. 12
and Priests; those of
Cachemire
Bernier's Voy.
ii. 94.
excellent; and the Lamb-skins of
Bucharia
exquisite.
Bell's Travels,
I. 46. These skins bear a great price, have a
ne gloss and rich look.
.
The sheep in its nature harmless and timid; resists by butting with its horns: threatens by stamping with its foot: drinks little: generally brings one at a time, sometimes two, rarely three: goes about five months with young: is subject to the
ot; worms in its liver; the vertigo.
α COMMON
With large horns twisting spirally and outwardly. Ovis rustica.
Lin. syst.
97.
β CRETAN Sh. Ovis Strepsiceros.
Raii syn. quad.
75. Cornipus rectis carinatis flexuosospiralibus.
Lin. syst.
98.
Le Chevre de
Crete. Brisson quad.
48.
Strepsicheros ou Mouton de
Crete. Belon voy.
16.
Gesner quad.
308.
Icon.
15.
Has large horns quite erect, and twisted like a screw; common in
Hungary (Kram Austr.
322.) and in
Crete.
γ HORNLESS. Ovis Anglica.
Lin. syst.
97.
Common in many parts of
England;
the largest in
Lincolnshire,
the lest
lest, a contraction of lesser.
vide Wallis Grammat. Linguae Anglic.
97. and Mr.
Edwards's
Canons of Criticism. edit. 6th. p. 278.
horned sheep in
Wales.
δ MANY HORNED. Ovis polycerata.
Lin. syst.
97.
Common in
Iceland,
and other parts of the
North;
they have usually four horns: a kind from
Spain,
with two upright and two lateral horns: body covered with wool: forepart of the neck with yellowish hairs, 14 inches in length: was alive in
London
about three years ago: very mischievous and pugnacious: the horns the same with those in
Grew, tab.
2.: very different from the common sort of polyceratous sheep. Compare the last with
Le Belier d'Islande de Buffon,
xi.
tab.
xxxi.
ε AFRICAN. Aries guineensis.
Margrave Brasil,
134.
Raii syn. quad.
75.
Le Belier des Indes.
de Buffon.
xi. 362.
tab.
xxxiv. &c.
Ovis guineensis. O. auribus pendulis, palearibus laxis pilosis.
Lin. syst.
98.
La Brebis de Guinee.
Brisson quad.
51.
Sheep of
Sahara. Shaw's travels,
241.
Carnero or Bell wether.
Della Valle trav.
91.
Meagre; very long legged and tall: short horns: pendent ears, covered with hair instead of wool: short hair: wattles on the neck. Perhaps the
Adimain
of
Leo Africanus,
341. which he says furnishes the
Lybians
with milk and cheese; is of the size of an ass, shape of a ram, with pendent ears.
Della Valle
tells us, that at
Goa
he has seen a wether bridled and saddled, which carried a boy twelve years old.
ζ BROAD TAILED.
Ludolph. Aethiop.
53. Ovis arabica.
Caii opusc.
72.
Gesner quad. Icon.
15.
Faunul. Sinens.
Ovis laticauda.
Raii syn. quad.
74.
Lin. syst.
97.
Brisson quad.
50.
Nov. Com. Petrop,
v. 347.
tab.
8.
Le Mouton de Barbarie.
de Buffon
xi. 355.
tab.
xxxiii.
Shaw's travels,
241.
Russel's Aleppo,
51.
Common in
Syria, Barbary
and
Aethiopia.
Some of their tails end in a point, but oftner square or round.
I BROAD TAILED SHEEP. II CAPE SHEEP.
They are so long as to trail on the ground, and the shepherds are obliged to put boards with small wheels under the tails to keep them from galling. These tails are esteemed a great delicacy, are of a substance between fat and marrow, and are eaten with the lean of the mutton. Some of these tails weigh 50 lb. each.
IV. GOAT.
Horns bending backward, and almost close at their base.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
The male generally bearded.
9. WILD.
Ibex.
Plinii lib.
viii. c. 53.
Bouc estain.
Belon. obs.
14. Bouc sauvage.
Gaston de Foix.
99. Capricorne.
Munster Cosmogr.
381.
Ibex.
Gesner quad.
303.
Raii syn. quad.
77.
Brisson quad.
39.
Capra Ibex. C. Cornibus supra nodosis, in dorsum reclinatis, gula barbata.
Lin. syst.
95.
Klein quad.
16.
Le Bouquetin.
de Buffon
xii. 136.
tab.
xiii.xiv.
Steinbock.
Kram. Austr.
321.
Ridinger kleine Thiere,
No. 71.
Br. Mus. Ashm. M.
G. with large knotted horns, reclining backwards: head very small: on the chin of the male a dusky beard: the rest of the hair tawny, mixed with ash color: females are less, and have smaller horns, more like those of a common she-goat, and have few knobs on the upper surface; bring one young, seldom two at a time
Ridinger.
. Inhabit the highest Alps of the
Grisons
country, and the
Vallais;
are also found in
Crete:
are very wild and difficult to be shot, as they always keep on the highest points. Their chace very dangerous: being very strong, they often tumble the incautious huntsman down the precipices, except he has time to lie down, and let the animals pass over him. Its blood much esteemed in pleurisies; are said, not to be long lived.
α DOMESTIC. Capra,
Gesner quad.
266.
Raii syn. quad.
77. C. Hircus. C. cornibus carinatis arcuatis.
Lin. syst.
94.
Get.
Faun. suec.
No. 44.
Siegen bock. Siege.
Klein quad.
1
Le bouc, La Chevre.
Brisson qua
38.
de Buffon
v. 59.
tab.
viii.
Goat
Br. Zool.
l. 29.
The former is the stock from whence the tame species sprung; the horns of these are smoother and freer from knots, and have a curvature outwards towards their ends. The colors of the tame goats vary; the hair in some is long, and quite trails on the ground: others are smooth.
In
Alpine
countries is the substitute of the sheep; its flesh, milk and cheese the food of the inhabitants: cannot bear excessive cold: loves temperate and warm climates: is very lively, wanton, active: very libidinous: short lived: its skin useful in many manufactures: the hair for making wigs: the milk restorative in consumptive cases: brouzes more than it grazes: destructive to trees: goes with young four months and a half: generally brings two at a time, sometimes three, rarely four.
SYRIAN GOATS.
β ANGORA. Angora Goat.
Tournefort's voy.
II. 351.
Hasselquist,
191.
Lin. syst.
94.
Brisson quad.
39.
de Buffon,
v. 71.
tab.
x.xi.
Found only near
Angora, Beibazar
and
Cougna
in
Asiatic Turkey
And according to
Nieuhoff,
232, at
Gomron.
Perhaps that exquisite hair taken from the breast of a wild goat of the great
Tibet,
called
Touz,
may be of this kind. Vide
Bernier's voy.
II. 94.
. Those of the last place brown or black; and the two first of a silky fineness and silvery whiteness, in curled locks of eight or nine inches in length; the basis of our fine camblets; the hair imported here in form of thread, for the
Turks
will not suffer it to be exported raw, as the spinning gives employ to multitudes of poor. This variety is confined to a district of two or three days journey in extent; if they change climate, the hair grows coarser. The Goat-herds are very attentive to them, perpetually combing and washing them; are shorter than our goats and their horns less. Whether
Strabo
meant this kind? as
M. Tournefort
conjectures, when he mentions those on the banks of the
Halys;
very scarce, says he, in other places. The word
Strabo
uses is
, which signifies roebucks, not goats
Lib.
xii.
.
γ SYRIAN. Capra mambrina seu syriaca.
Gesner quad.
153.
Raii syn. quad.
81. C. cornibus reclinatis, auribus pendulis, gula barbata.
Lin. syst.
95.
Brisson quad.
47.
Prosper Alp. hist. Aegypt.
I. 229.
Rauwolff's travels,
II. 71.
Russel's Aleppo,
62.
Plentifull in the
East:
supply
Aleppo
with milk: their ears of a vast length, hanging down like those of hounds: are from one to two feet long: sometimes they are so troublesome, that the owners cut off one to enable the animal to feed with more ease. The horns are black and short.
δ AFRICAN. Capra depressa. C. cornibus erectis apice recurvis.
Lin. syst.
95.
Le bouc d'Afrique.
de Buffon,
xiii. 154.
tab.
xviii.xix.
A dwarf variety, found in
Africa.
The male covered with rough hair, and beneath the chin hang two long hairy wattles: the horns short, very thick, and triangular, and lie so close to the scull as almost to penetrate it: the horns of the female are much less, neither has it wattles: its hair is smooth.
ε WHIDAW. Capra reversa. C. cornibus depressis incurvis minimis cranio incumbentibus, gula barbata.
Lin. syst.
95.
Le bouc de Juda.
de Buffon,
xii. 154.
tab.
xx.xxi.
From
Juda
or
Whidaw,
in
Africa.
A small kind: the horns short, smooth, and turn a little forwards.
Linnaeus
says, that this and the preceding came from
America;
but certainly before its discovery by the
Spaniards,
the goat and every other domestic animal was unknown there.
ζ CAPRICORN. Le Capricorne.
de Buffon,
xii. 146.
tab.
xv.
A variety with short horns, the ends turning forward: their sides annulated: the rings more prominent before than behind.
10. CHAMOIS.
Rupicapra,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
15.
Gesner quad.
290.
Raii syn. quad.
78.
Scheuzhzer. It. Alp.
I. 155, &c. capra rupicapra. C. cornibus erectis uncinatis.
Lin. syst.
95.
Chamois ou Ysard.
Belon. obs.
54.
Ysarus ou Sarris.
Gaston de Foix,
99
Gaston de Foix, Seigneur du Rú,
commonly called
Roy Phebus,
a celebrated writer on hunting, whose works are added to those of
Jaques de Fouilloux,
entitled,
La Venerie & Fauconnerie, Paris
1585.
.
Brisson quad.
41.
de Buffon,
xii. 136.
tab.
xvi.
Gemse,
Klein quad.
18.
Ridinger Kleine Thiere,
No. 72.
wild. Thiere,
25.
Antilope rupicapra.
Pallas miscel.
4.
Spicil.
7.
Br Mus.
G. with slender black upright horns, hooked at the end: behind each a large orifice in the skin: forehead white: along the cheeks a dusky bar: rest of the body deep brown: tail short: hoofs long, and much divided.
Inhabits the
Alps
of
Dauphiné, Suitzerland,
and
Italy;
the
Pyroenean
mountains,
Greece,
and
Crete:
does not dwell so high in the hills as the
Ibex,
and is found in greater numbers. They feed before sunrise and after sun-set: during winter lodge in hollows of the rocks to avoid the falls of the
Avelenches:
during that season eat the slender twigs of trees, or the roots of plants, or herbs which they find beneath the snow: are very timid and wa
hfull: each herd has its leader, who keeps centry on some high place while the rest are at food; and if it sees an enemy, gives a sharp sort of a hiss by way of signal, when they instantly take to flight. They have a most piercing eye, and quick ear and scent: are excessively swift and active: are hunted during winter for their skins, which are very useful in manufactures, and for the flesh, which is very well tasted. The chase is a laborious employ: they must be got at by surprize, and are shot with riffl'd-ba
l'd guns: in their stomach is often a hairy ball covered with a hard crust of an oblong form: are said to be long lived: bring two, seldom three young at a time.
11 SIBERIAN.
Musimon,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
49.
on,
Lib.
xxviii.
c.
9. xxx.
.
phus,
Belon obs.
54.
Raii s
quad.
82.
Klein quad.
20.
Musmon seu Musimon,
Gesner quad.
823.
Capra Ammon,
Lin. syst.
97.
Le Chamois de Siberie,
Brisson quad.
42. & la chevre du Levant, 46.
Le Mouffion,
de Buffon,
xi. 352.
tab.
xxix.
Rupicapra cornubus arietinis. Argali,
Nov. com. Petrop.
iv. 49. 388.
tab.
8.
Fishtall, Lerwee,
Shaw's trav.
243.
Br. Mus.
G. with large horns bending back, close at their base, distant at their points, with circular rugae. These animals vary in size and color: the skin of one the
British Museum
did me the favor of accepting was covered with pale ferruginous hair: on the sides short. on the top of the neck longer, and a little erect: along the lower side of the neck, and on the shoulders, the hair was 14 inches long: beneath the hair was a short wool: on the knees a bare spot, as if by kneeling to lie down: tail very short: horns 25 inches long, 11 in girth in the thickest place, one foot seven inches distant from point to point. I think this skin came from one of the isles of the
East Indies.
Those of
Corsica
are less: their color deep brown mixed with rust color, and a certain hoariness: the hind legs, belly and rump, white: the horns of the females are much less than those of the males.
Inhabit the north-east parts of
Asia; Barbary, Sardinia, Corsica,
and
Greece:
live amidst the mountains, and run with vast swiftness among the rocks. Those of
Kamtchatka
are so strong that ten men can scarce hold one, and the horns are so large as sometimes to weigh 30 lb. and so capacious that young foxes often shelter themselves in the hollow of such as by accident fall off in the deserts: grow to the size of a young stag: propagate in autumn: bring one young at a time, sometimes two.
Belon
very judiciously styles this species the
Tragelaphus,
from the mixture it seems to have of the goat and deer. Supposed by
M. de Buffon
to be the sheep in a wild state: doubted by myself, since opportunity has been had of seeing some of these animals from
Sardinia
and
Corsica.
V. GIRAFFE.
Horns short, upright, truncated at the top.
Neck and shoulders of a vast length.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, the two outmost bilobated. No teeth in the upper jaw.
12. CAMELOPARD.
Camelopardalis
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
18.
Dion Cassius, lib.
43.
Proenest. pavem. apud Shaw suppl.
88.
Oppian cyneg.
iii. 466.
La Giraffe que les
Arabes
nomment Zurnapa.
Belon obs.
118.119.
Leo Afr.
337.
Gesner quad.
160.
Raii syn. quad.
90.
Brisson quad.
37.
De Buffon,
xiii. 1.
Cervus camelopardalis. C. cornibus simplicibus, pedibus anticis longissimis.
Lin. syst.
92.
Tragus Giraffa.
Klein quad.
22.
G. with short strait horns covered with hair, and truncated at the end and tufted with hair: in the forehead a tubercle about two inches high resembling a third horn: height from the crown of the head to the soles of the fore feet 17 feet: that from the top of the rump to the bottom of the hind feet only nine: length of the neck seven: from the withers to the loins only six: the fore legs not longer than the hind legs; but the shoulders of a vast length, which gives the disproportionate height between the fore and hind parts: horns six inches: head like that of a stag: neck slender and elegant, and on the upper side is a short mane: ears large: tail long, with strong hairs at the end: color of the whole animal a dirty white marked with large broad rusty spots.
Inhabits the forests of
Aethiopia
and other interior parts of
Africa,
is very timid, but not swift: from the strange length of its fore legs, cannot graze without dividing them to a vast distance; it therefore lives by brouzing the leaves of trees: kneels like a camel when it would lie down; is a gentle animal, and is very scarce. I saw the skin of a young one at
Leyden
well stuffed, and preserved; otherwise might possibly have entertained doubts in respect to the existence of so extraordinary a quadruped.
Belon
's figure very good.
Known to the
Romans
in early times; appears among the figures in the assemblage of
eastern
animals on the celebrated
Praenestine
Pavement, made by the direction of
Sylla,
represented both grazing and brouzing in its natural attitudes: exhibited at
Rome
by the popular
Caesar
among other animals in the
Circaean
games. Finely and justly described by
Oppian.
VI. ANTELOPE.
Annulated or twisted horns.
Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
Body and limbs of a light and elegant form.
The several species that compose this genus, two or three excepted, inhabit the hottest part of the globe; or at lest those parts of the temperate zone that lie so near the tropics as to form a doubtfull climate.
None therefore, except the
Saiga
Found between the
Don
and
Dnieper;
and, as I have heard, even in
Transylvania.
, are to be met with in
Europe;
and, notwithstanding the warmth of
South America,
is suited to their nature, yet not a single species has ever been discovered in any part of the new world. Their proper climates seems therefore to be those of
Asia
and
Africa,
where the species are very numerous.
As there appears a general agreement in the nature of the species that form this great genus, it will prevent a needless repetition to observe here, that the ANTELOPES are animals of a most elegant and active make; of a restless and timid disposition; extremely watchfull; of great vivacity; remarkably swift; remarkably agile; and most of their boundings so light, so elastic, as to strike the spectator with astonishment. What is very singular, they will stop in the midst of their course, for a moment gaze at their pursuers, and then resume their flight
Shaw's trav.
244.
.
As the chace of these animals is a favorite diversion with the
eastern
nations, from that may be collected proofs of the rapid speed of the ANTELOPE tribe. The Grehound, the fleetest of dogs, is unequal in the course; and the sportsman is obliged to call in the aid of the Falcon, trained to the work, to seize on the animal and impede its motions, to give the dogs opportunity of overtaking it. In
India,
and in
Persia,
a sort of Leopard is made use of in the chace: this is an animal that takes its prey not by swiftness of foot, but by the greatness of its springs, by motions similar to that of the ANTELOPE; but should the Leopard fail in its first essay, the game escapes
Bernier's trav.
iv. 45.
Voy. de Boullaye le Gouz.
248.
.
The fleetness of this animal was proverbial in the country it inhabited even in the earliest times: the speed of
Asahel
Sam.
I. ii.
v.
18.
is beautifully compared to that of the
Shaw's trav. suppl.
74. who informs us, that this word should have been translated, the
Antelope;
not the
Roe,
as the text has it.
Tzebi;
and the
Gadites
were said to be as swift as the
Roes
upon the mountains. The inspired writers took their similies from such objects that were before the eyes of the people they addressed themselves to. There is another instance drawn from the same subject: the disciple raised to life at
Joppa
was supposed to have been called
Tabitha,
i. e.
Dorcas,
or the ANTELOPE, from the beauty of her eyes; and this is still a common comparison in the
East: Aine el Czazel,
or "You have eyes of an ANTELOPE," is the greatest compliment that can be to paid a fine woman
Pr. Alp. hist. Aegypt.
I. 232.
.
Some species of the ANTELOPES form herds of two or three thousands, while others keep in small troops of five or six. They generally reside in hilly countries; tho' some inhabit plains: they often brouze like the goat, and feed on the tender shoots of trees, which gives their flesh an excellent flavor. This is to be understood of those that are taken in the chace; for those that are fattened in houses are far less delicious. The flesh of some species are said to taste of musk, which perhaps depends on the qualities of the plants they feed on.
This preface was thought necessary to point out the difference in nature between this and the Goat kind, with which most of the systematic writers have classed this animal: but the ANTELOPE forms an intermediate genus, a link between the Goat and the Deer. They agree with the first, in the texture of the horns, which have a core in them: and they never cast them: with the last, in the elegance of their form, and great swiftness.
* With arcuated horns.
13. BLUE.
Blue Goat.
Kolben's Cape.
II. 114.
Antelope Leucophoea.
Pallas Miscel.
4.
Spicil. Zool.
6.
Br. Mus.
A. with sharp-pointed, taper, arcuated horns bending backwards, marked with twenty prominent rings, but smooth towards their points, twenty inches long: ears sharp-pointed, above nine inches in length: larger than a buck: color, when alive, a fine blue; when dead, changes to a bluish grey, with a mixture of white: hairs long: beneath each eye a large white mark: belly white: tail seven inches long; the hairs at the end six inches. From a skin bought at
Amsterdam,
brought from the
Cape
of
Good Hope;
where they are found, but far up the country. This is the species which, from the length of its hair and form of the horns, connects this genus with that of the Goat.
** Strait horns.
14. AEGYPTIAN.
Gazella indica cornibus rectis longissimis nigris prope caput tantum annulatis.
Raii syn. quad.
79.
Capra Gazella. C. cornibus teretibus rectissimis longissimis annulatis.
Lin. syst.
96.
La Gazelle des Indes.
Brisson quad.
43.
Le Pasan.
De Buffon,
xii. 213.
tab.
xxxiii.
fig.
3. xv. 190.
Ell
Kolben,
II. 110.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
A. with strait slender horns, near three feet long, annulated; at their base a triangular black spot, bounded on each side with white: a black line extends from the neck to the loins: neck, back and sides, dark grey: breast and belly white: tail about two feet long, terminated with black hairs: length of the whole skin six feet.
Inhabits
Aegypt,
the
Cape, Arabia,
the
Levant, India.
Dwells in the plains.
15. BEZOAR.
Pasén, caprieerva.
Kamfer. Amaen. exot.
398.
Cornu ignotum.
Gesner quad.
309.
La Gazelle.
Belon obs.
120.
Alpin. hist. Aegypt.
I. 232.
tab.
xiv.
Animal bezoarticum.
Raii syn. quad.
80.
La Gazelle du Bezoar.
Brisson quad.
44.
Algazel.
De Buffon,
xii. 211.
tab.
xxxiii.
fig.
1, 2.
Capra bezoartica. C. cornibus arcuatis totis annulatis, gula barbata.
Lin. syst.
96.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
A. with very long, slender, upright horns, bending at the upper part inward towards each other; some are much annulated, others smoother: size of a goat: red, mixed with ash color.
Inhabits the inhospitable and rough mountains of
Laar
in
Persia:
very swift and timid: never descends into the plains: is one of the animals which produce the
Bezoar
According to
Tavernier,
ii. 154. it is also found in Cow
Goats and Apes.
, celebrated by the
Orientalists
as an alexipharmic. Found also in
Aegypt.
16. INDIAN.
Le Coudous.
De Buffon,
xii. 357.
tab.
47.
Antilope oryx.
Pallas Miscel.
9.
Spicil.
15.
Nilgaux or gray oxen?
Bermer,
iv. 47.
Pacasse.
Voy. Congo. Churchill's Coll.
I. 623.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
A. with thick strait horns, marked with two prominent spiral ribs near two-thirds of their length, smooth towards their end; some are above two feet long: those at the
British Museum,
with part of the skin adhering, are black: the color of the hair on the fragment of the head is of a reddish brown, bounded on the cheeks by a dusky line; beneath, of a pale brown. If this animal is the same with the
Pacasse
of
Congo,
and the
Nilgaux
of
India,
they vary in color; the first being white, spotted with black and red; the last, grey. They grow to a large size.
Inhabit
India
and different parts of the south of
Africa:
the flesh is reckoned very good; are very tame, monogamous; roar very loud.
17. HARNESSED.
Le Guib.
De Buffon,
xii. 327.
tab.
xl.
Antelope scripta.
Pallas Miscel.
8.
Spicil.
15.
A. with strait horns nine inches long pointing backwards, with two spiral ribs: ears broad: color a deep tawny: beneath each eye a white spot: sides most singularly marked with two transverse bands of white, crossed by two others from the back to the belly: the rump with three white lines pointing downwards on each side: the thighs spotted with white: tail ten inches long, covered with long rough hairs.
Inhabits the plains and woods of
Senegal,
living in large herds.
18. GUINEA.
Capra sylvestris
Africana
Grimm
Raii syn. quad.
80.
Klein quad
19.
M
schus Grimmia. M. capite
culo tophoso.
Lin. syst.
92.
Le Grimme.
De Buffon,
xii. 307. tab. xli.
Le Chevrotain d'Afrique.
Brisson quad.
67.
S
b. Mus.
I.
tab.
43. C. D.
Antilope Grimmia.
Pallas Miscel.
10.
tab.
I.
Spicil.
38.
tab.
III.
A. with strait black horns, slender and sharp-pointed, not three inches long, slightly annulated at the base: height about 18 inches: most elegant form: ears large: eyes dusky; below them a large cavity, into which exuded a strong-scented oily liquid: between the horns a tuft of black hairs: the color of the neck and body brown, mixed with cinerous, and a tinge of yellow: belly white: tail short; white beneath, black above.
I examined this animal a few years ago, in company with Doctor
Pallas,
at the
Prince of Orange
's menagery, near the
Hague.
Several had been brought over from
Guinea;
but, except this, all died. Dr.
Pallas
said that the females were hornless: it seems, therefore, that Dr.
Grimm,
who first described this species, never saw any but the female.
19. ROYAL.
King of the harts.
Bosman's voy.
236.
Petite biche.
Des Marchais,
I. 312.
Cervula parvula Africana.
Seb. Mus.
I. 70.
tab.
xliii.
Adanson's voy.
207.
Le Chevrotain de Guinea.
De Buffon,
xii. 315.
tab.
xliii.
fig.
2. its horn.
A. with very short strait horns, black and shining as jet: scarce two inches long: ears broad: height not above nine inches: legs not thicker than a goose quil: color a reddish brown: the females want horns.
Inhabits
Senegal
and the hottest parts of
Africa,
Called in
Guinea, Guevei:
are very agile, will bound over a wall twelve feet high: are very tame, but so tender as not to endure transportation into our climate.
M & F. WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE No . 21.
*⁎* Horns bending forwards.
20. INDOSTAN.
Quadruped from
Bengal.
Ph. Tr. No. 476.
Abridg.
xi. 398.
tab.
vi. Biggel.
Mandelsloe's voy. Harris's coll.
I. 775.
Antilope Tragocamelus.
Pallas Miscel.
5.
Spicil.
9.
A. with horns seven inches long bending forward: eyes black and lively: neck strong, bending forward like that of a camel; along the top a short mane: on the shoulders a large lump, resembling that of the
Indian
ox, tufted with hair: hind parts like those of an ass: tail 22 inches long, terminated with long hairs: legs slender: on the lower part of the breast the skin hangs like that of a cow: hair short and smooth, of a light ash-color, in some parts dusky: beneath the breast, and under the tail, white: on the forehead is a black rhomboidal spot. The height of this animal, to the top of the lump on its shoulders, was 12 hands.
Inhabits the most distant parts of the
Mogul's
dominions; chews the cud; lies down and rises like a camel: its voice a sort of croaking, or like the rattle of deer in rutting time. Doctor
Parsons,
to whom we are of late years obliged for the best zoologic papers in the
Ph. Tr.
is the only writer who has described this animal.
21. WHITE-FOOTED.
A. with short horns bending a little forward: ears large, marked with two black stripes: a small black mane on the neck and half way down the back: a tuft of long black hairs on the fore part of the neck; above that a large spot of white; another between the fore-legs on the chest: one white spot on each fore foot; two on each hind foot: tail long, tufted with black hairs: height to the top of the shoulders about four feet: color a dark grey.
Female of a pale brown color: no horns: with a mane, tuft, and striped ears like the male: on each foot three transverse bands of black and two of white.
Inhabits
India.
A pair was living last year at
Claremont.
22. SWIFT.
Dama.
Plinii, lib.
xi.
c.
37.
Cemas.
Aelian. An. lib.
xiv.
c.
14.
Le Nanguer.
De Buffon,
xii. 213.
tab.
xxxiv.
Antilope dama.
Pallas Miscel.
5.
Spicil.
8.
A. with round horns eight inches long reverting at their ends: length of the animal three feet ten inches; height, two feet eight inches: general color tawny: belly, lower part of the sides, rump, and thighs, white: on the fore part of the neck a white spot: but this species varies in color.
Inhabits
Senegal;
is easily tamed; very swift.
Aelian
compares its flight to the rapidity of a whirlwind.
23. RED.
Le Nagor.
De Buffon,
xii. 326.
tab.
xlvi.
Antilope redunca.
Pallas Spicil.
8.
A. with horns five inches and an half long; one or two slight rings at the base: length, four feet; height, two feet three inches: ears five inches long: hairs stiff and bright: in all parts of a reddish color.
Inhabits
Senegal.
**** With twisted horns.
24. STRIPED.
Strepsiceros.
Caii opusc.
56.
Gesner quad.
309.
Icon.
31.
Le Condoma.
De Buffon,
xii. 301.
tab.
xxxix.
vol.
xv. 142.
Antilope Strepsiceros.
Pallas Miscel.
9.
Spicil.
17.
Cerf du Cap de Bonne esperance.
Hist. et Com. Acad. Palatin. tom.
I. 487.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
A. with smooth horns twisted spirally, compressed sideways, with a ridge on one side following the wreaths, consist of three bends, are three feet nine inches long, of a pale brown color, close at the base; two feet seven inches and an half distant at the points, which are round and sharp: in the upper jaw a hard horny substance disposed in ridges: length of the animal nine feet; height, four: body long and slender: legs slender: face brown, marked with two white lines proceeding from the corner of each eye and uniting above the nose: the color in general of a reddish cast mixed with grey: from the tail, along the top of the back, to the shoulders, is a white stripe: from this are seven others, four pointing towards the thighs, and three towards the belly: on the upper part of the neck is a short mane: beneath the neck, from the throat to the breast, are some long hairs hanging down: the breast and belly are grey: tail two feet long, brown above, white beneath, black at the end.
Inhabits the
Cape of Good Hope.
25. COMMON.
Strepsiceros et Addax?
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
54. xi.
c.
37.
Gazella Africana, the Antilope.
Raii, syn. quad.
79.
Tragus Strepsiceros.
Klein. quad.
18.
Capra Cervicapra. C. cornibus teretibus, dimidiato - annulatis, flexuosis contortis.
Lin. syst.
96 L'Antelope.
De Buffon,
xii. 215
tab.
xxxv.xxxvi.
La Gazelle.
Brisson. quad.
44.
Antilope cervicapra.
Pallas Miscel.
9.
Spicil.
18.
tab.
I.II.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
A. with upright horns, twisted spirally, surrounded almost to the top with prominent rings; about sixteen inches long, twelve inches distance between point and point: in size, rather less than the fallow deer or buck: color, brown mixed with red, and dusky: the belly and inside of the thighs white: tail short, black above, white beneath. The females want horns.
Inhabits
Barbary.
The form of these horns, when on the scull, not unlike that of the antient Lyre, to which
Pliny
compares those of his
Strepsiceros.
The
Brachia,
or sides of that instrument, were frequently made of the horns of animals, as appears from antient gems.
Monfaucon
has engraven several.
Suppl. Antiq.
III.
tab.
75.
α BROWN. Lidmeè?
Shaw's travels.
Less than a Roebuck: horns like those of the last: face, back and sides of a very deep brown, the last bordered with tawny: belly and inside of the legs white: above each hoof a black spot: tail black above, white beneath. Inhabits
Bengal:
possibly also
Barbary,
being nearer the size of the
Lidmee
than any other.
β SMOOTH HORNED.
De Buffon,
xii. 217.
tab.
xxxvi.
fig.
3.
In my cabinet is a pair of horns twisted like those of the preceding, but quite smooth and black: they are joined together in a parallel direction, the points turned different ways: when thus mounted they are carried by the
Faquirs
in
India,
by way of weapon.
*⁂* with horns bending in the middle, and reverting forwards towards their end.
26. BARBARY.
Gazella Africana cornibus bre
oribus, ab imo ad summum
ere annulatis, et circum melium inflexis.
Raii syn. quad.
0.
La Gazelle.
De Buffon,
xii. 201.
tab.
xxiii.
La Gazelle d'Afrique.
Brisson. quad.
45.
Capra Dorcas.
Lin. syst.
96.
Antilope Dorcas.
Pallas. Spicil.
I. 11.
A. with horns twelve inches long, round, inclining first backwards, bending in the middle, and then reverting forwards at their ends, and annulated with about thirteen rings on their lower part: upper side of the body reddish brown; lower part and buttocks white: along the sides the two colors are separated from each other by a strong dusky line: on each knee a tuft of hair: the
Dorcas
of
Aelian,
ib.
xiv.
c.
14.
Inhabits
Barbary, Aegypt,
and the
Levant.
27. FLAT-HORNED.
Le Kevel.
De Buffon,
xii. 204.
tab.
xxiv.
Antilope Kevella.
Pallas Misce
7.
Spicil.
12.
A. with horns shaped like those of the last, bu
flatted on their sides; the rings more numerous from fourteen to eighteen: the size equal to a smal
roebuck: in colors and marks resembles the preceding.
Inhabits
Senegal.
28. WHITE.
Antilope pygargus.
Pallas. Spicil.
10.
A. with horns like those of the
Kevel,
fourtee
inches and an half long: size superior to a commo
Buck: ears seven inches long: face of a pur
white: cheeks and neck of a fine bright bay
back, of a cinereous brown dashed with red: along the middle a dark list: sides, flanks and shoulders a deep brown; separated from the belly by a darke shade: belly and rump white: trunk of the tai
seven inches long: hairs black, which reached fou
inches beyond the end: hoofs short.
From a skin bought at
Amsterdam.
From the
Cape
not the
Tzeiran
of M.
de Buffon,
as Dr.
Palla
imagines; for the horn which the former has figure
as belonging to that animal, is the horn of th
Blue Antelope,
No. 13.
29. CHINESE.
Ah
, Tzeiran
Olearius
's
Trav.
226.
Kaempfer amaen. exot.
403.
Caprea campestris gutturosa.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
v. 347.
tab.
ix.
Le Tzeiran
de Buffon,
xii. 207.
Yellow Goat?
Du Halde china.
II. 253, 278, 290.
Antilope
Bell's travels.
I. 311.319.
A. with slender horns, bending a little in the middle, reverting towards the end; annulated on their lower part, smooth and very black at their ends: size of a roebuck, of the same color, and has the same actions.
Inhabits the vast plains beyond the lake
Baikal:
the natives eat the flesh, and use the skins for cloathing: the horns are much esteemed by the
Chinese,
who give a large price for them. These animals love the banks of rivers, and will readily take the water to pass from side to side.
30. SCYTHIAN.
Colus
Gesner quad.
361.
Suhak.
Rzaczinski hist. Polon.
224.
Ibex imberbis
Nov. Com. Petrop.
v.
tab.
xix.vii. 39.
Sayga
Phil. Tr.
1767.
p.
344▪
Bell's travels
I. 43.
Capra Tatarica. C. cornibus teretibus rectiusculis perfecté annulatis apice diaphanis gula imberbi.
Lin. syst.
97.
Le Saiga.
de Buffon,
xii. 198.
tab.
xxii.
fig.
2.
Antilope scythica.
Pallas spicil.
9.
Faunul. sinens.
A. with horns a foot long, bending a little in the middle, the points inclining inward, the ends smooth; the other part surrounded with very prominent annuli; of a pale yellow color, and the greatest part semipellucid. Length, four feet nine inches and a quarter: height before, two feet six inches and a half; behind, two feet seven inches and a half: tail three inches: head like that of a sheep: nose very large, and arched; marked the whole length with a small line, caused by the elevation of the
septum narium:
the nostrils tubular and large: the upper lip hangs over the under: the nose is formed of a muscular substance mixed with fat: the cutting teeth are placed so loose in their sockets as to move with the lest touch. The male is covered with rough hair like the he goat, and has a very strong smell. The female is smoother: the hair on the bottom of the sides and the throat is long, and resembles wool: that on the sides of the head and neck is hoary: the back and sides of a dirty white: the breast, belly and inside of the thighs, of a shining white. The females hornless and timid: if attacked by wolves or dogs, the males place them in a circle, and stand round them, with their heads towards the enemy, and will defend them stoutly: bleat like sheep: their common pace a trot: when they go faster it is by leaps: are swifter than roebucks: feed by lifting up the upper mandible and going backward. The skin is soft, and excellent for gloves, belts, &c. Their best season is
September:
at other times, the skins are penetrated by worms. The fat resembles that of mutton; in taste, like that of a buck: the head is reckoned the most delicate part. Found between the
Tanais
and
Boristhenes,
and as far as
Astrachan,
in flocks of 6 or 10,000; and seem to be the same with those called by
Le Brun
Le Brun's Trav.
I. 15.
,
wild Sheep
or
Ablavos,
which are met with among the
Burattes,
near lake
Baikal,
in herds of thousands. The young are easily tamed, and will readily return to their master, tho' turned out on the
Step,
or desert
Ritchkoff or
nh. Topogr.
I. 288.
.
31. SPOTTED.
Le Corine
de Buffon,
xii. 205.
tab.
xxvii.
A. with very slender horns six inches long, surrounded with circular
rugae:
less than a roebuck: each side the face a white line: neck, body and flanks, tawny: belly and inside of the thighs white: separated from the sides by a dark line: on the knees is a tuft of hair. Some are irregularly spotted with white. Perhaps these are the spotted goats of
Kolben,
II. 115.
Inhabits
Senegal.
32. CERVINE.
B
b
lus
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
15.
?
Oppian Cyneg.
II.
Li
.
300.
Bu
ula cervina
Caii opusc.
63.
Busclaphus
Gesner quad.
121.
Vache de Barbarie,
Memoire de L'acad.
I. 205.
Le Bubale
de Buffon
xii. 294.
tab.
xxxvii.xxxviii.
Antilope Bubalis
Pallas spicil.
12.
A. with horns bending outward and backward, almost close at their base, and distant at their points; twisted and annulated; very strong and black; some are above twenty inches long, and above eleven in girth at the base: head large, and like that of an ox: eyes placed very high and near the horns: the form of the body a mixture of the stag and heifer:
he size of the first: the tail rather more than a foot
ong, terminated with a tuft of hair: color, a red
ish brown.
Inhabits
Barbary.
This the
Bubalus
of the an
ients, not the
Buffalo,
as later writers have sup
osed.
Pliny
remarks an error of the same kind in
s days, speaking of the
Urus,
says,
Uros, quibus imperitum vulgus
bubulorum
nomen imponit, cum id gignat
Africa,
vituli potius cervive quadam similitudine.
33 SENEGAL.
Le Koba
de Buffon
xil. 210.267.
tab.
xxxii.
fig.
2.
Cert qu'on nomment Temamaçama
Seb. Mus.
I. 69.
tab.
xlii
fig.
4.
Ash. Mus.
A. with horns almost close at the base, a little above bending out greatly; then approach again towards the ends, and recede from each other towards the points, which bend backwards; the distance in the middle six inches and a half; above that four inches; at the points six; length, seventeen inches; circumference at the bottom eight; surrounded with fifteen prominent rings; the ends smooth and sharp: head large and clumsy, eighteen inches long: ears seven: head and body of a light reddish brown: down the hind part of the neck a narrow black list: rump, a dirty white: on each knee, and above the fetlock, a dusky mark: hoofs small: tail a foot long, covered with coarse black hairs, which hang far beyond the end. Length of the whole skin which I bought at
Amsterdam,
seven feet.
Inhabits
Senegal,
where the
French
call it
L
grande vache brune.
Certainly, neither the
Temamaçama
of
Hernandez,
nor even a native of
America,
as
Seba
asserts.
34. GAMBIAN.
Le Kob, ou petite vache brune,
de Buffon,
xii. 210.267.
tab.
xxxii.
fig.
1.
A. with horns thirteen inches long, five inches and a half round at the bottom, very distant in the middle, and pretty close at the base and points; surrounded with eight or nine rings; smooth at their upper part.
Inhabits
Senegal.
VII. DEER.
Horns upright, solid, branched, annually deciduous, Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
* With palmated horns.
35. ELK.
Alce, machlis,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
15.
Gesner quad.
I. 3.
Munster Cosmog.
883.
Cervus palmatus, Alce, Elant.
Klein quad.
24.
Ridinger wild. Thiere.
36.
Elk,
Raii syn. quad.
86.
Scheffer Lapl.
133.
Bell's trav.
I. 5, 215, 322.
Cervus Alces. C. cornibus acaullibus palmatis, caruncula gutturali,
Lin. syst.
92. Aelg.
Faun. Suec. No.
39. Los,
Rzacz
nski Polon.
212.
C. cornibus ab imo ad summum palmatis,
Brisson quad.
6.
Faunul. Sinens.
L'Elan,
de Buffon.
xii. 79.
tab.
vii.viii.
Br. Mus. Ash. Mus.
D. with horns with short beams spreading into large and broad palms, one side of which is plain, the outmost furnished with several sharp snags. No brow antlers
In the
British Museum
is a pair of Elk horns, which in all respects resembles the others, except that on the beam of each horn: about four inches from the base is a branch, round and trifurcated▪ very different from a brow-antler. It is the only one of the kind I ever saw; so, probably, is a meer accident; for neither the many
European
Elks horns, or the two pair of
American
Elk or Moose, I have examined, are furnished with brow-antlers. Those in question seem to be the very pair which Mr.
Dale
describes and figures,
Ph
. Trans. abridg.
ix. 85.
tab.
6.
fig.
50.
. The largest I have seen is in the house belonging to the
Hudson Bay
company, weigh'd 56 lb. length 32 inches; between tip and tip, 34; breadth of the palm 13 ½. There is in the same place an excellent picture of an Elk, which was killed in the presence of Charles XI. of
Sueden,
and which weighed 1229 lb. It is a very deformed and seemingly disproportioned beast. A young female of
I FEM MOOSE OR ELK. II ELK'S HORNS No
about a year old, was to the top of the withers 5 feet high, or 15 hands; the head alone 2 feet long, length of the whole animal from nose to tail, about 7 feet: the neck much shorter than the head, with a short thick upright mane, of a light brown color. The eyes small: the ears 1 foot long, very broad and slouchihg: nostrils very large: the upper lip square, hangs greatly over the lower, and has a deep sulcus in the middle, so as to appear almost bifid: nose very broad: under the throat a small excrescence, from whence hung a long tuft of coarse black hair: the withers very high: fore legs 3 feet 3 inches long: from the bottom of the hoof to the end of the
tibia
2 feet 4 inches: the hind legs much shorter than the fore legs: hoofs very much cloven: tail very short; dusky above, white beneath: color of the body in general a hoary black; but more grey about the face than any where else. This was living last spring at the marquis of
R
ckingham
's house, at
Parson's-green.
It seemed a mild animal; was uneasy and restless at our pres
nce, and made a plaintive noise. This was brought from
North America,
and was called
From
Musu,
which in the
Algonkin
language signifies an Elk.
Vide Kalm iter.
vol. III. 510.
Germ. ed. de laet.
73.
Purchas's Pilgr.
iv. 1831.
the
Moose Deer.
A male of this species, and the horns of others having been brought over of late years, prove this, on comparison with the horns of the
European
Elk, to be the same animal. But the accounts that
Josselyn
and
Dudly
Josselyn's voy. New England,
88.
New Engl. rarities,
19.
Phil. Trans. ab
dg
vii. 447.
give of the size of the
American Moose
has all the appearance of being greatly exaggerated; the first asserting, that some an
found 12 feet or 33 hands high, and the last make it only one foot lower; but
Charlevoix, Diervill
and
Lescarbot
Charlevoix hist. nouvelle France,
v. 185.
Dierville vo
L'Acadie
122.
Lescarbot hist. nouv. France
810. The
French
call it animal,
Orignal.
, with greater appearance of probability, make it the size of a horse, or an
Auvergne
mule, which is a very large species; and th
informations also that I have received from eye witnesses, make its height from 15 to 17 hands The writers who speak of the
European
kind, confine its bulk to that of a horse. Those who spea
of the gigantic Moose, say, their horns are six fee
high;
Josselyn
makes the extent from tip to tip t
be two fathom, and
La Hontan
Voy. N. America,
I. 57.
from hearsay pretends, that they weigh from 300 to 400 lb.; notwithstanding he says that the animal which is t
carry them is no larger than a horse. Thus thes
writers vary from each other, and often are no
consistent with themselves. It seems then that
Jo
selyn
and
Dudly
have been too credulous, and take
their evidence from huntsmen or
Indians,
who wer
fond of the marvellous; for it does not appear tha
they had seen it. The only thing certain is, tha
the Elk is common to both continents; and tha
the
American
having larger forests to range in an
more luxuriant food, grows to a larger size tha
the
European.
In
America
they are found, th
rarely, in the back parts of
New England;
in th
peninsula of
Nova Scotia,
and in
Canada;
in
Europ
they inhabit
Lapland, Norway, Sueden
and
Russia;
in
Asia,
the N. E. parts of
Tartary
and
Siberia;
but in each of those continents inhabit only parts, where cold reigns with the utmost rigor during part of the year.
They live amidst the forests for the conveniency of browzing the boughs of trees, for the great length of their legs and the shortness of their neck prevents them from grazing with any sort of ease; they often feed on water plants, which they can readily get at by wading; and
M. Sarrasin
Martyn's abridg. mem. and hist. Acad.
iv. 253.
says, they are so fond of the
Anagyris foetida,
or stinking b
n trefoil, as to dig for it with their feet, when covered with snow.
They have a singular gait; their pace is a high shambling trot, but they go with vast swiftness; in old times these animals were made use of in
Sueden
to draw sledges; but as they were frequently accessary to the escape of murderers and other criminals, the use was prohibited under great penalties. In passing thro' thick woods, they carry their heads horizontally, to prevent their horns being entangled in the branches. In their common walk they raise their fore feet very high; that which I saw stepped over a rail near a yard high with great ease.
They are very inoffensive animals except when wounded, or in the rutting season, when they become very furious, and at that time swim from isle to isle, in pursuit of the females. They strike with both horns and hoofs; are hunted in
Canada
during winter when they sink so deep in the snow as to become an easy prey: the flesh is much commended for being light and nourishing, but the nose is reckoned the greatest delicacy in all
Canada:
the tongues are excellent, and are frequently brought here from
Russia:
the skin makes excellent buff leather
Numbers of the
American
Elk skins are sent from hence to
Bayonne,
where they are dressed, and sold to the
Gallegos,
who make buff waistcoats of them.
:
Linnaeus
says it will turn a musket ball: the hair which is on the neck, withers and hams, of the full grown Elk, is of great length and very elastic, is used to make matresses: the hoofs were supposed to have great virtues in curing epilepsics. It was pretended, that the Elk being subject to that disease, cured itself by scratching its ear with its hoof.
The Elk was known to the
Romans
by the name of
Alce
and
Machlis:
they believed that it had no joints in its legs; and, from the great size of the upper lip, imagined it could not feed without going backward as it grazed.
Before I quit this subject it will be proper to take some notice of the enormous horns that are so often found fossil in
Ireland,
and which have always been attributed to the Moose Deer: I mean the Moose Deer of
Josselyn;
for no other animal could possibly be supposed to carry so gigantic a head. These horns differ very much from those of the
European
or
American
Elk; the beam, or part between the base and the palm, is vastly longer: each is furnished with a large and palmated brow antler, and the snags on the upper palms are longer. The measurements of a pair of these horns are as follow: from the insertion to the tips, 5 feet 5 inches; the brow antlers 11 inches; the broadest part of the palm, 18; distance between tip and tip, 7 feet 9: but these are small in comparison of others that have been found in the same kingdom. Mr.
Wright,
in his
Louthiana, tab.
xxii. Book III. gives the figure of one that was eight feet long, and fourteen between point and point. These horns are frequent in our
Museums,
and at gentlemen's houses in
Ireland:
but the Zoologist is still at a loss for the recent animal. I have been informed by a gentleman long resident in
Hudson's Bay,
that the
Indians
speak of a beast of the Moose kind
Called by the
Indians, Waskesseu.
, but far superior in size to the common one, which they say is found 7 or 800 miles S. W. of
York Fort.
If such an animal exists, with horns of the dimensions just mentioned, and of proportionable dimensions in other parts, there is a chance of seeing
Josselyn's
account verified: for if our largest elks of seventeen hands high carry horns of scarce three feet in length, we may very well allow the animal to be thirty-three hands high which is to support horns of 3 or 400 lb. weight.
36. REIN.
Tarandus?
Plinii lib.
viii. c. 34.
Le Rangier ou Ranglier.
Gaston de Foix apud du Fouilloux
98.
Tarandus, Rangifer
Gesner quad.
839, 840.
Icon. quad.
57, 58.
Cervus mirabilis,
Jonston quad. Munster Cosmog.
1054.
Macarib, Caribo, Pohano.
Josselin's New England rarities,
20.
Cervus rangifer
Raii syn. quad.
88.
Rennthier
Klein quad.
23.
Ridinger wild. Thiere.
35.
C. Tarandus. C. cornibus ramosis recurvatis teretibus, summitatibus palmatis.
Lin. syst.
93.
Rhen.
Faun. Suec. No.
41.
Amaen. Acad.
iv. 144.
Le Renne
de Buffon,
xii. 79.
tab
x.xi.xii.
Brisson quad.
63.
Reindeer
Scheffer Supl.
82.12.
Le Brun's travels,
I. 10.11. Oeuvres
de Maufertuis,
III. 198.
Voyage d'Outhier
141.
Hist. Kamtchatka,
228.
Bell's travels,
I. 213.
Martin's Spitzberg,
99.
Crantz Greenl.
I. 70.
Egede Greenl.
60
Dobb's Hudson's bay.
20.22.
voy Huds. bay.
II. 17.18.
Le Caribou.
Charlevoix hist. no
France,
v. 190.
Br. Mus. Ash
Mus.
D. with large but slender horns bending forwards, the top palmated, with brow antlers broad and palmated: horns on both sex; those of the female less, and with fewer branches. A pair from
Greenland
was 3 feet 9 inches long, 2 — 6 from tip to tip; weighed 9 lb. 12 oz. height of a full grown Rein, 4 feet 6; space round the eyes always black; when it first sheds its coat, the hairs are of a brownish ash color; after that changes to white; the hairs are very closely set together; along the fore part of the neck are very long and pendent: hoofs large: tail short. Inhabits the farthest north of any hoofed quadruped; in
America, Spitzbergen,
and
Greenland,
but not further south than
Canada.
In
Europe, Samoidea, Lapland, Norway;
in
Asia,
the north coast, as far as
Kamtzchatka,
and the inland parts as low as
Siberia;
found in all these places in a state of nature; is domesticated only by the
Laplanders. Samoides
and
Kamtzchatkans;
is to the first the substitute of the horse, the cow, the goat and the sheep; and is their only wealth; the milk of the Rein affords them cheese; the flesh, food; the skin, cloathing; the tendons, bowstrings; and when split, thread; the horns, glue; the bones, spoons. During the winter it supplies the want of a horse, and draws their sledges with amazing swiftness over the frozen lakes and rivers; or over the snow, which at that season covers the whole country. A rich
Laplander
is possessed of a herd of a thousand Reins. In autumn they seek the highest hills to avoid the
Lapland Gadfly
Oest
Tarandi
Faun Suec No.
1
31
Flor. Lap
360
, which at that time deposits its eggs in their skin; it is the pest of these animals, and numbers die that are thus visited. The moment a single fly appears, the whole herd instantly perceives it, they fling up their heads, toss about their horns, and at once attempt to fly for shelter amidst the snows on the loftiest
Alps.
In summer they feed on several plants; but during winter, on the rein-liverwort
Lic
en rangi
e
inus
sp. pl.
II. 1620.
Fl. Lap.
331.
, which lies far beneath the snow; which they remove with their feet and palmated brow antlers, in order to get at their beloved food. They live only sixteen years.
Horns vary in size, and a little in form: one at Mr.
John Hunter
's, with two broad four-furcated branches over the brow antlers, bending a little inwards: the whole was stronger and broader, in proportion to the length, than common, and of a dul
deep yellow color.
37. FALLOW.
.
Aristot. hist. An. lib.
II. c. 14.
Platyceros
Plinii lib.
xi. c. 38.
Oppian Cyneg. lib.
II.
lin.
293.
Platogna.
Belon obs.
55.
Dama vulgaris sive recentiorum
Gesner quad.
307.
Daniel.
Rzaczinski Polon.
217.
Cervus Platyceros, Fallow Deer.
Raii syn. quad.
85.
Cervus palmatus, Dam-tanhirsch
Klein quad.
25.
Cervus dama. C. cornibus ramosis recurvatis compressis: summitate palmata
Lin. syst.
93.
Hosselquist. itin.
290.
Dof, Dofhiort
Faun. suec. No.
42.
Le Dain
de Buffon
vi. 161.
tab.
xxvii.
Brisson quad.
62.
Buck.
Br. Zool.
I. 34.
Pontet. Norway.
II. 9.
Du Halde Chi
s
I. 315.
Faunul. sinens.
D. with horns palmated at their ends and pointing a little forward, and branched on the hinder side; two sharp and slender brow antlers, and above them two small slender branches. Color of this deer various, reddish, deep brown, white, spotted. Not so universal as the stag; rare in
France
and
Germany.
Found in
Greece,
the
Holy Land,
and the North of
China.
In great abundance in
England;
but, except on a few chases, at present confined in parks. M.
de Buffon
says, that the fallow deer of
Spain
are almost as large as stags. None originally in
America.
What are improperly called by that name will be described hereafter. Are easily tamed: during rutting time, will contest with each other for their mistress; but are less fierce than the stag: during that season, will form a hole in the ground, make the female lie down in it, and then often walk round and smell at her.
Moore
speaks of a species found on the banks of the
Gambia,
in the interior parts of
Africa,
near
Barracunda,
called
Toncong,
which he says differed not in form from the
English
fallow deer; only that its size was equal to that of a small horse, and weighed 300 lb. it had also on its neck an erect black mane four or five inches long
Travels up the Gambia,
205.
.
** With rounded horns.
38. STAG.
Cervus
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
32.
Gesner quad.
326.
Jelen.
Rzaczinski Polon.
216.
Red Deer, Stag, or Hart.
Raii syn. quad.
84.
Cervus nobilis. Hirsch.
Klein quad.
23.
C Elaphus. C. cornibus ramotis teretibus recurvatis.
Lin. syst.
93. Hiort, Kron-hiort.
Faun. suec.
No. 4.
Le Cerf
de Buffon,
vi. 63.
tab.
ix.x.
Brisson quad.
58.
Stag, or Red Deer.
Br. Zool.
I. 34.
Shaw's travels,
243.
Catesby Carolin. App.
xxxviii.
Lawson Carolin.
123.
Faunul. sinens.
D. with long upright horns, much branched: slender and sharp brow antlers. Color of the stag generally a reddish brown, with some black about the face, and a black list down the hind part of the neck and between the shoulders. Grows to a large size: one killed in the county of
Aberdeen
weighed 18 stone
Scots,
or 314 lb. horns of the
American
stags sometimes weigh 30 lb. and are above four feet high.
Common to
Europe, Barbary,
North of
Asia
and
North America.
Lives in herds: one male generally supreme in each herd. Furious and dangerous in rutting time. Seeks the female with a violent braying. Rutting season in
August.
Begins to shed its horns the latter end of
February,
or beginning of
March:
recovers them entirely by
July.
Fond of the sound of the pipe; will stand and listen attentively. The account of the
Cervina Senectus
Juvenal Sat.
xiv. 251.
Pliny lib.
viii.
c.
33. Speaks of som
that were taken about 100 years before his time, with golden collars on their necks, which had been put on them by
Alexander the Great.
, or vast longevity of the Stag, fabulous. Hinds go with young above eight months, bring one at a time, seldom two: secure the young from the stag, who would destroy it. Flesh of these animals coarse and rank: skin useful for many purposes: from the horns is extracted the celebrated spirit of
hartshorn;
but the horns of all other deer yield the same salt. The
Hippelaphus
Aristot. Hist. An. lib.
II.
c.
1.
of the antients, only a large race of stags, with longer hair on the neck, giving it the appearance of a mane. This is distinguished by the
French
with the title of
Cerf d'Ardenne:
by the
Germans,
with that of
Brandhirtz.
Under the same variety may be also brought the
Tragelaphus;
so called from being more hairy than common
Gesner quad.
296.
.
Le Cerf de Corse
of M.
de Buffon,
vi. is the lest species, of a deep brown color.
Vide
p. 95.
tab.
xi. This may be the same as the small kind of stag, rather larger than the fallow deer, which Dr.
Shaw
says is found in
Barbary,
whose female the
Moors
call in derision
Fortass,
or Scald head, from having no horns
Travels,
243.
. In
Ceylon,
(as I have been informed by Mr.
Loten
) are two varieties of stags; one of the common size, the other 14 hands high, and are called there Elks.
Du Halde,
I. 122. speaks of a small sort of stag, found in
Sunnan,
a province of
China,
not bigger than a common dog.
39. VIRGINIAN.
Fallow deer
Lawson Carol.
123.
Catesby App.
xxxviii.
du Pratz,
II. 50.
Dama virginiana
Raii syn. quad.
86.
Ph. Tr. Abridg.
ix. 86.
Br. Mus. Ashm. Mus.
D. with slender horns, bending very much forward: have numerous branches on the interior sides; no brow antlers: about the size of the
English
fallow deer: of a light color, a cinereous brown: tail longer than that of the
English
Buck: a quite distinct species, and peculiar to
America.
Are found in vast herds. Those near the shores are lean and bad, and subject to worms in their heads and throats. Are very restless; always in motion: not fierce: their flesh dry; but of the utmost importance to the
Indians,
who dry it for their winter provision. The skins a great article of commerce, vast numbers annually imported from our colonies. Feed during hard winters on the moss which hangs in long strings from the
American
trees, in the northern parts.
40. AXIS.
Axis
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
21.
Belon obs
119. (faem.)
Raii syn. quad.
89. speckled deer
Nieuhoff voy.
262.
L'Axis
de Buffon,
xi. 397.
tab.
xxxviii.xxxix.
D. with slender trifurcated horns; the first branch near the base; the second near the top; each pointing upwards: size of the fallow deer: of a light red color: the body beautifully marked with white spots: along the lower part of the sides next the belly is a line of white: the tail long as that of a fallow deer; red above, white beneath.
Common on the banks of the
Ganges,
and in the isles of
Ceylon
and
Java:
will bear our climate: breed in the Prince of
Orange
's menagery near the
Hague:
are very tame: have the sense of smelling: very exquisite: readily eat bread, but will refuse a piece that has been breathed on.
41. GREAT AXIS.
In the
British Museum
is a pair of large horns, of the same shape with the former, and, like them, trifurcated; are very thick strong, and rugged; of a whitish color; two feet nine inches long; two feet four inches between tip and tip. There is not in any of the catalogues the lest hint of the place they come from; or any history relating to them. From their general appearance, seem to be of a species different from the former.
42. PORCINE.
D. with slender trifurcated horns thirteen inches long; six inches distant at the base: head ten inches and a half long: body, from the tip of the nose to the tail, three feet six inches: height, from the shoulders to the hoof, two feet two inches; and about two inches higher behind: length of the tail eight inches: body thick and clumsy: legs fine and slender: color on the upper part of the neck, body and sides, brown; belly and rump, of a lighter color.
In possession of Lord
Clive,
brought from some part of
India;
called, from the thickness of their body, Hog Deer.
I REIN No . 36 II PORCINE DEER No . 42
43. ROE.
C
prea
Plinii lib.
xi.
c.
3
.
C
prea. capreolus, Dorcas
Ges
er quad.
2
6.
Sarn
Rzacz
nski Polon.
27.
Cervus minimus
Klein quad.
24.
Fau
ul. sinens.
C
s capreolus. C. cornibus
osis teretibus erectis, summitate bifida
Lin. syst.
94. Radjur.
Faun. suec. No.
43.
Le Chevreuil
de Buffon,
vi. 289.
tab.
xxxii. xxxiii.
Brisson quad.
61.
Charlevoix N. France,
v. 195.
Roebuck
Br. Zool.
I. 139.
Bell's Trav.
I. 200.
Br. Mus. Ash. Mus.
D. with strong upright rugged trifurcated horns from six to eight inches long: length, from nose to tail, three feet nine inches: height before, two feet three inches: behind, two feet seven inches: tail, one inch: weight of a full grown buck near 60 lb. hair in summer very short and smooth; ends of the hairs deep red, bottoms dark grey: in winter, very long and hoary at the tips, except on the back, where it is often very dark: the legs slender; and below the first joint of the hind legs is a tuft of long hair: rump, and underside of the tail, white.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe,
as far north as
Norway:
found in
Tartary
and
China;
not in
Africa.
Uncertain whether this kind is found in
N. America,
notwithstanding it is mentioned by
Charlevoix:
unnoticed by
Lawson
and
Catesby.
Frequent in the highlands of
Scotland,
but in no other part of
Great Britain.
Fond of mountainous wooded countries, brouzes very much, and during winter eats the young shoots of fir and beech: is very active; lives in small families: brings two young at a time; conceals them from the buck: the flesh delicate, but never fat.
44. MEXICAN.
Teutlalmaçame
Hernandez An. Mexic
324.
Cuguaca-apara?
Mar
grave Brasil,
235.
Piso Brasil,
97.
Baieu
Bancro
t Guiana,
122.
Cervus major, corniculis brevissimis. Biche des bois.
Barrere France Aequin.
151.
Chevreuil
d'Amerique. de Buffon,
vi. 210, 243.
tab.
xxxvii.
Le Cariacou?
de Buffon,
xii. 321.347.
tab.
xliv.
D. with strong thick rugged horns, bending forward; ten inches long; nine between point and point; trifurcated in the upper part; one erect snag about two inches above the base: by accident subject to vary in the number of branches: head large: neck thick: eyes large, and bright: about the size of the
European
Roe: color of the hair reddish; when young, spotted with white.
Inhabits
Mexico, Guiana,
and
Brasil;
not only the internal parts of the country, but even the borders of the plantations: the flesh inferior to that of
European
venison. A species very distinct from the Roe of the old continent. An accurate account of the hoofed quadrupeds, of the new continent, among the
desiderata
of the Zoologist.
In the
Museum
of the Royal Society is a pair of horns of some animal of the Roebuck kind, styled by
Grew
R
vitie
.
24.
horns of the
Indian
Roebuck: they are sixteen inches long, and the same between tip and tip; are very thick, strong and rugged; near the base of each is an upright forked branch; the ends bend forward, divide into two branches, each furnished with numerous snags.
I FOSSIL HORNS
P. 44.
II VIRGINIAN DEER No . 39. III MEXICAN No . 44
45 Grey.
Cervus Guineensis. C. griseus subtus nigricans.
Mus. Fr. Ad.
12.
Lin. syst.
94.
An obscure species, doubtful whether a Deer, a Musk, or female Antelope; for the horns were wanting in the animal described by
Linnaeus.
Size of a cat; of a grey color: between the ears a line of black: a large black spot above the eyes: on each side the throat a line of the same color pointing downwards: the middle of the breast black: the fore legs and sides of the belly, as far as the hams, marked with black: ears rather long: under side of the tail black.
** Without, horns.
VIII. MUSK.
Two long tusks in the upper jaw.
Eight small cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
46. TIBET.
Capreolus Moschi.
Gesner quad.
695.
Animal Moschiferum
Raii syn. quad.
127.
Schrockius hist. Moschi,
1.
tab.
1.
Animal Moschiferum, Kabarga.
Nov. com. Petrop.
iv. 393.
Musk animal.
Tavermer's trav.
II. 153.
Le Brun's Trav.
I. 116.
Bell's Trav.
I. 249. II. 88.
Strahtenberg,
339.
Du Halde China,
I. 63.324.
Gre
. Museum,
21.
Moschus Moschiferus. M. folliculo umbilicali
Lin. syst.
91.
Tragulus, sp. 5. Le Musc
Br
on quad.
67.
Klein quad.
18.
Le Musc
de Buffon
xii. 361.
Faunul.
inens.
M. of the form of a roebuck: length three feet three inches, from the top of the shoulders to the soles of the feet, two feet three inches. From the top of the haunches to those of the hind feet, two feet nine inches.
Upper jaw much longer than the lower, on each side a slender tusk, near two inches long, very short on the inner edge, and hanging out quite exposed to view: in the lower jaw eight small cutting teeth; and in each jaw six grinders: ears long and narrow, inside of a pale yellow, outside deep brown: chin yellow: hair on the whole body, erect, very long, and each marked with short waves from top to bottom: color near the lower part cinereous, black near the end; the tips ferruginous: hoofs slender and black; spurious hoofs of the fore feet very long: tail an inch long, hid in the hair: the scrotum of a
I TIBET No . 46. II INDIAN MUSK No . 48.
bright red color; but the penis so hid as scarce to be discovered.
Female less than the male: nose sharper: wants the two tusks, and has two small teats.
Inhabits the kingdom of
Tibet,
the province of
Mohang Meng
in
China, Tonquin,
and
Bontan;
about the lake
Baikal,
and near the rivers
Jenesea,
and
Argun.
Found from
Lat.
60 to 44 or 45; but never wanders so far south, except when forced thro' hunger by great falls or snow, when they migrate south to feed on corn and new-grown rice. Inhabit naturally the mountains that are covered with pines: love solitude: avoid mankind. If pursued seek the highest summits, inaccessible to m
n or dogs.
That noted drug the musk is produced from the male. It is found in a bag or tumor of the size of a hen's egg on the belly of that sex only. It is furnished with two small orifices; the largest is oblong, the other round; the one is naked, the other covered with long hairs. The musk is contained in this, for Mr.
Gmelin
tells us, that on squeezing the tumor, the musk was forced thro' the apertures in form of a fat brown matter. The hunters cut of
the bag and tie it up for sale; but are very apt to adulterate the contents, by mixing other matter with it to encrease the weight. These animals must be found in great plenty, for
Tavernier
says, that he bought in one journey 7673 musk bags. The musk of
Tibet
is far superior to that of other places, and of course much dearer. The flesh of the males is much infected with this drug, but is eaten by the
Russians
and
Tartars.
It is strongest in rutting time.
47. BRASILIAN.
Cuguacu-ete.
Margrave Brasil.
235.
Piso Brasil.
97.
Biche de Guiane.
des Marchais.
III. 295.
Wirrebocerra.
Bancroft Guiana.
123.
Cervula surinamensis, subru
r albis maculis notata.
Seb. Mus.
71.
tab.
xliv.
Klein quad.
22
Brisson quad.
67.
M. about the size of a roebuck: ears four inches long: the veins very aparent: eye large and black; nostrils wide: space about the mouth black: the hind legs longer than the fore legs: tail short: hair on the whole body short and smooth: on the head and neck brown: the throat and lower part of the neck white: body and legs tawny: hoofs black.
Inhabits
Guiana
and
Brasil;
are excessively timid, and most remarkably active, and swift; like goats they can stand with all their four legs placed together on the point of a rock. They are frequently seen swimming the rivers, and at that time are easily taken. The
Indians
hunt them, and their flesh is esteemed very delicate. The
French
of
Guiana
call them
Biches
or Does, because notwithstanding their likeness to deer, both sexes are without horns▪ M. de
Buffon
accuses
Seba
of an error, in placing this animal in
Surinam;
but the last is vindicated by several authorities, who have had ocular proof of its existence in
Guiana,
&c.
48. INDIAN.
Meminna
Knox hist. Ceylon.
21.
de Buffon.
xii. 315. Pissay
Hamilton's voy. E. Indies.
I. 261.
M. length 1 foot 5; weight 5 lb. ½; of a cinereous olive color: throat, breast and belly white: sides and haunches spotted, and barred transversely with white: ears large and open: tail very short.
Inhabits
Ceylon;
a fine drawing of this animal was communicated to me by Mr.
Loten,
late governor in
Ceylon.
49. GUINEA.
Le C
vrota
des Indes.
de Buff
n.
xii. 315.341.
tab.
xiii. xliii.
Tragu
as Guineensis.
Brisson quad.
66. Tr. indicus. 63.
Klein quad.
21.
Moschus pygmaeus
Lin. syst.
92.
M. nine inches ½ long: head, legs, and whole upper part of the body tawny: belly white: no spurious hoofs: two very broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw: on each side of them, three others very slender: in the upper jaw two small tusks: ears large: tail an inch long. In possession of Mr.
Guy
of
York Buildings,
who said it came from
Guinea,
M. de
Buffon
says it is found in the
East-Indies.
The horns which
Linnaeus
says are sold as belonging to this animal are those of the
Royal Antelope,
p. 28.
To this genus must be referred a large species mentioned by
Nieuhoff,
p. 209, found in the isle of
Formosa,
which he calls stags, less than ours, but without horns.
IX. CAMEL.
No cutting teeth in the upper jaw. Upper lip divided like that of a hare. Six cutting teeth in the lower jaw.
Small hoofs. No spurious hoofs.
50. ARABIAN.
Arist. hist. An.
lib. II. c. 1.
Camelus Arabicus
Plinii lib.
viii. c. 18.
Camel called Hugiun
Leo Afr.
338.
Camelus Dromas
Gesner quad.
159.
Pr. Alp. hist. Aegypt.
I. 223.
Camelus unico in dorso gibbo, seu Dromedarius. Camel, or Dromedary.
Raii syn. quad.
143.
Klein quad.
42.
Camelus Dromedarius. C. topho dorsi unico.
Lin. syst.
90.
Le Dromedaire
de Buffon,
xii. 211.
tab.
ix.
Brisson quad.
33.
Camel with one bunch.
Poce
trav.
I. 207.
Shaw's trav.
239.
Russel's hist. Aleppo.
56.57.
Pla
sted's journal,
82.
C. with a bunch on the back: head small: ears short: neck long, slender and bending: height to the top of the bunch six feet six inches: hair soft: longest about the neck, under the throat, and about the bunch: color of that on the protuberance dusky: on the other parts a reddish ash color: tail long: the hair on the middle soft: on the sides coarse, black and long: hoofs small: feet flat, divided above, but not thro': the bottom excessively tough yet pliant: has six callosities on the legs, one on each knee, one on the inside of each foreleg, on the upper joint; one on the inside of the hind leg, at the bottom of the thigh, another on the lower part of the breast, the places that the animal rests on when it lies down.
The riches of
Arabia,
from the time of
Job
to the present, the patriarch reckoned 6000 camels among his pastoral treasures; the moderns estimate their wealth by the numbers of these useful animals; without them great part of
Asia
and
Africa
would be wretched; by them the sole commerce is carried thro' arid and burning tracts, impassible but by beasts which providence formed expressly for the scorched deserts. Their soles are adapted to the sands they are to pass over, their toughness and spungy softness preventing them from cracking. Their great powers of sustaining abstinence from drinking, enables them to pass over unwatered tracts for seven or eight days without requiring the lest liquid;
Leo Africanus
says for fifteen. They can discover water by their scent at half a league's distance, and after a long abstinence will hasten towards it, long before their drivers perceive where it lies.
Their patience under hunger is such, that they will travel many days fed only with a few dates, or some small balls of bean or barley-meal; or on the miserable thorny plants they meet with in the deserts.
The largest kind will carry a load of 1000 or 1200lb. weight. They kneel down to be loaded; but rise the moment they find the burthen equal to their strength: they will not permit an ounce more to be put on: are most mild and gentle, at all times, but when they are in heat: during that period, are seized with a sort of madness, that it is unsafe to approach them: are not prevailed on to quicken their pace by blows; but go freely if gent
y treated, and seem enlivened by the pipe, or any musick. In winter they are covered with long hair, which falls off in the spring, and is carefully gathered, being wove into stuffs, and also cloths to cover tents. In summer their hair is short. Before the great heats the owners smear their bodies, to keep off the flies. The
Arabs
are very fond of the flesh
Athenaeus
relates, that the
Persian
monarchs had whole came served up to their table.
Lib.
iv.
p.
130. as the
Romans
had was boars.
of young camels. The milk of these animals is their principal subsistence; and the dung of camels is the fuel used by the Caravans in the travels over the deserts.
There are varieties among the camels. The
Turkman
is the largest and strongest. The
Arabian
is hardy. What is called the
Dromedary, Maihary,
and
Raguahl,
is very swift. The common sort travel about 30 miles a day. The last, which has a less bunch, and more delicate shape, and also much inferior in size, never carries burdens; but is used to ride on. In
Arabia,
they are trained for running matches: and in many places, for carrying couriers, who can go above 100 miles a day, on them; and that for nine days together,
Leo Afr.
338.
over burning deserts unhabitable by any living creature. The
Chinese
call these swift camels, expressively,
Fo
g Kyo to,
or camels with
feet of the wind.
The
African
camels are the most hardy, having more distant and more dreadfull deserts to pass over than any of the others, from
Numidia
to the kingdom of
Aethiopia. She Chin,
a
Chinese
physician, says, tha
camels are found wild N. W. of his country
Du-Halde China
II. 225.
.
51. BACTRIAN.
Arist. hist. An.
II.
c.
1.
Camelus Bactrianus
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
18.
Camel called Becheti
Leo Afr.
338.
Camelus
Gesner quad.
150.
Pr. A
p. hist. Aegypt.
I. 223.
tab.
13.
Camelus duobus in dorso tuberibus, seu Bactrianus.
Raii syn. quad.
145.
Camelus Bactrianus. C. dorsi tophis duobus
Lin. syst.
90.
Klein quad.
41.
Le Chameau
de Buffon
xi. 211.
tab.
xxii.
Brisson quad.
32.
Persian camel
Russel's hist. Aleppo,
57.
C. with two bunches on the back; in all other respects like the preceding; of which it seems to be a meer variety, and is equally adapted for riding or carrying loads,
It is found only in
Asia,
and even there is rare, the breed being almost confined to some parts of
Persia
and the southern parts of
Tartary.
They do not differ in their nature or manners from the other kind.
Camels have been introduced into
Jamaica
and
Barbadoes;
but, for want of knowlege of their diet and treatment, have in general been of very little service
Brown'
hist Jama
ca,
488.
L
gon's hist Barbadoes,
53.
.
52. LLAMA.
Ovis Peruana
Hernandez An. Mex.
660.
Marcgrave Brasil,
243.
Huanucu-Llama,
de Laet.
328.
Allo-camelus
Scaligeri.
Ovis Indica
Gesner quad.
149.
Llama.
Ovalle chile. Churchill's Coll.
44, 45. Guanaco
ibid. Cieza's Travels,
232.233.
Frezier's voy.
154.
Feuillèe obs. Peru,
23.
Ullca's voy.
I. 478.
Wood's voyage
in
Dampier's,
iv.
.
Camelus Glama. C. corpore la. vi, topho pectorali.
Lin. syst.
c.
Camelus Peruvianus
Glama dict
s Raii syn. quad.
145.
Le Lama
de Buffon
xiii. 16.
Camelus pilis brevissimis. Le Chameau de Perou.
Brisson quad.
34.
Camelus spurius
Klein quad.
42.
C. with an almost even back, small head, fine black eyes, and very long neck, bending much, and very protuberant
Matthiolus
observed, at the point of this protuberance, a sort of impostume, with matter distilling from it. This I suspect to be accidental; for the animal he saw was one shewn in
Germany.
Vide
Marcgrave,
243. No writer, who described the
Llama
in its native country, mentions this circumstance.
near the junction with the body: in a tame state, with smooth short hair; in a wild state, with long coarse hair
Ulloa.
I. 4
9.
; white, grey and russet, disposed in spots. According to
Hernandez,
yellowish, with a black line from the head along the top of the back to the tail, and belly white. The spotted may possibly be the tame; the last, the wild
Llamas.
The tail short: the height from four to four feet and a half: length, from the neck to the tail, six feet. The carcass, divested of skin and offals, according to the editor of Mr.
Biron's
voyage, weighed 200lb. in general the shape exactly resembles a camel, only it wanted the dorsal bunch.
It is the camel of
Peru
and
Chili;
and before the arrival of the
Spaniards,
was the only beast of burthen known to the
Indians.
It is as mild, as gentle, and as tractable. We find, that before the introduction of mules
Ovalle
44.
, they were used by the
Indians
to plow the land; that at present they serve to carry burthens of about 100lb. that they go with great gravity, and, like their
Spanish
masters, nothing can prevale on them to change their pace. They lie down to be loaden; and when wearied, no blows can provoke them to go on.
Feuillée
says, they are so capricious, that if struck, they instantly squat down, and nothing but caresses can induce them to rise. When angry, have no other method of revenging injuries than by spitting, and they can ejaculate their
saliva
to the distance of ten paces; if it falls on the skin, it raises an itching and a reddish spot. Their flesh is eaten, and said to be as good as mutton. The wool has a strong disagreeable scent. They are very sure-footed; therefore used to carry the
Peruvian
ores over the ruggedest hills and narrowest paths of the
Andes.
They inhabit that vast chain of mountains, their whole length, to the straits of
Magellan;
but, except where those hills approach the sea, as in
Patagonia,
never appear on the coasts. Like the camel, they have powers of abstaining long from drink, sometimes for four or five days: like that animal's, their food is coarse and trifling.
As every domestic animal has, or had its stock or origin in a wild state, we believe the
Llama
and the
Guanaco
to be the same. The
Llama
is described as the largest of the two domestic animals the
Peruvians
have; for, except that, they knew no other than the congenerous
Pacos.
We find two animals similar to these, wild; the larger, or
Guanico,
may be supposed to be a savage
Llama;
the lesser, or
Vicunna,
to be the
Pacos
in a state of nature: the brief descriptions we have left us of each, give us little room to doubt but that the difference of color and hair arises only from culture.
In a wild state they keep in great herds in the highest and steepest parts of the hills; and while they are feeding, one keeps centry on the pinnacle of some rock: if it perceives the approach of any one, it neighs; the herd takes the alarm, and goes off with incredible speed. They out-run all dogs; so there is no other way of killing them but with a gun. They are killed for the sake of their flesh and their hair; for the
Indians
weave the last into cloth
De Laet,
329.
. From the form of the parts of generation, in both sexes, no animal copulates with such difficulty: it is often the labor of a day,
Antequam actum ipsum venereum incipiant, et absolvant.
Hernandez,
662.
.
53. PACOS.
Pacos
Hernandez,
663. Paco, vicunna
de Laet.
328.329.
Cieza.
233.
Ovis chilensis.
Marcgrave
244.
Wood's voy. Dampier,
iv. 95.
Narborough's voy.
32.
Vicunna, Alpaques.
Frezier's voy.
153, 154.
Ulloa's voy.
I. 479.
Camelus seu Camelo congener Peruvianum lanigerum,
F
dictum.
Raii syn. quad.
147.
Camelus laniger.
Klein. quad.
42
Le Paco.
de Buffon
xiii. 16.
Camelus pilis prolixis toto corpor
vestitus. Le vigogne.
Brisson quad.
35.
Camelus Pacos. C. tophis nullis corpore lanato.
Lin. syst.
91.
C. with the body covered with long and very fine wool, of the color of dried roses, or a dull purple: the belly white: in a tame state: varies in color: shaped like the former, but much less: the leg of one I saw was about the size of that of a buck.
Are of the same nature with the preceding: ininhabit the same places, but are more capable of supporting the rigor of frost and snow: they live in vast herds; are very timid, and excessively swift: sometimes the
Guanacoes
associate with them. The
Indians
take the
Pacos
in a strange manner: they tie cords with bits of wool or cloth hanging to them, above 3 or 4 feet from the ground, cross the narrow passes of the mountains, then drive those animals towards them, which are so terrified by the flutter of the rags as not to dare to pass, but huddling together, give the hunters opportunity to kill with their slings as many as they please. The tame ones will carry
Brewer
's
voy. chile in Churchill,
I. 511.
from 50 to 75lb.
These animals yield a
Bezoar: Wafer
Wafer
's
voy.
in
Dampier,
III. 384.
says he has taken thirteen out of the stomach of a single beast: they were ragged and of several forms, some round, some oval, others long: they were green at first, but changed to ash color.
X. HOG.
Cutting teeth in both jaws.
54. COMMON.
(Wild).
Sus fera, aper
Plinii lib.
viii.
c
51.
Gesner quad.
918.
Sus agrestis sive aper, wild boar or swine.
Raii syn. quad.
96.
Wieprz lesny, Dzik.
Rzaczynski Polon.
213.
Wild Schwein.
Klein quad.
25.
Le Sangher.
de Buffon
v. 99.
tab.
xiv.
Sus caudatus, auriculis Brevibus, subrotundis, cauda pilosa.
Brisson quad.
75.
Sus aper.
Lin. syst.
102.
(Tame).
Sus.
Gesner quad.
8
.
Rau syn. quad.
92.
Schwein.
Klein quad.
25.
Le Cochon.
de Buffon
v. 99. Le verrat.
tab.
xvi.
Sus caudatus, auriculis oblongi
▪ acutis, cauda pilosa.
Brisson quad.
74.
Sus scrofa. S. dorso anticè
et
o, cauda pilosa.
Lin. syst.
102. Swi
.
Faun. su
c. No.
21.
Br. Zool.
I. 41.
H. with the body covered with bristles: two large tusks above and below: in a wild state, of a dark brinded color, and beneath the bristles is a soft curled short hair: the ears short, and a little rounded. TAME: the ears long, sharp pointed, and slouching: the color generally white, sometimes mixed with other colors.
In a tame state, universal, except in the frigid zones, and
Kamtschatka
Hist. Kamts.
108.
, and such places where the cold is very severe. Since its introduction into
America,
by the
Europeans,
abounds to excess in the hot and temperate parts. Found wild in most part of
Europe,
except the
British
isles, and the countries N. of the
Baltic:
in
Asia,
from
Syria
to the borders of the lake
Baikal
Bell
's
rav.
I. 279.
Gumilla orenoque
II. 4.
: in
Africa,
on the coast of
Barbary.
In the forests of S.
America
Des Marchais voy.
III. 312.
are vast droves, which derive their origin from the
European
kind relapsed into a state of nature, and are what Mr.
Bancroft,
in his history of
Guiana,
126, describes as a particular species, by the name of
Warree.
Cannot bear excessive cold: inhabit wooded countries: very swift: a stupid, inactive, drowsy animal, fond of wallowing in the mud to cool its surfeited body: greedy, voracious, but not indiscriminate in the choice of its food; has been found to eat 72 species of plants, reject 171; very fond of various roots: so brutal as to eat its own offspring. Usefull in
America,
by clearing the country of rattle-snakes, which it devours with safety: restless in high winds: has a natural disposition to grow fat: is very prolific, brings sometime 20 young at a time: its flesh of vast use, takes salt the best of any; furnishes our table with various delicacies;
rawn,
peculiar to the
English.
The
Romans
made a dish
Of the swelling unctuous Paps
Of a fat praegnant Sow, newly cut off.
Alchymist Act.
ii.
Sc.
ii.
GUIN
A. Porcus guineensis.
Maregrave Brasil.
230.
Raii syn. quad.
96.
S
porcus. S. dorso posticè setoso, cauda longitudine pedunt
Lin. syst.
103.
Le Cochon de Guinea
de Buffon
xv. 146.
Brisson quad.
76.
H. with a lesser head than the common kind: very long, slender, and sharp pointed ears: tail hanging down to the heels, without hairs: the body covered with short red shining hairs, but about the neck and lower part of the back a little longer: no bristies: a domestic variety of the common kind.
β CHINESE. Sus chinensis.
Lin. syst.
102.
Brisson quad.
75.
Le cochon de Siam.
de Buffon
v. 99.
tab.
xv.
Javan Hog.
Kolben Cape
I. 117.
H. with the belly hanging almost to the ground: legs short: tail reaching to the heels: the body generally bare, as is the case in general with the swine of
India.
γ. H. with undivided hoofs, only a variety of the common kind.
55. AETHIOPIAN.
Engalla.
Sorrento
's
voy. in Churchhill.
I. 667.
Barbot.
487.
Dampier
's
voy?
I. 320.
African wild boar.
Adanson
's
voy.
139.
Des
andes Martyns mem. Acad.
v. 386.
Sus Aethiopicus, Hardlooper.
Pallas miscel. zool.
16.
tab.
11.
specil fasc.
II. 1.
tab.
I.
Flacourt hist. Madagascar.
511.
Sus Aethiopicus. S. sacculo molii sub oculis.
Lin. syst. App. Tom.
III. 223.
Sanglier du cap vert.
de Buffon
xiv. 409. xv. 148.
Ashm. Mus.
H. with small tusks in the lower jaws; very large ones in the upper; in old boars bending up towards the forehead, in form of a semicircle; no foreteeth: nose broad, depressed, and almost of a horny hardness: head very large and broad: beneath each eye a hollow, formed of loose skin, very soft, and wrinkled; under these a great lobe or wattle, lying almost horizontal, broad, flat, and rounded at the end, placed so as to intercept the view of any thing below from the animal.
Between these and the mouth on each side a hard callous protuberance: mouth small: skin dusky: bristles disposed in
fasciculi,
of about five each; longest between the ears, and on the beginning of the back, and but thinly dispersed on the rest of the back.
Ears large and sharp pointed, inside lined with long whitish hairs: tail slender and flat; does not reach lower than the thighs, and covered with hairs disposed in
fasciculi.
Body longer, and legs shorter than in the common swine: its whole length 4 feet 9 inches; height before 2—2; but in a wild state grows to an enormous size.
I saw this animal, 1765, at the Prince of
Orange
's menagery near the
Hague;
it was young, and probably had not its full number of teeth; I imagine so, as the head of a boar from
Cape Verd,
described by
M. de Buffon;
and jaws of another preserved in the
Ashmolean Museum,
at
Oxford,
evidently of the same species with this, had in the upper jaw two cutting teeth; and in the lower six; and in each were six grinders, the farthest of them very large.
These animals inhabit the hottest parts of
Africa,
from
Senegal
to
Congo,
also the island of
Madagascar
Ces sangliers, principalement les masles, ont deux cornes a costez de nez qui sont comme deux
callositez. Flacourt hist. Madag.
152.
. We know little of their nature, but they are represented as very fierce and swift; and that they will not breed either with the domestic or
Chinese
sow, for that at the
Hague
killed one of the last, and treated the other very roughly, which for experiment were turned to it
Vosmaer Monogr.
.
56. MEXICAN
Quauhtla coymatl. Quapizotl. aper mexicanus
Hernandez an. mex.
637.
Hogs with navels on their backs.
Purchas's Pilgr.
III. 868.966.
Tajacu.
Piso Brasil
98.
Barrere France oequin.
161.
Tajacu, Caaigora.
Mar
grave Brasil.
229.
Ovalle chile Churchhill.
III. 2.
Tajacu seu aper mexicanus moschisorus.
Raii syn. quad.
77.
Mexican musk hog.
Ph. Tr. abr.
II. 876.
Pecary.
Wafer
's
voy. Damp
r
II 328. iv. 48.
Roger
's
voy.
343.
Des Marchais voy.
III. 312.
Gum
la oren
que
II. 6.
Bancroft Gu
124.
de Buffon
x. 21.
tab.
iii.
Seb. mus.
I. 177.
Javaris
Rochsort Antilles I.
285.
Sus ecaudatus, folliculum ich
rosum in dorso gerens.
Br
quad.
77.
Sus dorso cystifero, cauda nul. S. Tajacu.
Lin. syst.
103.
H. with four cutting teeth above, six below; tw
tusks in each jaw; those in the upper jaw pointin
down, and little apparent when the mouth is short the others hid: length from nose to the end of th
rump about three feet: head not so taper as in common swine: ears short and erect: body covere
with bristles, stronger than those of the
Europea
kind, and more like those of a hedge-hog; they ar
dusky, surrounded with rings of white; those o
the top of the neck and back are near five inche
long, grow shorter on the sides; the belly almos
naked: from the shoulders to the breast is a band o
white: no tail: on the lower part of the back is
gland, open at the top, discharging a foetid ichorous liquor; this has been mistakenly called a
navel.
Inhabits the hottest parts of
S. America,
and some of the
Antilles:
lives in the forests on the mountains: not fond of mire or marshy places less
at than the common hog: goes in great droves: are very fierce: will fight stoutly with the beasts of prey: the
Jaguar,
or
American
leopard is its mortal enemy; often the body of that animal is found with several of these hogs slain in combat. Dogs will scarce attack it: if wounded will turn on the hunter. Feeds on fruits and roots, on toads, and all manner of serpents, and holding them with the fore-feet, skins them with great dexterity. Is reckoned very good food; but all writers agree that the dorsal gland must be cut out as soon as the animal is killed, or the flesh will become so infected as not to be eatable. The
Indian
name of this species is
Paquiras
Gumilla.
, from whence seems to be derived that of
Pecary.
57. INDIAN.
Aper in
India
&c.
Plinii lib.
viii.
52.
.
Aelian an. lib.
ii.
c.
10.
Baby-ro
ssa.
Bontius India.
61.
ew
's
Museum.
27.
Raii syn. quad.
.
Klein quad.
25.
Seb. Mus.
I.
.
tab.
50.
Valentyn Amboin.
III.
.
S
nge hog.
Purchas
's
Pilgr.
II. 1693. v. 560.
Nieuhoff
's
voy.
195.
Sus dentibus duobus caninis fronti innatis. S. Babyrussa:
Lin syst.
104.
Sus caudatus, dentibus caninis superioribus, ab origine sursum versis, arcuatis, cauda floccosa.
Brisson quad.
76.
Le Babiroussa.
de Buffon
xii. 3
9.
tab.
XLVIII.
Br. mus. Ashm. mus.
H. with four cutting teeth in the upper, six in the lower jaw; ten grinders to each jaw; in the lower jaw two tusks pointing towards the eyes, and standing near eight inches out of their sockets; from two sockets on the outside of the upper jaw, two other teeth, twelve inches long, bending like horns, their ends almost touching the forehead: ears small, erect, sharp pointed: along the back are some weak bristles: on the rest of the body only a sort of wool, such as is on lambs: the tail long, ends in a tuft, and is often twisted: the body plump and square; not of the elegant form that
Bontius
and
Nieuhoff
give it; as appears by an original drawing Mr.
Loten
favored me with.
Inhabits
Buero,
a small isle near
Amboina:
it is also found in
Celebes,
but neither on the continent of
Asia,
or
Africa;
what
M. de Buffon
takes for it, is the
Aethiopian
boar. Is sometimes kept tame in the
Indian
isles: live in herds: have a very quick scent: live on herbs and leaves of trees; never ravage gardens like other swine: their flesh well-tasted: when pursued and driven to extremities, rush into the sea, swim very well, and even dive, and pass thus from isle to isle: in the forests often rest their head, by hooking their upper tusks on some bough
The natural history of this animal is taken from
Valentin
's
hist.
of the
East Indies,
from a translation Mr.
Loten
was so obliging to communicate to me.
. The tusks, from their form, useless in fight.
I INDIAN HOG No . 57. II VARIETY OF COMMOM HOG.
XI. RHINOCEROS.
With one, sometimes two, large horns on the nose. Each hoof cloven into three parts.
58. ONE-HORNED.
Rhinoceros.
Plinii lib.
viii.
c.
20.
Gesner quad.
842.
Raii syn. quad.
122.
Klein quad.
26.
Grew's museum,
20.
Worm mus.
336.
de Buffon,
xi. 174.
tab.
vii.
Brisson quad.
78.
FF. Tr. Abr.
ix. 93.
Kolben
II. 101.
Rhinoceros or Abbados.
Linsecttan Itin.
56.
Purchas
's
Pilgr.
II. 1001. 1773.
Bontius India.
50.
Borri hist. Cochin-China.
797.
Voy. Congo Churchill
I. 668.
Du Halde China.
I. 120.
Faunul Sinens.
Rhinoceros unicornis.
Lin. syst.
104.
Edw.
221.
Br. mus. Ashm. mus.
. Two horned. Ursus cornu aemino.
Martial spectac. ep.
22.
P
. Tr. Abr.
ix. 100. xi. 910.
P
. Tr. vol.
LVI. 32.
tab.
2.
Flacourt hist. Madag.
395.
de Buffon
xi. 186.
Lobo Abiss.
230.
Rhinoceros bicornis.
Lin. syst.
104.
Br. mus.
Rh. with a single horn, placed near the end of the nose, sometimes three feet and a half long, black, and smooth: the upper lip long, hangs over the lower, ends in a point, is very pliable, and serves to collect its food, and deliver it into the mouth: the nostrils placed transversely: the ears large, erect, pointed: eyes small and dull: the skin naked, rough, or tuberculated, lying about the neck in vast folds; there is another fold from the shoulders to the forelegs; another from the hind part of the back to the thighs: the skin so thick and so strong as to turn the edge of a scymeter, and resist a musket ball: slender, flatted at the end, covered on the sides with very stiff thick black hairs: the belly hangs low: the legs short, strong and thick: the hoofs divided into three parts, each pointing forward.
Those which have been brought to
Europe
have been young and small:
Bontius
says, that in respect to bulk of body, they equal the elephant, but are lower on account of the shortness of the legs.
Inhabits
Bengal, Siam, Cochin-China, Quangsi
in
China,
the isles of
Java,
and
Sumatra, Congo, Angola, Aethiopia,
and the country as low as the
Cape▪
loves shady forests, the neighbourhood of rivers, and marshy places: fond of wallowing in mire like the hog; is said by that means to give shelter in the folds of its skin to scorpions, centipes, and other insects. Is a solitary animal: brings one young at a time, very sollicitous about it: quiet and inoffensive; but provoked, furious: very swift, and very dangerous: I knew a gentleman who had his belly ripped up by one, but survived the wound. Is dull of sight; but has a most exquisite scent: feeds on vegetables, particularly shrubs, broom, and thistles: grunts like a hog: is said to consort with the tiger; a fable, founded on their common attachment to the sides of rivers, and on that account are sometimes found near each other. Are said when it has flung down a man, to lick the flesh quite from the bone with its rough tongue; this very doubtfull; that which wounded the gentleman retired instantly after the stroke.
Its flesh is eaten;
Kolben
says it is very good: the skin, the flesh, hoofs, teeth, and very dung, used in
India
medicinally; the horn is in great repute as an antidote against poison
It was not every horn that had this virtue: some were held very cheap, while others take a vast price.
, especially that of a virgin
Abbada;
cups are made of them. Found sometimes with
Hamilton,
in his voyage to the
East Indies,
I. 8. says, that he saw brought from
Natal,
in
Africa,
three horns growing from one
: the longest 18, the next 12, and the third 8 inches long.
double horns:
Martial
alludes to a variety of this kind by his
Ursus cornu gemino.
Is the unicorn of HOLY WRIT, and of the antients; the
Oryx
and
Indian
ass of
Aristotle
Hist. An. lib.
II.
c.
1.
, who says it has but one horn; his informers might well compare the clumsy shape of the
Rhinoceros
to that of an ass, so that the philosopher might easily be induced to pronounce it a whole footed animal. This was also the
bos unicornis
and
fera monoceros
of
Pliny
Lib.
viii.
c.
21.
; both were of
India,
the same country with this animal; and in his account of the
monoceros,
he exactly describes the great black horn and the hog-like tail. The
unicorn
of HOLY WRIT has all the properties of the
Rhinoceros,
rage, untameableness, great swiftness, and great strength.
It was known to the
Romans
in very early times: its figure is among the animals of the
Praenestine
pavement.
Augustus
introduced one into the shews
Dion. Cassius, lib.
51.
, on his triumph over
Cleopatra;
and there is extant a coin of
Domitian,
with a double-horned
Rhinoceros
on it
P
. Tr.
xi. 913.
.
The combats between the Elephant and Rhinoceros, a fable, derived from
Pliny.
XII. HIPPOPOTAME.
Four cutting teeth in each jaw: two tusks in each Each hoof divided into four parts.
59. HIPPOPOTAME.
Aristot. hist. An. lib.
II.
c.
7.
Hippopotamus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
26.
Belon obs.
104.
des Poissons
19, 20.
Gesner quad.
493.
Radzivil iter Hierosol.
142.
Raii syn. quad.
123. River horse, or Hippopotamus,
Grew's Museum,
14.
tab.
I.
Ludolph. Aethiop.
60.
Cheropotamus et Hippopotamus
Prosp. Alp. hist. Aegypt,
I. 245.
Sea horse
Leo Afr.
344. Sea oxe
ibid. Lobo Abiss.
105.
Kolben. Cape.
II. 129.
Hippopotamus, or Behemoth.
Shaw's Trav. Suppl.
87.
Sea horse
Dampier's Voy.
II. 104
Adanson's Voy.
133.
Moore's s
y Gambia,
105, 188, 216. River Paard.
Houttuyn Nat. hist.
III 405.
tab.
28.
Water Elephants.
Barbot
y. Guinea,
113, 73.
Hippopotamus pedibus quadrilobis. H. amphibius.
Lin. syst.
101.
Hasselquist iter,
201.
Klein quad.
34.
L'Hippopotame
de Buffon,
XII. 22.
tab.
111.
Brisson quad.
83.
Br. Mus. Asbm. Mus.
H. with four cutting teeth in each jaw; those in the lower jaw strait and pointing forward, the two middlemost the longest: four tusks; those in the upper jaw short; in the lower, very long and truncated obliquely: head of an enormous size: its mouth vastly wide: the ears small and pointed, lined within very thickly with short fine hairs: the eyes and nostrils small, in proportion to the bulk of the animal: on the lips are some strong hairs scattered in patches here and there: the hair on the body is very thin, of a whitish color, and scarce discernible at first sight: there is no mane on the neck, as some writers feign; only the hairs on that part are rather thicker: the skin is very thick and strong, and of a dusky color: the tail is about a foot long, taper, compressed and naked: the hoofs are divided into four parts: but notwithstanding it is an amphibious animal, are unconnected by membranes: the legs short and thick.
In bulk, it is second only to the Elephant: the length of a male has been found to be seventeen feet; the circumference of its body fifteen; its height near seven; the legs near three; the head above three and a half; its girth near nine.
Hasselquist
says, its hide is a load for a Camel.
Inhabits the rivers of
Africa,
from the
Niger
to the
Cape
of
Good Hope.
Found in none of the
African
rivers which run into the
Mediterranean,
except the
Nile,
and even there only in the upper
Aegypt
Dr.
Shaw
says, that the present race of
Aegyptians
are not even acquainted with this animal; none ever appearing below the cataracts of the
Nile.
It was not so formerly; for
Radzivil
relates, that he saw and shot at four near
Damietta. Hasselquist
confirms the account of our countryman.
, and in the fens and lakes of
Aethiopia,
which that river passes through: is a mild and gentle animal, unless it be provoked: inhabits equally the land and the water: during night, leaves the rivers to graze, and does great damage to the sugar canes and plantations of rice and millet: it also feeds on the roots of trees, which it loosens with its great teeth; and will prey on small fish: it is a clumsy animal on the land, walks slowly; but when pursued, takes to the water, plunges in and sinks to the bottom, and is seen walking there at full ease: it often rises to the surface, and remains with its head out of water, frequently making a bellowing noise that may be heard at a vast distance: if wounded, will rise and attack boats or canoes with great fury, and often sink them by biting large pieces out of the sides, and frequently people are drowned by them; for they are as bold in the water, as they are timid on land: are most numerous high up the rivers; very rarely found near their mouths: sleep on shoals of sand in the midst of the stream.
They are capable of being tamed.
Belon
says, he has seen one so gentle, as to be let loose out of a stable, and fed by its keeper, without attempting to injure any one. They are generally taken in pit falls, and the poor people eat the flesh. In some parts, the natives place boards, full of sharp irons, in the corn grounds; which these beasts strike into their feet, so become an easy prey. Sometimes they are struck in the water with harpoons fastened to cords; and ten or twelve canoes are employed in the chase
Purchas's Pilgr.
II. 1544.
Hasselquist
gives a strange account of another method of taking them. The natives lay a great heap of peas in the places the
Hippopotame
frequents: it eats greedily; then growing thirsty, drinks immoderately; the peas in its belly swell, the animal bursts, and is found dead. p. 188.
Engl. Ed.
. The teeth are most remarkably hard, even harder than ivory, and much less liable to grow yellow.
Des Marchais
II. 149.
says, that the dentists prefer them for the making of false teeth. The skin, when dried, is used to make bucklers, and is of an impenetrable hardness.
A herd of females has but a single male: they bring one young at a time, and that on the land, but suckle it in the water. Among other errors related of them, that of their enmity with the
Crocodile,
an eye-witness declaring he had seen them swimming together without any disagreement
Purchas's Pilgr.
II. 1544, 1568.
.
Is the
Behemoth
of
Job:
known to the
Romans: Scaurus
treated the people with the sight of five
Crocodiles
and one
Hippopotame
Plinii lib.
viii. c. 26.
, during his adileship; and exhibited them in a temporary lake.
Augustus
produced one at his triumph over
Cleopatra
Di
n. Cassius, lib.
51.
. An antient writer asserts, that
Vide
Gesner Pisc.
419.
these animals were found in the
Indus;
which is not confirmed by any modern traveller.
XIII. TAPIIR.
Fore hoofs divided into four parts.
Hind hoofs into three.
60. LONG-NOSED.
Tapiirete
Brasiliensibus, Lusitanis
Anta
Marcgrave Brasil,
229.
Piso Brasil,
101.
Nieuboff's voy.
23.
Raii syn. quad.
126.
Klein quad,
36.
Elephant hog,
Wafer's voy. in Dampier,
III. 400.
Mountain cow,
Dampier,
II. 102. Sus aquaticus multisulcus.
Barrere France Aequin.
160.
Anta ou grand Bete.
Gumilla Or
noque,
II. 15.
Condamine voy.
82 Species of Hippopotamus, or river horse,
Bancroft Guiana,
127.
Le Tapir ou Manipouris
Brisso
quad.
81.
de Buffon,
xi. 444.
tab
xliii.
Hippopotamus terrestris. H. pedibus posticis trisulcis,
L
.
Ed.
x. 74.
T. with the nose extended far beyond the lower jaw; slender, and forming a sort of proboscis; capable of being contracted or extended at pleasure; the sides sulcated; the extremities of both jaws ending in a point; ten cutting teeth in each; between them and the grinders, a vacant space: in each jaw ten grinders: ears erect: eyes small: body formed like that of a hog: the back arched: legs short: hoofs small, black and hollow: tail very small: grows to the size of a heifer half a year old: the hair is short: when young, spotted with white; when old, of a dusky color.
Inhabits the woods and rivers of the
eastern
side of
South America,
from the Isthmus of
Darien
to the river of
Amazons:
sleeps, during day, in the darkest and thickest forests adjacent to the banks: goes out in the night-time in search of food: lives on grass, sugar-canes, and on fruits: if disturbed, takes to the water; swims very well; or sinks below, and, like the
Hippopotame,
walks on the bottom as on dry ground. The
Indians
shoot it with poisoned arrows: they cut the skin into bucklers, and eat the flesh, which is said to be very good: is a salacious, slow-footed, and sluggish animal: makes a sort of hissing noise.
Gumilla
says, it will make a vigorous resistance if attacked, and scarce fails slaying the dogs which it can lay hold of.
Dampier
and
Bancroft
give very faulty descriptions of this beast, imagining it to be the same with the
Hippopotame.
61. THICK-NOSED.
Caby-bara
Marcgrave Brasil,
230.
Brasil,
99.
Raii syn. quad.
1
River hog.
Wafer in Dampier,
III. 400.
C
chon d'Eau
des Marchais,
III.
14.
S
maximus palustris. Cabiai, c
bionora.
Barrere France Aequin.
1
0.
Capivard
Froger's voy.
99.
Sus hydrochaeris. S. plantis tridactylis cauda nulla.
Lin. syst.
103.
Hydrochaerus, Le Cabiai.
Brisson quad.
80.
de Buffon,
xii. 384.
tab.
xlix.
Irabubos
Gumilla orenoque,
III. 238.
T. with a very large and thick head and nose; small rounded ears; large black eyes; upper jaw longer than the lower; two strong and great cutting teeth in each jaw; eight grinders in each jaw; and each of those grinders form on their surface seemingly three teeth, each flat at their ends
M
de Buffon
denies this: his description was taken from a young subject; but
Marcgrave
and
des Marchais,
who had opportunities of examining these animals in their native country, agree
this singular construction of the teeth.
; legs short; toes long, connected near their bottoms by a small web; their ends guarded by a small hoof; no tail; hair on the body short, rough and brown; on the nose, long and hard whiskers: grows to the size of a hog of two years old.
Inhabits the same countries with the preceding: lives in the fenny parts not remote from the banks of great rivers: runs slowly: swims and dives remarkably well, and keeps for a long time under water: feeds on fruits and vegetables: is very dexterous in catching fish, which it brings on shore and eats at its ease: it sits up, and holds its prey with its fore feet, feeding like an ape: feeds in the night, and commits great ravages in gardens: keeps in large herds, and makes a horrible noise like the braying of an ass: grows very fat: the flesh is eaten, is tender, but has an oily and fishy taste: is easily made tame
Muratori hist. Paraguay,
258.
, and soon grows very familiar.
XIV. ELEPHANT.
No cutting teeth; two vast tusks; a long proboscis. Feet round, terminated by five small hoofs.
62. GREAT.
Arist. Hist. An. lib.
1.
c
11. IX.
c.
1.
Elephas
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
1.
Gesner quad.
376.
Raii syn. quad.
131.
Klein quad.
36.
Ludolph. Aethiop.
54.
Boullaye Le Gouz.
250.
Delb
's voy.
71.
Leo Afr.
336.
Kolben's Cape,
II. 98.
Bosman's hist. Guinea,
230.
Linschottaniter,
55.
Du Halde's China,
II. 224.
Adanson's voy.
138.
Moore's trav.
31.
Borri's account Cochin China,
795.
Barbot's Guinea,
141, 206, 207, 208.
Seb. Mus.
I. 175.
tab.
iii.
Edw.
221.
L'Elephant
Brisson quad.
28.
de Buffon,
xi. 1.
tab.
I.
Elephas maximus
Lin. syst.
48.
Faunul. Sinens. Br. Mus. Asbm. Mus.
E. with a long cartilaginous trunk, formed of multudes of rings, pliant in all directions, terminated with a small moveable hook: the nostrils at the end of the trunk; its use that of a hand, to convey any thing into the mouth: no cutting teeth: four large flat grinders in each jaw; in the upper two vast tusks, pointing forwards, and bending a little upwards; the largest
To be understood of those imported into
England.
are seven feet long, and weigh 152 lb. each: the eyes small: ears long, broad and pendulous: back much arched: legs thick and very clumsy and shapeless: feet undivided; but the margins terminated by five round hoofs: tail like that of a hog: color of the skin dusky, with a few scattered hairs on it.
The largest of land animals: there are certain accounts of their attaining the height of twelve feet; others are said to have been three feet higher
Inhabits
India
and some of its greater islands
Cochin-China,
and some of the provinces of
China;
abounds in the southern parts of
Africa
from the river
Senegal
to the
Cape,
and from thence as high as
Aethiopia
on the other side: found in greatest numbers in the interior parts, where there are vast forests, near the sides of rivers: are fond of marshy places, and love to wallow in the mire like a hog: swim very well: feed on the leaves and branches of trees: do great damage to the fields of corn, and to plantations of
Coco Palms,
tearing up the trees by the roots to get at their tops.
Often sleep standing; are not incapable of lying down as is vulgarly believed: are very mild and harmless, except wounded, or during the rutting time, when they are seized with a temporary madness: are said to go one year with young, bring one at a time: live 120 or 130 years
Tavernier
's
voy. part
II. 96.
; are 30 years before they arrive at their full growth. Drink by means of their trunk, sucking water up it, and then conveying it into the mouth; are very careful of the trunk, conscious that their existence depends on it; is to them as a hand; is their organ of feeling and of smell, both which senses it has in the most exquisite degree: notwithstanding its bulk is exceedingly swift: its strength matchless; the tame elephants carry small pieces of artillery, small towers, with numbers of people in them, and also vast loads: is not at present domesticated in
Africa,
only in the more civilized continent of
Asia;
they are much more numerous in
Africa,
in some parts swarm, so that the negroes are obliged to make their habitations under ground for fear of them. Are killed and eaten by the natives; the trunk said to be a delicious morsel: caught in pit-falls, covered with branches of trees; sometimes chaced and killed with launces, are instantly killed by a slight wound in the head, behind the ears. All the teeth are brought from
Africa;
frequently picked up in the woods; uncertain whether shed teeth, or from dead animals: the
African
teeth
Delion's voy.
74.
which come from
Mosambique
are 10 feet long; those of
Malabar
only 3 or 4; the largest in
Asia
are those of
Cochin-China,
which even exceed the elephants of
Mosambique
orri,
795.
. The skin is thick, and when dressed, proof against a musket ball: the flesh, the gall, the skin. The bones, according to
Shi Chin,
are used in medicine
Du H
e China,
II. 224.
.
Is, notwithstanding the great dullness of its eye and stupidity of its appearance, the most docil and most intelligent of animals: tractable and most obedient to its master's will: sensible of benefits, resentful of injuries: directed by a slight rod of iron hooked at one end: are in many parts of
India
the executioners of justice; will with their trunks break every limb of the criminal, or trample him to death, or transfix him with their tusks, according as they are directed: are so modest as never to permit any one to see them copulate: have a quick sense of glory. In
India,
they were once employed in the launching of ships: one was directed to force a very large vessel into the water; the work proved superior to his strength: his master, with a sarcastic tone, bid the keeper take away this lazy beast and bring another: the poor animal instantly repeated his efforts, fractured his scull, and died on the spot
Ludolph. Com. in hist. Aethiop.
147.
. In
Delli,
an Elephant passing along the streets, put his trunk into a taylor's shop, where several people were at work; one of them pricked the end with his needle: the beast passed on, but in the next dirty puddle filled his trunk with water, returned to the shop, and spurting every drop among the people who had offended him, spoilt their work.
An Elephant in
Adsmeer,
which often passed through the
Bazar
or Market, as he went by a certain herb-woman, always received from her a mouthfull of greens: at length he was seized with one of his periodical fits of rage, broke his fetters, and running through the market, put the crowd to flight; among others, this woman, who in haste, forgot a little child she had brought with her. The animal recollecting the spot where his benefactress was wont to sit, took up the infant gently in his trunk and placed it in safety on a stall before a neighboring house.
Another, in his madness, killed his
Cornac
or Governor: the wife seeing the misfortune, took her two children and flung them before the Elephant, saying,
Now you have destroyed their father, you may as well put an end to their lives and mine.
It instantly stopped, relented, took the greatest of the children, placed him on its neck, adopted him for its
Cornac,
and never afterwards would permit any body else to mount it.
At the Cape of
Good-Hope,
it is customary to kill those animals, for the sake of their teeth, by the chace. Three horsemen, well-mounted and armed with launces, attack the Elephant alternately, each relieving the other as they see their companion pressed, till the beast is subdued. Three
Dutchmen
(brothers) who had made large fortunes by this business, determined to retire to
Europe,
and enjoy the fruits of their labors; but resolved, before they went, to have a last chace by way of amusement: they met with their game, and began the attack in the usual manner; but unfortunately one of their horses fell down and flung its rider: the enraged animal instantly seized the unhappy man with its trunk, flung him up to a vast height in the air, and received him on one of its tusks; then turning towards the two other brethren, as if it were with an aspect of revenge and insult, held out to them the impaled wretch wreathing on the bloody tooth
V
age de la Caille,
160.
.
The
Indians
have from very early times employed the elephant in their wars:
Porus
opposed the passage of
Alexander,
over the
Hydaspes
Q
ut Curtius, lib.
viii.
c.
42.
, with eighty-five of these animals;
M. de Buffon
very justly imagines that it was some of the elephants taken by that monarch, and afterwards transported into
Greece,
which were employed by
Pyrrhus
against the
Romans.
From the time of
Solomon,
ivory has been used in ornamental works; it was one of the imports of his navy of
Tharshish,
whose lading was gold and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks
Kings
I. 10.
.
The teeth of this animal is often found in a fossil state; some years ago two great grinding teeth, and part of the tusk of an elephant were given me by some miners, who discovered them at the depth of 42 yards in a lead-mine in
Flintshire;
one of the strata above them was lime-stone, about 8 yards thick; the teeth were found in a bed of gravel in the same mine; the grinders were almost as perfect as if just taken from the animal; the tusk much decayed, soft, and exfoliating.
The grinders and tusks of the
Mammouth,
so often found fossil in
Siberia,
must be referred to this animal, as is evident from the account and figures of those in the
Ph. Tr. abridg.
ix. 87. by Mr.
Breynius
Who has given very accurate figures of the entire head, the
molares,
the tusk and the thigh bone.
. The
Molares
differ not in the lest from those recent; but the tusk has a curvature far greater than those of any elephant I have seen; whether this was accidental or preternatural, cannot be determined from a single specimen;
Strablenberg
says they are somewhat more crooked
Hist. Russia,
402. Also
Bell's Travels,
II. 165.
Le Brun's Travels,
I. 63.
than elephants teeth commonly are; and others relate that a pair weighed 400lb. which exceeds the weight of the largest recent tusks: there are also found with them fossil grinders of 24lb. weight; but since, in all other respects, those grinders resemble those of the living elephants; and one being found lodged in the skeleton of the same head with the tusks, we cannot deny our assent to the opinion of those who think them to have been once the parts of the animal we have just described.
These are found lodged in the sandy banks of the
Siberian
rivers; sometimes entire skeletons are found: the tusks are made use of as ivory, formed into combs, and used to inlay cabinets. The
Tartars
have many wild notions about the
Mammouth,
such as its being a subterraneous animal, &c. &c.
Linnaeus
Syst. Nat.
49.
says it is the skeleton of the
Walrus
flung on shore.
63. AMERICAN.
An animal only known in a fossil state, and that but partially; from the teeth, some of the jaw-bones, the thigh bones and
vertebrae,
found with many others five or six feet beneath the surface, on the banks of the
Ohio,
not remote from the river
Miame,
seven hundred miles from the sea coast.
Some of the tusks near seven feet long, one foot nine inches in circumference at the base, and one foot near the point; the cavity at the root or base nineteen inches deep: the tusks of the true elephant have sometimes a very slight lateral bend, these have a larger twist or spiral curve towards the smaller end; but the great and specific difference consists in the shape of the
molares
or grinders, which are made like those of a carnivorous animal, not flat and ribbed transversely on their surface life those of the recent elephant, but furnished with a double row of high and conic processes, as if intended to masticate, not to grind their food.
A third difference is in the thigh bone: which is of a great disproportionable thickness to that of the elephant, and has also some anatomical variations.
The tusks have been cut and polished by the workers in ivory, who affirmed, that in texture and appearance they differed not from the true ivory: the
molares
were indurated to a great degree. Specimens of these teeth and bones are deposited in the
British Museum,
that of the
Royal Society,
and in the cabinet of Doctor
Hunter
Who has obliged the world with an ingenious essay on the subject,
vide Ph. Tr.
Vol. LVIII. 34. The late worthy
Collinson,
in the preceding volume, gave us other notices of those bones.
. I should have been less accurate in this description, had not that gentleman favored me with his observations on some particulars, which otherwise might have escaped my notice.
These fossil bones are also found in
Peru,
and in the
Brazils:
as yet the living animal has evaded our search; it is more than probable that it yet exists in some of those remote parts of the vast new continent, unpenetrated yet by
Europeans.
Providence maintains and continues every created species; and we have as much assurance, that no race of animals will any more cease while the Earth remaineth,
than seed time, and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day or night.
To this may properly be added a very obscure animal, mentioned by
Nieuhoff
Nieuhoff's voy. in Churchill's coll.
II. 360.
, and called by the
Chinese
of
Java, Sukotyro.
It is of the size of a large ox: has a snout like a hog: two long rough ears; and a thick bushy tail: the eyes placed upright in the head, quite different from other beasts: on the side of the head, next to the eyes, stand two long horns, or rather teeth, not quite so thick as those of an elephant. It feeds on herbage, and is but seldom taken.
DIV. II. Digitated Quadrupeds.
SECT. I. Anthropomorphous
Animals approaching the human form:
A term to be taken in a limited sense; to be applied to all of this section, as far as relates to their feet, which serve the uses of hands in eating, climbing, or carrying any thing: to the flatness of the nails, in many species; and to some, resemblance of their actions, resulting from the structure of their parts only, not from any superior sagacity to that of most others of the brute creation.
.
XV. APE.
Four cutting teeth in each jaw, and two canine. Each of the feet formed like hands, generally with flat nails, and, except in one instance, have fou
fingers and a thumb.
Eye-brows above and below.
A most numerous race; almost confined to the torrid zone: fills the woods of
Africa,
from
Senega
to the
Cape,
and from thence to
Aethiopia:
a single species is found beyond that line, in the province of
Barbary:
found in all parts of
India,
and its islands; in
Cochin-China,
in the S. of
China,
and in
Japan;
and one kind is met with in
Arabia:
they swarm in the forests of S.
America,
from the isthmus of
Darien,
as far as
Paraguay.
Are lively, agile, full of frolick, chatter and grimace: from the structure of their members, have many actions in common with the human kind: most of them are fierce and untameable; some are of a milder nature, and will shew a degree of attachment; but in general are endowed with mischievous intellects: are filthy, obscene, lascivious, thieving: feed on fruits, leaves and insects: inhabit woods, and live in trees: in general are gregarious, going in vast companies: the different species never mix with each other, always keep apart and in different quarters: leap with vast activity from tree to tree, even when loaded with their young, which cling to them. Are the prey of leopards, and others of the feline race; of serpents, which pursue them to the summit of the trees, and swallow them entire. Are not carnivorous, but for mischiefs sake will rob the nests of birds of the eggs and young: in the countries where apes most abound, the sagacity of the feathered tribe is more marvellously shewn in their contrivances to fix their nest beyond the reach of these invaders
Indian Zoology p.
7.
tab.
viii.
.
Apes and parrots (the apes of birds) are more numerous in their species than any other animals; their numbers and their different appearances made it necessary to methodize and subdivide the genus; accordingly Mr.
Ray
first distributed them into three classes:
Simiae,
APES, such as wanted tails.
Cercopitheci,
MONKIES, such as had tails. And from the last he formed another division, viz.
Papiones,
BABOONS, those with short tails: to distinguish them from the common monkies, which have very long ones.
From this
Linnaeus
formed his method;
M. de Buffon
followed the same; but makes a very judicious subdivision of the long-tailed apes, or the true monkies, into such which had prehensile tails
Animals with this kind of tail can lay hold of any thing with it, for it serves all the uses of a hand; they can twist it round the branch of a tree, and suspend themselves by it, or keep them secure in their seat, while their feet are otherwise employed. This faculty is common to some
Monkies,
to
Macaucos
and one species of
Porcupine. Vide
plates of yellow
Macauco,
and
Brasilian Porcupine.
, and such which had not. I shall endeavour in this genus no other reform in the system of our countryman, than what that gentleman has made; in respect to the
trivial
names of the species, I have in general invented such as I supposed congruous, or in a few instances retained those of
M. de Buffon.
* Without tails; the true APES.
64. GREAT.
Satyrus
Gesner quad.
863.
Pongo
Purchas's Pilgr.
II. 982. v. 623.
Homo sylvestris, orang outang.
Bontius Java.
84.
Beckman's Borneo
37.
Baris
Nieremberg.
179.
Barrys
Barbot
's
Guinea.
101.
Quojas morrou.
idem
115.
Chimpanzee
Scotin's print.
1738.
Man of the wood
Edw.
213.
Le Jocko
de Buffon
xiv. 44.
tab.
I.
Le Pongo
ibid.
L'Homme de bois. Simia unguibus omnibus planis et rotundatis caesarie faciem cingente.
Brisson quad.
134.
Homo Troglodytes. Homo nocturnus
Lin. syst.
33.
Amoen. Acad.
vi. 68.69.72.
Simia satyrus. S. ecaudata ferruginea, lacertorum pilis reversis, natibus tectis.
Lin. syst.
34.
Br. Mus.
A. with a flat face, and a deformed resemblance of the human: ears exactly like those of a man: hair on the head longer than on the body: body and limbs covered with reddish and shaggy hair; longest on the back, thinnest on the fore-parts: face and paws swarthy: buttocks covered with hair.
Inhabits the interior parts of
Africa,
the isles of
Sumatra, Borneo,
and
Java.
Are solitary, and live in the most desert places: grow to the height of six feet: has prodigious strength, will over-power the strongest man. The old ones are shot with arrows; only the young can be taken alive: live entirely on fruits and nuts: will attack and kill the negroes who wander in the woods: will drive away the elephants, and beat them with their fists, or pieces of wood: will throw stones at people that offend them: sleep in trees; make a sort of shelter from the inclemency of the weather: are of a solitary nature, grave appearance, and melancholy disposition, and even when young not inclined to frolick: are vastly swift and agile: go erect: sometimes carry away the young negroes
These accounts are chiefly taken from
Andrew Battel,
an
English
sailor, who was taken prisoner 1589, and lived many years in the inner parts of
Congo;
his narrative is plain, and seems very authentic, it is preserved in
Purchas's
collection.
.
When taken young are capable of being tamed; very docil, are taught to carry water, pound rice, turn a spit. The
Chimpanzee
shewn in
London,
1738, was extremely mild, affectionate, good-natured; like the satyr of
Pliny, mitissima natura;
very fond of the people it was used to: eat like a human creature: lay down in bed like one, with its hand under its head: fetch a chair to sit down on: drink tea, pour it into a saucer if too hot: would cry like a child; be uneasy at the absence of its keeper. This was only two feet four inches high, and was a young one: that described by Doctor
Tylon
Orang outang, sive homo sylvestris;
or the anatomy of a Pygmie.
F
. London
1699.
two inches shorter. There is great possibility that these animals may vary in size and in color, some being covered with black, others with reddish hairs.
Not the
Satyrs
of the antients, which had tails
Aelian
gives them tails,
lib. Pliny
says they have teeth like dogs,
lib.
vii.
c.
2. circumstances common to many monkies,
Ptolomy lib.
vii.
c.
2. speaks of certain islands in the
Indian
ocean, inhabited by people with tails like those with which
Satyrs
are painted, whence called the isles of
Satyrs. Koeping,
a
Suede,
pretended to have discovered these
Homines Caudati,
that they would have trafficked with him, offering him live parrots; that afterwards they killed some of the crew that went on shore, and eat them, &c. &c.
Amoen Acad.
vi. 71.
, and were a species of monkey.
Linnaeus's Homo nocturnus,
an animal of this kind, unnecessarily separated from his
Simia Satyrus.
Some of the authorities in the
Amaen Acad.
very doubtfull. Sir
John Mondeville,
p. 361, certainly meant this large species, when he says he came to
another yle where the Folk ben alle skynned roughe heer, as a rough best, saf only the face, and the pawme of the hond.
65. PYGMY.
.
Aristot. hist. an. lib. c.
8.
Simia
Gesner quad.
847.
Raii syn. quad.
149.
Ape 2d. sp.
Bosman
's
Guinea.
242.
Le Singe. Simia unguibus omnibus planis planis, et rotundatis
Brisson quad.
133.
Le Pitheque
de Buffon
xix. 84.
Simia sylvanus. S. ecaudatus, natibus calvis capite rotundato.
Lin. syst.
34.
A. with a flattish face: ears like those of a man: body of the size of a cat: color above of an olive brown, beneath yellowish: nails flat buttocks naked: sits upright.
Inhabits
Africa.
Not uncommon in our exhibitions of animals: very tractable, and good-natur'd: most probably the pygmy of the antients. Abounds in
Aethiopia
Ludolph. Aethiop.
57.
, one seat of that imaginary nation: were believed to dwell near the fountains of the
Nile
Aristot. hist. an. lib.
viii.
c.
13.
; descended annually to make war on the cranes, i. e. to steal their eggs, which the birds may be supposed naturally to defend; whence the fiction of their combats.
Strabo
judiciously
Gesner quad.
852. From
Marco Polo.
They take off all the hair, except a little they leave by way of beard.
observes, that no person worthy of credit ever ventured to assert he had seen this nation:
Aristotle
speaks of them only by hear-say,
, they were said to be mounted on little horses, on goats, on rams, and even on partridges. The
Indians
taking advantage of the credulity of people, embalmed this species of ape with spices, and sold them to merchants as true pygmies
Lib.
xvii.
: such, doubtless, were the diminutive inhabitants mentioned by Mr.
Grose
Vo
. E. Indies.
365.
to be found in the forest of the
Carnatic.
Feed on fruits; are very fond of insects, particularly of ants; assemble in troops
Ludolph. Aethiop.
57.
, and turn over every stone in search of them. If attacked by wild beasts, take to flight; but if overtaken, will face their pursuers, and by flinging the subtile sand of the desert in their eyes, often escape
Idem,
58.
.
66. LONG-ARMED.
Le grand Gibbon
de Buffon,
xiv. 92.
tab.
ii.
A. with a flat swarthy face surrounded with grey hairs: hair on the body black and rough: buttocks bare: nails on the hands flat; on the feet, long: arms of a most disproportioned length, reaching quite to the ground when the animal is erect, its natural posture: of a hideous deformity.
Inhabits
India, Malacca,
and the
Mollucca
Isles: a mild and gentle animal: grows to the height of four feet. The great black ape of
Mangsi,
a province in
China,
seems to be of this kind
Du Halde,
I. 118.
.
α LESSER. Resembling the former, but much less: its colors brown and grey. From
Malacca.
Le petit gibbon
de Buffon
xiv.
tab.
iii.
β A species in possession of Lord
Clive
about two years ago, much resembling the last, but more elegant in its form, and the arms shorter; but so nearly allied in shape, as not to be separated: face, ears, crown of the head, feet and hands, black: the rest of the body and arms covered with silvery hairs: about three feet high: good-natured, and full of frolick.
67 BARBARY.
Aristot. hist. an. lib.
ii.
c.
8.
Cynocephalus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
54.
Gesner quad.
859.
Simius cynocephalus
Pr. Alp. Aegypt,
I. 241.
tab.
xv.xvi.
Le Magot
de Buffon,
xiv. 109.
tab.
vii.viii.
Le Singe Cynocephale.
Brisson quad.
Simia Inuus. S. ecaudata natibus calvis, capite oblongo.
Lin. syst.
35.
Yellow ape?
Du Halde China,
I. 120.
La Roque voy. Arabia,
210.
A. with a long face, not unlike that of a dog: canine teeth, long and strong: ears like the human: nails flat: buttocks bare: color of the upper part of the body a dirty greenish brown: belly of a dull pale yellow: grows to above the length of four feet.
Inhabits many parts of
India, Arabia,
and all parts of
Africa,
except
Aegypt,
where none of this genus are found. A few are found on the hill of
Gibraltar,
which breed there: probably from a pair that had escaped from the town; for I never heard that they were found in any other part of
Spain.
Are very ill-natured, mischievous and fierce; agreeing with the character of the antient
Cynocephali:
are a very common kind in exhibitions: by force of discipline, are made to play some tricks; otherwise, are more dull and sullen than the rest of this genus: assemble in great troops in the open fields in
India
D
llon's voy.
83.
: will attack women going to market, and take their provisions from them. The females carry the young in their arms, and will leap from tree to tree with them. Apes were worshipped in
India,
and had magnificent temples erected to them. When the
Portuguese
plundered one in
Ceylon,
they found in a little golden casket
Linsebotian's voy.
53. In
Amadabat
are hospitals for apes, and other maimed animals.
Tavernier's voy. part
II. 48. The same writer says, that they breed in great numbers in
India,
in the copses of
amboos,
which grow on each side the road.
p.
94.
the tooth of an ape; a relique held by the natives in such veneration, that they offered 700,000 ducats to redeem it, but in vain; for it was burnt by the Viceroy, to stop the progress of idolatry.
68. TUFTED.
Mantegar
Ph. Tr.
No: 290.
Abridg.
V. 182.
Bradley's Nat.
117.
tab.
xv.
fig.
1.
A. with a nose and head fourteen inches in length▪ the nose of a deep red, face blue, both naked: black eye-brows: ears like the human; on the top of the head a long upright tuft of hair; on the chin another: two long tusks in the upper jaw: fore feet exactly resembling hands, and the nails on the fingers flat: the hind feet have the thumbs less perfect, and the nails imbricated: the fore part of the body, and the inside of the legs and arms, naked: the outside covered with mottled brown and olive hair; that on the back dusky: the buttocks red, and bare: length, from the nose to the rump, three feet two inches.
A species of disgusting deformity; very fierce and falacious; went on all fours; but would sit up on its rump, and support itself with a stick: in this attitude would hold a cup in its hand, and drink out of it: its food was fruits.
Aristotle
barely mentions another species of ape under the title of
,
simia Porcaria.
M.
de Buffon
imagines it to be the baboon; but since the Philosopher expresly says, that his
, or apes, had no tails, we cannot assent to its being the baboon. I rather think it a species we have not at present knowlege of. Among my drawings is the copy of one in the
British Museum,
with a nose exactly resembling that of a hog, which possibly may be
Aristotle
's animal; but there is no account attending the painting to enable us to trace its history.
I PYMY APE No 65. II TUFTED APE No . 68.
** With short tails, or BABOONS.
69. RIBBED NOSE.
Le Mandrill
de Buffon,
xiv. 154.
tab.
xvi. xvii.
S. maimon. S. caudata subbarbata genis caeruleis striatis.
Lin. syst.
35.
B. with a long naked nose compressed sideways, of a purple color, and ribbed obliquely on each side: on the chin a short picked orange beard: tail very hairy, about two inches long, which it carries erect: buttocks naked: hair soft, dusky mottled with yellow: length, from nose to tail, about two feet.
Inhabits
Guinea.
Those I have seen sat erect on their rump, but walked on all fours: were good-natured, but not sportive.
By the rude figure in
Gesner
P.
60.
Papio,
a barbarous name: from whence, the
English,
; Italian,
Babbuino, and
French,
Babouin.
, this seems to be the animal he intended, by his
Papio:
(the
Simia Sphinx
of
Linnaeus,
35.) but it must be observed, that able Naturalist here makes a great mistake, in thinking it the
Hyaena
of the Antients; but his description is taken from a drawing, not from nature.
Linnaeus
places this among the
simiae cauda elongata,
and applies to it some of the synonyms of the
d species: but his description agrees with this so exactly, that there can be no doubt but that it is his
Simia maimon.
This animal is well described by M.
de Buffon,
Mr.
, Linnaeus,
and M.
Brisson;
and indeed every Naturalist, except M.
de Buffon,
has copied
Gesner:
but we think the first ought to have applied the name of Baboon to this species, instead of that described by him, p. 133. the one having the character of this section, the other having a length of tail, that constitutes that of the monkey.
The animal called, by
Barbot
and
Bosman
Barbot's Guinea,
212.
Bosman's Guinea,
242.
, SMITTEN, is a large species to be referred to this genus: it is described with a great head, short tail, and of a mouse color; that it grows to the size of five feet, is very fierce, and will even attack a man.
The
mandrill
mentioned by
Smith,
in his voyage to
Guinea,
is another kind; probably only a variety of the
Smitten.
He says it grows to a vast size: the body as thick as that of a man: the teeth large and yellow: head vastly large: face broad and flat, wrinkled, and covered with a white skin: nose always running: body covered with long black hair like a bear. M.
de Buffoon
makes this last synonymous with his
mandrill;
but both the size and length of hair, and greatness of the head, shew them to be of a very different species.
The
Tretretretre
of
Madagascar
is another animal of this kind; described to be of the size of a calf of two years old; to have a round head, visage and ears of a man, feet of an ape, hair curled: a solitary species: the natives are greatly afraid of it, and fly its haunts as it does theirs
Flacourt hist. Madug.
154.
.
SIMIA PORCARIA
p. 102
II. NEW BABOON
add.
XXIII.
70. LITTLE.
Simia apedia. S. semicaudata, palmarum pollice approximato, unguibus oblongis, pollicum rotundatis, natibus tectis.
Lin. syst.
35.
Simia cauda abrupta, unguibus compressis obtusiusculis, pollice palmarum digitis adhaerente.
Aman. Acad.
I. 558.
B. with a roundish head, mouth projecting, ears roundish, and naked; thumb not remote from the fingers: nails narrow, and compressed; those of the thumbs rounded: color of the hair yellowish tipt with black: face brown, with a few scattered hairs: tail not an inch long: buttocks covered with hairs: size of a squirrel, according to
Linnaeus.
But Mr.
Balk,
in the
Amaen. Acad.
says it is as large as a cat.
Inhabits
India:
is a lively species.
71. PIG-TAIL.
Pig-tailed Monkey.
Edw.
214. Le Maimon
de Buffon,
xiv. 176.
tab.
xix.
Simia Nemestrina. S. Semicaudata sub-barbata grisea iridibus brunneis, natibus calvis.
Lin. syst.
35.
Br. Mus.
B. with a pointed face, not so long as that of the last: eyes hazel: above and beneath the mouth some few black hairs: face naked, of a swarthy redness; two sharp canine teeth: ears like the human: crown of the head dusky: hair on the limbs and body brown inclining to ash color, palest on the belly: fingers black: nails long and flat: thumbs on the hind feet very long, connected to the nearest toe by a broad membrane: tail four inches long, slender, exactly like a pig's, and almost naked: the bare spaces on the rump red, and but small: length, from head to tail, twenty-two inches.
Inhabits the isle of
Sumatra
and
Japan
Kaempfer's hist. Japan,
I. 126.
: is very docil: in
Japan
is taught several tricks, and carried about the country by mountebanks.
Kaempfer
was informed by one of these people, that the Baboon he had was 102 years old.
* * * With long tails, or MONKIES.
A. those of the old world, or the continents of
Asia
and
Africa,
having within each lower jaw pouches for the reception of their food.
Buttocks (generally) naked.
Tails strait, not prehensile.
72. DOG-FACED.
Aristot. hist. An.
II.
c
8.
C
ephalus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
1
Gesner quad.
862.
Clus. exot.
3
0.
Tartarin
Belon portraits
102. S
mia. Aegyptiaca cauda elongata,
tuberosis nudis.
Hassel
n.
189.
S
Hamadryas. S. caudata cinerea, auribus comosis, unguibus acutiusculis, natibus calvis.
Lin. syst.
36.
Cercopithecus cynocephalus, parte anteriore corporis longis pilis obsita, naso violaceo nudo. Le Magot ou le Tartarin.
Brisson quad.
152.
Le Babouin
de Buffon,
xiv. 133.
tab.
xiii.xiv.
Edw. fig. ined.
M. with a long, thick and strong nose, covered with a smooth red skin: eyes small: ears pointed, and hid in the hair: head great, and flat: hair on the head, and fore part of the body, as far as the waste, very long and shaggy; grey and olive brinded; that
n the sides of the head very full: the hair on the
bs and hind part of the body very short: limbs strong and thick: hands and feet dusky: the nails on the fore feet flat; those on the hind like a dog's: buttocks very bare, and covered with a skin of a
ody color: tail scarce the length of the body, and carried generally erect. The Baboon described by M.
de Buffon,
had lost part of its tail; therefore is imperfectly described and figured. Well represented in
Belon.
Inhabits the hottest parts of
Africa
and
Asia:
keep in vast troops: are very fierce and dangerous: rob gardens: run up trees when passengers go by; shake the boughs at them with great fury, and chatter very loud: are excessively impudent, indecent, lascivious: most detestable animals in their manners, as well as appearance. Mr.
Edwards
communicated to me an account and a fine print
Engraven by himself, but never published. I should suspect this to be the
Smitt
n
of
Barbot,
did he not expressly say it had a very short tail.
of one, which was shewn in
London
some years ago: it came from
Moco,
in the
Persian
gulph; was above five feet high; very fierce, and untameable; so strong, as easily to master its keeper, a strong young man: its inclinations to women appeared in the most violent manner. A Footman, who brought a girl to see it, in order to teize the animal, kissed and hugged her: the beast, enraged at being so tantalized, caught hold of a quart pewter pot, which he threw with such force, and so sure an aim, that had not the man's hat and wig softened the blow, his scull must have been fractured; but he fortunately escaped with a common broken head.
I DOG FACED MONKEY No . 72. II LION TAILED M.
B
No . 73.
73. LION TAILED.
Cercopithecus barbatus primus.
Clusii exot.
371.
Raii syn. quad.
159.
Klein quad.
89.
Wanderow
Knox's Ceylon.
26.
Simia veter. S. caudata barbata alba barba nigra.
Lin. syst.
36.
Brisson quad.
147.
Simia silenus. S. caudata barbata nigra, barba nigra prolixa.
Lin. syst.
36.
Brisson quad.
149.
Cercopithecus niger Aegyptiacus,
ibid.
Simia Faunus. S. caudata barbata, cauda apice floccosa.
Lin. syst.
36.
Cercopithecus barbatus infra albus, barba incana mucronata, cauda in floccum desinente.
Brisson quad.
144.
M. with a long dog-like face, naked, and of a dusky color: a very large and full white or hoary beard: large canine teeth: body covered with black hair: belly of a lighter color: nails flat: tail terminated with a tuft of hair like that of a Lion: bulk of a middling sized dog.
Inhabits the
East-Indies
and the hotter parts of
Africa:
I think, subject to variety.
α. One shewn in
London
three years ago: excessively fierce, and ill-natured: the tail not longer than the back, ending with a large tuft: beard reaching quite up the cheeks, as far as the eyes. This is certainly the
Ouanderou
of M.
de Buffon,
xiv. 169.
tab.
xviii. which he makes a sort of Baboon, or Monkey with a short tail; for he seems to have met with a specimen mutilated in that part; and describes it accordingly.
. with a triangular white beard, pointed at the bottom and on each side the ears, standing out far beyond them: face and hands purple: body black: tail long, black, and terminated with a dirty white tuft.
Ceylon.
Mr.
Loten.
This is the
Cercopithecu. barbatus, barba incana mucronata
of M.
Brisson
p. 148.
Cercopithecus Barbatus secundus
Clusii exot 371.
γ. with the whole body milk white, but bearded like the others.
Ceylon. Knox.
δ. the little bearded men of
Barbot voy. Guinea,
212 and
Bosman,
242. are about two feet high, and are black as jet, with long white beards. The negroes set a great value on the skins of this species, and sell them to one another at eighteen or twenty shillings each. Of the skins of these they make the caps for the
Tie-Tie's,
or public Criers.
ε. another bearded man, found on the
Gold Coast,
with white beard, and black mustachoes; speckled skin, white belly, a broad tawny stroke on the back, black paws, and black tail
Desc. of the golden kingdome of
Guinea,
translated from the
Dutch,
in
Purchas's Pilgrims,
II. 955.
.
74. HARELIPPED.
Cercopithecus angolensis major, macaquo.
Marcgrave Brasil,
227.
Rau syn. quad.
155.
Klein quad.
89. Cercopithecus cynocephalus, naribus bifidis elatis, natibus calvis
Brisson quad.
152. C. Cynoceph. ex virid. &c. 151.
S. Cynomolgus. S. caudata imberbis, naribus bifidis elatis, cauda arcuata, natibus calvis.
Lin. syst.
38. S. cynocephalus.
ibid.
Le Macaque
de Buffon,
xiv. 190.
tab,
xiv.
M. with the nostrils divided, like those of a hare: nose thick, flat, and wrinkled: head large: eyes small: teeth very white: body thick, and clumsy: buttocks naked: tail long: color varies; sometimes like that of a wolf; but others, are brown, tinged with yellow, or olive: the tail is rather shorter than the body, and is always carried arched.
Inhabits
Guinea
and
Angola:
is full of frolick, and ridiculous grimaces.
Le Malbrouck
of
M. de Buffon,
xiv. 224.
tab.
xxix. so much resembles this species, that I place it it here as a variety. That able Zoologist suspected the same; but separates them, on account of some trifling distinctions, and the difference of country: this being a native of
India,
the other of
Africa:
but since those very distinctions may arise from the last cause, it seems better to unite them, than to multiply the species already so numerous. A few years ago, one that seemed of this species was shewn in
London,
equal in size to a small greyhound.
75. SPOTTED.
Cercopithecus barbatus guineensis, Exquima.
Marcgrave Brasil.
227.
Raii syn. quad.
156.
Cercopithecus barbatus fuscus punctis albis impersis barba alba.
Brisson quad.
147.
No.
23.148.
No.
24.
Simia Diana. S. caudata barbata, fronte barbaque fastigiata.
Lin. syst.
38.
L'Exquima
de Buffon,
xv. 16.
M. with a long white beard: color of the upper parts of the body reddish, as if they had been singed, marked with white specks: the belly and chin whitish: tail very long: is a species of a middle size.
Inhabits
Guinea
and
Congo,
according to
Marcgrave:
the
Congese
call it
Exquima.
M.
de Buffon
denies it to be of that country: but, from the circumstance of the curl in its tail, in
Marcgrave
's figure, and the description of some voyagers, he supposes it to be a native of
South America.
Linnaeus
describes his
S. Diana
somewhat differently: he says it is of the size of a large cat; black, spotted with white: hind part of the back ferrugineous: the hairs on the forehead erect, forming the shape of a crescent: beard pointed; black above, white beneath; placed on a fattish excrescence: breast and throat white: from the rump, cross the thighs, a white line: tail long, strait, and black: face, ears, and feet, of the same color: canine teeth, large.
76. GREEN.
Simius Callitrichus.
Prosp. Alp. Aegypt.
I.
Simia sabaea. S. caudata imberbis flavicans, facie atra, cauda cinerca, natibus calvis.
Lin. syst.
38.
Cercopithecus ex cinereo flavescens, genis longis pilis albis obsita.
Brisson quad.
145. et Cercobarbatus rufus facie nigra, caesarie alba cincta. 140.
Le Callitriche
de Buffon
xiv. 272.
tab.
xxxvli.
M. with a black and flattish face: the sides of it bounded by long white hairs; falling backwards, and almost covering the ears, which are black, and like the human: head, limbs, and whole upper part of the body and tail, covered with soft hair, of a yellowish green color at their ends, cinereous at their roots: under side of the body and tail, and inner side of the limbs, of a silvery color: tail very long and slender: size of a small cat.
Inhabits different parts of
Africa:
keep in great flocks, and live in the woods: are scarce discernible when among the leaves, except by their breaking the boughs with their gambols, in which they are very agile and silent: even when shot at, do not make the lest noise; but will unite in company, knit their brows, and gnash their teeth, as if they meant to attack their enemy
Adanson's voy.
316.
: are very common in the
Cape Verd
islands.
77. WHITE EYE-LID.
βSimia
Aethiops.
caudata imberbis, capillitio erecto lunalaque frontis albis.
Lin. syst.
39.
Hasselquist itin?
190.
Le Mangabey
de Buffon,
xiv. 244
tab.
xxxii. xxxiii.
M. with a long, black, naked, and dog-like face: the upper eye-lids of a pure white: ears black, and like the human: no canine teeth: hairs on the sides of the face beneath the cheeks, longer than the rest: tail long: color of the whole body tawny and black: flat nails on the thumbs and fore-fingers; blunt claws on the others: hands and feet black.
Shewn in
London
a few years ago: place uncertain: that described by
M. de Buffon
came from
Madagascar:
was very good-natured, went on all fours.
Le Mangabey a collier blanc
Of
M. de Buffon, tab.
xxxiii.
, is a variety, with the long hairs on the cheeks and round the neck white.
78. MUSTACHE.
Cercopithecus alius Guineensis.
Marcgrave Brasil,
228.
Raii syn. quad.
156.
S. cephus. S. caudata buccis barbatis, vertice flavescente, pedibus nigris, cauda apice ferruginea.
Lin. syst.
39.
Cercopithecus nigricans, genis et auriculis longis pilis ex alba flavicantibus obsitis, ore caer
lescente.
Brisson quad.
146.
Le Moustac
de Buffon,
xiv. 283.
tab.
xxxix.
M. with a short nose, the end marked with a transverse line of pure white: the face naked, and of a dusky blue: on the cheeks, before the ears, two large tufts of yellow hairs, like
Mustaches:
the hair on the top of the head long and upright: round the mouth are some black hairs: the color of the hair on the head yellow; on the body and limbs, a mixture of red and ash-color: the part of the tail next the body of the same color; the rest yellowish: the under part of the body paler than the upper: the feet black: nails flat: its length, one foot; that of the tail, eighteen inches.
Inhabits
Guinea.
79. TALAPOIN.
e Talapoin
de Buffon,
xiv. 287.
tab.
xi.
M. with a sharp nose, round head, large black naked ears: eyes, and end of the nose, flesh-colored: hair on the cheeks very long, and reflected towards the ears: on the chin a small beard: the color of the whole upper part of the body, and the outside of the limbs, a mixture of dusky yellow and green: the lower part white tinged with yellow: the tail very long and slender; above, of an olive and dusky color; beneath, cinereous: the paws black: length, about one foot; of the tail, one foot five inches.
Inhabits
India.
80. NEGRO.
Middle-sized black monkey
Edw.
311.
M. with a round head: nose a little sharp: face, of a tawny flesh color, with a few black hairs:
irides, a reddish hazel: hair above the eyes long,
uniting with the eye-brows; that on the temples partly covering the ears: breast and belly of a swarthy flesh color, almost naked: hair on the body, limbs and tail, black, and pretty long: paws covered with a black soft skin: size of a large cat.
Inhabits
Guinea:
active, lively, entertaining, good-natured.
81. EGRET.
S. aygula. S. caudata subimberbis grisea, eminentia pilosa verticis reversa longitudinali.
Lin. syst.
39.
Osbeck's voy.
I. 151. L'Aigrette.
de Buffon,
xiv. 190.
tab.
xxi.
M. with a long face, and an upright sharp-pointed tuft of hair on the top of the head: hair on the forehead black: the tuft and upper part of the body light grey: the belly white: eye-brows large: beard very small: size of a small cat.
Inhabits
Java:
fawn on men, on their own species, and embrace each other; play with dogs, if they have none of their own species with them: if they see a monkey of another kind, greet him with a thousand grimaces: when a number of them sleep, they put their heads together; make a continual noise during night.
Le Patas a bandeau noir.
de Buffon,
xiv. 208.
tab.
xxv.
M. with a long nose: eyes sunk in the head: ears furnished with pretty long hairs: body slender: over each eye, from ear to ear, extends a black line: the upper part of the body of a most beautifull and bright bay, almost red, so vivid as to appear painted: the lower parts ash-color, tinged with yellow: tail not so long as the body: whose length is about one foot six inches.
M. de Buffon
gives a variety of this species,
tab.
xxvi. with a white band cross the face, which he calls
Le Patas a bandeau blanc.
Inhabits
Senegal:
is less active than the other kinds: very inquisitive: when boats are on their passage on the river, will come in crowds to the extremities of the branches, and seem to admire them with vast attention: at length, will become so familiar, as to throw pieces of sticks at the crew: if shot at, will raise hideous cries; some will throw stones, others void their excrements in their hands, and fling them among the passengers
De Beue,
as quoted by M.
de Buffon.
.
Barbot
De
. Guinea,
212.
mentions another sort of red monkey, called in
Guinea Peasants,
because of their ugly red hair and figure, and their natural stink and nastiness.
83. CHINE
Knox's C
ylon,
26.
Le Bonnet-Chinois.
de Buffon,
xiv. 190.
tab.
xxx.
Br. Mus.
M. with a long smooth nose, of a whitish color: hair on the crown of the head long, lying flat, and parted like that of a man: color, a pale cinereous brown.
Inhabits
Ceylon:
keep in great troops: rob the gardens of fruit, and fields of the corn: the natives are obliged to watch the whole day; yet these monkies are so bold, that, when drove from one end of the field, will immediately enter at the other, and carry off with them as much as their mouth and arms can hold.
Bosman
Vey. Cuinea,
243.
, speaking of the thefts of the monkies of
Guinea,
says, that they will take in each paw one or two stalks of millet, as many under their arms, and two or three in their mouth; and thus laden, hop away on their hind legs; but if pursued, fling away all, except what is in their mouths, that it may not impede their flight: they are very nice in their choice of the millet, examine every stalk, and if they do not like it, fling it away; so this delicacy does more harm to the fields than their thievery.
84. VARIED.
?
Arist. hist. An.
Monne?
Leo Afr.
342.
Monichus
Prosp. Alp. Aegypt. I.
242.
La Mone
de Buffon,
xiv. 258.
tab.
xxxvi.
Cercopithecus pilis ex nigro et rufo variegatis vestibus, pedibus nigris, cauda cinerea. Le singe variè.
Brisson quad.
1411
M. with a short thick nose, of a dirty flesh color: hair on the sides of the face, and under the throat, long; the color yellow and black; on the forehead, grey: above the eyes, from ear to ear, a black line: the upper part of the body dusky and red: the belly whitish: outside of the thighs, and the feet, black: the tail of a cinereous brown: length, about a foot and a half; the tail, above two.
Inhabits
Barbary, Aethiopia,
and other parts of
Africa:
is the kind which gives the name of Monkey to the whole tribe, from the
African
word
Menne;
or rather its corruption,
Monichus.
M.
de Buffon
supposes it to be the
of
Aristotle:
but the Philosopher says no more, than that the
Cebi
are apes furnished with tails.
Of this kind is the
Cercopithecus Guineensis alius
of
Marcgrave Brasil.
228.
Brisson quad.
139. which the first describes as being of the color of the back of a hare.
85. COCHIN-CHINA.
Le Doue
de Buffon,
xiv. 298.
tab.
x
i
Cercopithecus cinereus, genis longis pilis ex albo flavicantibus, obsitis, torque ex castaneo purpurascente. Le grand singe de la
Cochin-chine. Brisson quad.
146.
M. with a short flattish face, bounded on each side by long hairs of a yellowish white color: on the neck a collar of purplish brown: the lower part of the arms, the thighs, and tail, are white: the upper part of the arms, and thighs, black: the back, belly and sides, grey tinged with yellow: above the root of the tail is a spot of white, which extends beneath as far as the lower part of the belly and part of the thighs: the feet black: the buttocks
All the species of apes of
Asia
and
Africa,
except this and No. 6
, 70. and 87, have their buttocks naked.
covered with hair: is a very large species, about four feet long, from the nose to the tail; but the tail not so long.
Inhabits
Cochin-China
and
Madagascar
Where it is called
Sifac. Flacourt hist. Madag.
153.
: lives on beans; often walks on its hind feet.
86. TAWNY.
M. with a face a little produced; that and the ear flesh colored: nose flattish: long canine teeth in the lower jaw: hair on the upper part of the body pal
tawny, cinereous at the roots: hind part of the back orange: legs cinereous: belly white: size o
a cat: tail shorter than the body.
Inhabits
India.
From one in Mr.
Brooks
's exhibition, very ill-natured.
87. WINKING.
Simia nictitans. S. caudata imberbis nigra punctis pallidis alpersa, naso albo, pollice palmarum brevissimo, natibus tectis.
Lin. syst.
Cercopithecus Angolensis alius
Totus niger at insperso cano nigredini per totum corpus, naso alb
.
Ibid.
.
Marcgrave Brasil.
227.
White Noses.
Purchas's Pilg
II. 955.
M. with a short face covered with hair: nose white: orbits naked: irides yellow: hair on the body black, marked with some circles of a lighter color: tail strait, longer than the body: feet and tail black: buttocks covered: thumbs very short: not quite the size of the Pygmy ape.
Inhabits
Guinea:
very sportive; perpetually winking.
88. GOAT.
M. with a blue naked face ribbed obliquely: a long beard, like that of a goat: whole body and limbs of a deep brown color: tail long. Described from a drawing in the
British Museum,
by
Kikius,
an excellent painter of animals.
LLION TAILED MONKY. N. 73. a. II. TAWNY M. N. 86. P. XXIII.
89. ANNULATED.
M. with a flat face: long hairs on the forehead and cheeks: upper part of the body and limbs of a tawny brown; belly cinereous: tail shorter than the body, annulated with a darker and lighter brown: from a drawing in the
British Museum.
90. PHILIPPINE.
Cercopithecus
Luzonicus
minimus,
magu
vel
Root
Indorum.
F
. Gaz.
21.
tab.
13.
Simia syrichta. S. caudata imberbis ore ciliisque vibrissatis.
Lin. syst.
44.
M. with its mouth and eye-brows beset with long hairs: an obscure species, mentioned only by
Petiver;
said to come from the
Philippine
isles.
B. monkies of the new world, or the continent of
America,
having neither pouches in their jaws, nor naked buttocks.
Tails of many prehensile, and naked on the under side, for a certain space next their end.
α. With prehensile tails
These M.
de Buffon
calls
Sapd
ods.
.
91. PREACHER.
Guariba
Marcgrave Brasil,
226.
Raii syn. quad.
153.
Aquiqui
De Laet.
486.
Grew's Muscum,
11.
Howling Baboons, Guareba.
Dancroft's Guiana.
133.
Simia Beelzebub. S. caudata barbata nigra, cauda prehensili extremo pedibusque fuscis.
Lin. syst.
37.
Cercopithecus niger, pedibus fuscis.
Brisson quad.
137.
M. with black shining eyes: short round ears: a round beard under the chin and throat: hairs on the body of a shining black, long, yet lie so close on each other that the animal appears quite smooth: the feet and end of the tail brown; tail very long, and always twisted at the end: size of a fox.
Inhabits the woods of
Brasil
and
Guiana
in vast numbers; and makes a most dreadfull howling: sometimes one mounts on a higher branch, the rest seat themselves beneath; the first begins as if it was to harangue, and sets up so loud and sharp a howl as may be heard a vast way, a person at a distance would think that a hundred joined in the cry; after a certain space, he gives a signal with his hand, when the whole assembly joins in chorus; but on another signal, is silent, and the orator finishes his address
A singular account, yet related by
Marcgrave
and several other writers.
Marcgrave
is a writer of the first authority, and a most able naturalist, long resident in the
Brasils,
and speaks from his own knowlege.
: their clamor is the most disagreeable and tremendous that can be conceived, owing to a hollow and hard bone placed in the throat, which the
English
call the
throttle
bone
Grew's Rarities,
11.
. These monkies are very fierce, untameable and bite dreadfully.
α. ROYAL. Cercopithecus barbatus maximus, ferruginosus, stertorosus.
Ala
iita,
singe rouge.
Barrere France Aequin.
150.
Cercupithecus barbatus saturaté rufus.
Brisson quad.
147.
Simia seniculus. S. caudata barbata rufa, cauda prehensili.
Lin. syst.
37.
Arabata
Gumilla Orenóque,
II. 8.
Bancroft Guiana,
135.
L'Allouatte,
de Buffon,
xiv. 5.
A variety of a ferruginous or reddish bay color, which the
Indians
De Laet.
486.
call the king of the monkies: is large, and as noisy as the former: the natives eat this species, and several other sorts of monkies, but are particularly fond of this;
Europeans
will also eat it, especially in those parts of
America
where food is scarce: when it is scalded in order to get off the hair, it looks very white, and has a resemblance shocking to humanity, that of a child of two or three years old, when crying
Ulloa
's
voy.
I. 113.
Des Marchais
III. 311. says, they are excellent eating, and that a
soupe aux singes
will be found as good as any other, as soon as you have conquered the aversion to the
Bouilli
of their heads, which look very like those of little children.
.
92. FOUR-FINGERED.
Cercopithecus major niger, faciem humanam referens. Quouata. Barrere
France Aequin.
150.
Quato
Bancroft Guiana,
131.
Cercopithecus in pedibus anteriobus pollice carens cauda inferius apicem versus pi
is destituta. Le Belzebut.
Brisson quad.
150.
Simia Paniscus. S. caudata imberbis atra, cauda prehensili, ad apicem subtus nuda.
Lin. syst.
37.
Le Coaita
de Buffon
xv. 16.
Spider Monkey.
Edw. Gleanings.
III. 222.
Br. Mus.
M. with a long fiat face, of a swarthy flesh color: eyes sunk in the head: ears like the human: limbs of a great length and uncommonly slender: hair black, long and rough: only four fingers on the hands, being quite destitute of a thumb: five toes on the feet: nails flat: tail long, and naked below, near the end: body slender: about a foot and a half long: tail near two feet, so prehensile as to serve every purpose of a hand.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of
Carthagena, Guiana, Brasil,
and
De Buffon,
xv. 21.
Peru:
associate in vast herds: scarce ever are seen on the ground.
Dampier
Vox
II. 60.
describes their gambols in a lively manner:
There was, says he, a great company, dancing from tree to tree over my head, chattering and making a terrible noise, and a great many grim faces and antick gestures; some broke down dry sticks and flung them at me, others scattered their urine and dung about my ears; at last one bigger than the rest came to a small limb just over my head, and leaping directly at me, made me leap back, but the monkey caught hold of the bough with the tip of his tail, and there continued swinging to and fro, making mouths at me. The females with their young ones are much troubled to leap after the males, for they have commonly two, one she carries under her arm, the other sits on her back, and claps its two fore paws about her neck: are very sullen when taken; and very hard to be got when shot, for they will cling with their tail or feet to a bough, as long as any life remains; when I have shot at one, and broke a leg or arm, I have pitied the poor creature to see it look and handle the broken limb, and turn it from side to side.
They are the most active of monkies, and quite enliven the forests of
America:
in order to pass from top to top of lofty trees, whose branches are too distant for a leap, they will form a chain, by hanging down, linked to each other by their tails, and swinging in that manner till the lowest catches hold of a bough of the next tree, and draws up the rest
Wafer's voy.
in
Dampier,
III. 330.
and sometimes they pass
Ulka.
I
113.
rivers by the same expedient.
Are sometimes brought to
Europe:
are very tender, and seldom live long in our climate: Mr.
Brookes
had one or two, which, as long as they continued in health, were so active, and played such tricks, as to confirm the account of voyagers.
93. CAPUCIN.
Simia trepida. S. caudata imberbis, capillitio arrecto, manibus pedibusque caeruleis, cauda prehensili villosa.
Lin. syst.
39.
Simia capucina. S. caudata imberbis fusca, cauda prehensili hirsuta, pileo artubusque nigris, natibus tectis.
Lin. syst.
42.
Mus. Ad. Fred.
I.
tab.
ii. S. Apella. S. caudata imberbis cauda subprehensili, corpore fusco, pedibus nigris, natibus tectis.
ibid Mus. Ad. Fred.
I.
tab.
ii.
Cercopithecus fuscus, capitis vettice fusco.
Brisson quad.
137.
Le Sajou brun—et gris,
de Buffon
xv. 37.
tab.
iv.v.
Bush-tailed Montey
Edw.
312. Simiolus Ceylonicus
Seb. Mus.
I. 77.
tab.
48.
Br. Mus.
M. with round head; and short flesh colored face, with a little down on it: hair on the forehead more or less high and erect in different subjects: top of the head black or dusky, hair on it pretty long: hind part of the neck, and middle of the back, covered with long dusky hairs; rest of the back and the limbs of a reddish brown: hands and feet covered with a black skin: tail longer than the head and body, and often carried over the shoulders; the hair on it very long, of a deep brown color, and appears very bushy from beginning to end: is a species that varies a little in colors, and in the different length of the hair, which induced
Linnaeus
to form three species out of this one.
Inhabits
Guiana,
not
Ceylon,
as
Seba
asserts: is a lively species; but capricious in its affections in a state of captivity, having a great fondness for some persons, and as great a hatred to others.
94. WEEPER.
Cercopithecus
Brasiliensis
secundus
Clusii exot.
372.
Cay?
De Laet.
486.
Raii syn. quad.
155.
Cercopithecus totus niger.
Brisson quad.
139.
Le Sai—Le Sai a gorge blanc.
de Buffon,
xv. 51.
tab.
viii. ix.
Br. Mus.
M. with a round and flat face, of a reddish brown color, very deformed: the hair on the head, and upper part of the body, black, tinged with brown; beneath and on the limbs, tinged with red: tail black, and much longer than the head and body: the young excessively deformed; their hair very long, and thinly dispersed; in the
British Museum
are specimens of old and young.
M. de Buffon
has a variety with a white throat.
Inhabits
Surinam
and
Brasil:
appear as if they were always weeping
oger
's
voy.
116.
: of a melancholy disposition: but very full of imitating what they see done: these probably are the monkies
Dampier
saw in the
Bay
of
All Saints,
which he says are very ugly, and smell strongly of musk
Dampier
's
voy.
III. 53.
: keep in large companies; and make a great chattering, especially in stormy weather: reside much on a species of tree, which bears a podded fruit, which they feed on
De Laet.
486.
.
95. ORANGE.
Caitaia
Marcgrave Brasil
227.
Raii syn. quad.
175.
Cercopithecus pilis ex fusco, flavescente, et candicante variegatus vestitus, pedibus ex flavo rufescentibus.
Brisson quad.
140.
Cercopithecus ex albo flavescens, moschum redolens.
Brisson
139.
Cercopithecus minor luteus; Le sapajou jaune.
Barrere France Aequin.
151.
Simia sciurea. S. caudata imberbis, occipite prominulo, ungnibus quatuor plantarum subulatis; natibus tectis.
Lin. syst.
43.
Le Saimiri
de Buffon,
xv. 67.
tab.
x.
Br. Mus.
M. with a round head, nose a little pointed; the end dusky: orbits flesh colored: ears hairy: hair on the body short and fine, of a yellow and brown color; but in its native country, when in perfection, of a brilliant gold
Proger
's
voy.
116.
color: the feet orange: nails of the hands flat: of the feet like claws: tail very long; less useful for prehensile purposes than that of the rest: body of the size of a squirrel.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana:
when provoked, screams: is a very tender animal: seldom brought here alive: smells of musk
Some of the
African
monkies have also a strong smell of musk. A
Bezoar
is sometimes found in cerrtain species.
. The
Simia Morta
of
Linnaeus,
43; and
Cercopithecus cauda murina
of
Brisson,
143; engraved in
Seba, tab.
48. under the name of
Simiolus Ceylonicus,
is only the foetus of some monkey: probably, as
Linnaeus
conjectures, of this species.
96. HORNED.
Cercopithecus ex nigro et fusco variegatus, fasciculis duobus pilorum capitis corniculorum aemulis. Le Sapajou cornu.
Brisson quad.
138.
Simia Fatuellus
Lin. syst.
42.
M. with two tufts of hair like horns on the top of the head: eyes bright; of a dusky color; ears like the human: face, sides, belly, fore legs brown: top of the head, middle of the back, hind legs, and all the feet black: tail prehensile, covered with short bright hair: body fourteen inches long, tail fifteen.
Inhabits
America.
97. ANTIGUA.
M. with a short nose; black face; hair on each side long; back and sides orange and black, intimately mixed; belly white; outside of the legs black; in
ide ash-colored; tail of a dusky ash: its length
wenty inches; that of the body eighteen.
Lately in possession of
Richard Morris,
Esq
of
he Navy-Office: brought from
Antigua:
but its
ative place uncertain: very good-natured, lively,
nd full of tricks: frequently hung by its tail.
b. with strait tails, not prehensile
Distinguished from those with prehensile tails, by M.
de Buffon
by the name of
Sagouins;
which, as well as
Sapajous,
are
America
names for certaine kinds of monkies.
.
98. FOX-TAILED.
Cagui major
Marcgrave Brasil,
227.
Cercopithecus pilis nigris, apice albido, vestitus, cauda pilis longissimis nigris obsita.
Brisson quad.
138. C. pilis cinerescentibus nigro mixtis, cauda rufa.
Brisson,
141.
Simia Pithecia. S. caudata imberbis, vellere nigro apice albo cauda nigra villosissima.
Lin. syst
40.
Le Saki
de Buffon,
xv. 88.
tab
xii.
Saccawinkee
Bancroft Guiana
135.
Br. Mus.
M. with a swarthy face, covered with short white down: forehead and sides of the face with whitish, and pretty long hair: body with long dusky brown hairs; white or yellowish at their tips: hair on the tail very long and bushy; sometimes black, sometimes reddish: belly and lower part of the limbs a reddish white: length from nose to tail near a foot and a half: tail longer, and like that of a fox: hands and feet black, with claws instead of nails.
Inhabits
Guiana.
99. GREAT EARED.
Cercopithecus minimus niger Leontocephalus, auribus elephantinis.
Barrere France Aequin.
151.
Simia midas. S. caudara imberbis, labio superiore fisso, auribus quadratis nudis, unguibus subulatis, pedibus croceis.
Lin. syst.
42.
Le Tamarin.
de Buffon
xv. 92.
tab.
xiii.
Little black monkey.
Edw.
196.
Br. Mus.
M. with a round head, swarthy, flesh-colored, naked face: upper lip a little divided: ears very large, erect, naked, and almost square: hair on the forehead upright and long; on the body soft, but shaggy: the head, whole body, and upper part of the limbs, black, except the lower part of the back, which was tinged with yellow: hands and feet covered with light orange-colored hairs, very fine and smooth: nails long and crooked: tail black, and twice the length of the body: teeth very white.
Inhabits the hotter parts of
South America,
and the isle of
Gorgona,
south of
Panama,
in the
South Sea.
There are, says
Dampier,
a great many little black monkies: at low water, they come to the sea side to take muscles and perriwinkles, which they dig out of the shells with their claws
Voy. I. 173.
.
100. STRIATED.
Cagui minor
Marcgrave Brasil,
Cercopithecus
Brasilianus
tertius Sagouin.
Clusii Exot.
372.
Gesner quad.
869.
Raii syn. quad.
154.
Klein quad.
87.
tab.
iii.
Ludolph. Com. Aethiop.
58.
Cercopithecus taeniis transversis alternatim fuscis et e cincreo albis variegatus, auriculis pilis albis circumdatis.
Brisson quad.
143.
Simia Iacchus. S. caudata auribus villosis patulis, cauda hirsotissima curvata, unguibus subulatis; pollicum rotundatis.
Lin. syst.
40.
L'Ouistiti
de Buffon,
xv. 96.
tab.
xiv.
Sanglin or Cagui minor.
Edw.
218.
Ph. Tr. abridg.
1751.
p.
146.
tab.
vii.
Br. Mus.
M. with a very round head: about the ears two very long full tufts of white hairs standing out on each side: irides reddish: face swarthy flesh-color: ears like the human: head black: body ash-colored, reddish, and dusky; the last forms striated bars cross the body: tail full of hair, annulated with ash-color and black: body seven inches long: tail near eleven: hands and feet covered with short hairs: fingers like those of a squirrel: nails, or rather claws, sharp.
Inhabits
Brasil:
feeds on vegetables; will also eat fish
Edw. Gleanings,
p. 17.
: makes a weak noise: very restless: often brought over to
Europe.
SILKY MONKEY. No . 101.
101. SILKY.
Cercopithecus minor dilutè olivaceus, parvo capite,
Acarima a Cayenne. Barrere France Aequin.
151.
Cercopithecus ex albo flavicans, fucie circumferentia, saturaté rufa. Le petit singe Lion.
Brisson quad.
142.
Simia Rosalia. S. caudata imberbis, capite piloso, facie circumferentia pedibusque rubris, unguibus subulatis.
Lin. syst.
41.
Le Marikina
de Buffon,
xv. 108.
tab.
xvi.
M. with a flat face, of a dull purple color: ears round and naked: on the sides of the face the hairs very long, turning backwards, of a bright bay color; sometime yellow, and the former only in patches: the hair on the body long very fine, silky, glossy, and of a pale but bright yellow: hands and feet naked, and of a dull purple color: claws instead of nails to each finger: length of head and body ten inches: tail thirteen and a half; a little bushy at the end.
Inhabits
Guiana.
102. RED-TAILED.
Pinche
Condamine's voy.
83.
Simia Oedipus. S. caudata imberbis, capillo dependente, cauda rubra, unguibus subulatis.
Lin. syst.
41.
Cercopithecus pilis ex fusco et rafo vestitus, facie ultra auriculas usque nigra et nuda, vertice longis pilis obsita.
Brisson quad.
150.
Le Pinche
de Buffon,
xv. 114.
tab.
xvii.
Little Lion Monkey.
Edw.
195.
M. with a round head and black pointed face: ears round and dusky: hair on the head white, long, and spreading over the shoulders: shoulders and back covered with long and loose brown hairs: rump and half the tail deep orange-colored, almost red; the remaining part black: throat black: breast, belly, and legs, white: insides of the hands and feet black: claws crooked and sharp: length of the head and body eight inches; tail above twice as long.
Inhabits
Guiana, Brasil,
and the banks of the river of
Amazons,
whose woods swarm with numberless species: is agile and lively, and has a soft whistling note.
103. FAIR.
A Sagoin, &c.
Condamine's voy.
83.
Cercopithecus ex cinereo albus argenteus, facie auriculisque rubris splendentibus, cauda castanei coloris.
Brisson quad.
142.
Le Mico.
de Buffon,
xv. 121.
tab.
xviii.
M. with a small round head: face and ears of the most lively vermillion color: body covered with most beautifull long hairs of a bright and silvery whiteness, of matchless elegance: tail of a shining dark chesnut: head and body eight inches long; tail twelve.
Inhabits the banks of the
Amazons,
discovered by M.
de Condamine.
I TAIL-LESS MAUCAUCO No . 104. II YELLOW M. No . 108
XVI. MAUCAUCO.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Sharp pointed fox-like visage.
Feet formed like hands.
104. TAILLESS.
Animal elegantissimum
Robinsoni. Raii syn. quad.
161.
Animalculum cynocephalum,
Ceylonicum,
Tardigradum dictum, Sunii species. Mas,
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
35. Cercopithecus
ceylonicus,
seu Tardigradus dictus, major
Idem. tab.
47.
Klein quad.
86.
Lemur tardigradus. L. ecaudatus.
Lin. syst.
44.
Simia unguibus iudicis pedum posteriorum longis, incurvis, et acutis.
Brisson. quad.
134. S. cynocephala unguibus indicis longis incurvis et acutis.
Idem.
135.
Le Loris
de Buffon,
xiii. 210.
M. with a small head; sharp pointed nose: orbits surrounded with a black circle, space between them white: from the top of the head along the middle of the back, to the rump, a dark ferruginous line, which on the forehead is bifurcated: ears small: body covered with short, soft, and silky ash-colored, and reddish fur: toes naked: nails flat: those of the inner toe on each hind foot long, crooked and sharp: length from the nose to the rump sixteen inches.
Inhabits
Ceylon
and
Bengal;
lives in the woods, and feeds on fruits: is fond of eggs, and will greedily devour small birds: has the action and inactivity of the sloth
Vide
that article: this animal, notwithstanding its manners, cannot be ranked with the
sloth,
having both cutting and canine teeth.
, creeps slowly along the ground: is very tenacious of its hold, and makes a plaintive noise.
M.
de Buffon
represents his animal with a much longer visage than this; his is the same with that represented by
Seba, tab.
35, and each of them much less than our animal; but whether they are the same I cannot at present determine.
105. WOOLLY.
Macassar fox.
Nieuboff voy.
361. chitote
Barbot.
560.
Vary (1)
Flacourt. hist. Madag.
153.
Simia-seiurus lanuginosus fuscus
Petiv. Gaz. tab.
17.
The Mongooz.
Edw.
216.
Prosimia fusoa. Pr. fusca naso pedibusque albis. Pr. fusca. rufo admixto, facie nigra, pedibut fulvis.
Brisson quad.
156, 157.
Lemur Mongooz. L. caudatus griseus, cauda unicolore.
Lin. syst.
44.
Le Mongouz,
de Buffon,
xiii. 174.
tab.
xxvi.
M. with orange-colored irides: short rounded ears: end of the nose black: eyes lodged in a circle of black; the space between them of the same color: rest of the nose and lower sides of the cheeks white: when in full health the whole upper part of the body covered with long, soft and thick fur, a little curled or waved, of a deep brownish ash color: tail very long, covered with the same sort of hair, and of the same color: breast and belly white: hands and feet naked, and dusky: nails flat, except that of the inner toe of the hind feet: size of a cat: varies, sometimes with white or yellow paws, and with a face wholly brown.
Inhabits
Madagascar,
and the adjacent isles: sleeps on trees: turns its tail over its head to protect it from rain
Cauche's voy. Madagascar,
53.
: lives on fruits: is very sportive and good-natured: very tender: found as far as
Celebes,
or
Maccassar. Linnaeus
confounds this with Mr.
Edwards
's black maucauco, our 107th.
106. RING-TAIL.
Vari
Flacourt. hist. Madag.
153.
Mocawk.
Grose's voy.
41.
Maucauco.
Edw.
197.
Prosimia cinerea, caudâ cinctâ annuiis alternatim albis et nigris.
Brisson quad.
157.
Lemur Catta. L. caudatus, cauda albo nigroque annulata.
Lin. syst.
45.
Osbeck's voy.
II. 168.
Le Mococo
de Buffon,
xiii. 173.
tab.
xxii.
M. with the end of the nose black: ears erect: white face: black circles round the orbits: hair on the top of the head and hind part, deep ash color: back and sides reddish ash color: outsides of the limbs paler: belly and inside of the limbs white: all its hair very soft, close and fine, erect like the pile of velvet: tail twice the length of the body; is marked with numbers of regular rings of black and white; and when sitting twisted round the body, and brought over its head: nails flat, particularly those of the thumbs of the hind feet: inside of the hands and feet black: size of a cat.
Inhabits
Madagascar
and the neighboring isles: is very good-natured, has all the life of a monkey, without its mischievous disposition: is very cleanly: its cry weak: in a wild state, goes in troops of thirty or forty: is easily tamed when taken young: according to
Flacourt
sometimes found white;
Cauche
in his voyage to
Madagascar
p.
53.
also speaks of a white kind, which he says grunts like swine, and is called there
Amboimenes.
107. RUFFED.
Vari ou Varicossi.
Flacourt. hist. Madag.
153.
Cauche's voy.
53.
Black Maucauco.
Edw.
217.
Le Vari.
de Buffon,
xiii. 174.
tab.
xxvii.
Lemur caudatus niger, collari barbato.
Lin. syst.
44.
M. with orange-colored irides: long hair round the sides of the head, standing out like a ruff: tail long: the color of the whole animal black, but not always, being sometimes white, spotted with black; but the feet black: rather larger than the last.
Inhabits
Madagascar:
very fierce in a wild state; and make so violent a noise in the woods, that it is easy to mistake the noise of two for that of a hundred: when tamed are very gentle and good-natured. The hind thighs and legs of these three species are very long, which makes their pace sideling, and bounding.
108. YELLOW.
M. with a short dusky nose: small eyes: ears short, broad, and flapping, and placed at a great distance from each other: head flat and broad: cheeks swelling out: tongue very long: legs and thighs short, and very thick: five toes to each foot, separated and standing all forward: claws large, a little hooked, and of a flesh color: the hairs short, soft, glossy, closely set together: on the head, back, and sides a mixture, of yellow and black: cheeks, inside of the legs, and the belly, yellow: half way down the middle of the belly is a broad dusky list, ending at the tail; and another from the head along the middle of the back to the tail: tail of a bright tawny, mixed with black; is round, and has the same prehensile faculty as some of the monkies have: length from the nose to the tail nineteen inches; of the tail seventeen: very good-natured and sportive; would catch hold of any thing with its tail, and so suspend itself: lay with its head under its legs and belly.
Shewn about three years ago in
London:
its keeper said it came from the mountains of
Jamaica,
and called it a
Potto,
the name given by some writers to a species of
Sloth,
found in
Guinea.
109. FLYING.
Vespertilio admirabilis.
Bontius Juva.
68.
F
lis volans Ternatana.
Seb. Mus.
tab.
58.
Lemur volans. L. caudatus, membrana ambiente volitans.
Lin. syst.
45.
M. with a long head: small mouth and teeth: small ears, round and membranous: from the neck to the hands, thence to the hind feet, extends a broad skin, like that of a flying squirrel; the same is also continued from the hind feet to the tip of the tail, which is included in it: the body and outside of this skin is covered with soft hairs, hoary, or black and ash color: the inner side of the extended skin appears membranous, with little veins and fibres dispersed thro' it: the legs are cloathed with a soft yellow down: five toes on each foot: the claws slender, very sharp, and crooked, by which it strongly adheres to whatsoever it fastens on: the whole length of this species is near three feet: the breadth the same: the tail slender; a span long.
Inhabits the country about
Guzarat,
the
Molucca
isles, and the
Philippines:
feeds on the fruits of trees: a species very distinct from the bat, and flying squirrel; but from ignorance of the form of its teeth, its genus very doubtfull: placed here on the authority of
Linnaeus.
Div. II. Sect. II. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS:
with large canine teeth, separated from the cutting teeth. Six, or more cutting teeth in each jaw. Rapacious: carnivorous.
XVII. DOG.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind
Invariable in the wild species, such as wolf, &c. in the common dogs, oftimes five toes on each foot.
.
Long visage.
110. FAITHFULL.
D. with its tail bending towards the left: a character common to the whole species, first observed by
Linnaeus.
Not originally in a wild state: the praedominant passion of the whole race towards an attachment to mankind, prevented these animals from separating themselves from us; till deserted, or by some accident left in places where there was no possibility of re-union: it seems beyond the power of ill usage to subdue the faithfull and constant qualities inherent in them. Found in great numbers wild, or rather without masters, in
Congo, Lower Aethiopia,
and towards the
Cape
of
Good Hope
Churchill's coll. voy.
V. 486.
Kolben's hist. Cape,
II. 106, 107.
: are red haired: have slender bodies, and turned up tails, like grehounds; others resemble hounds. Go in great packs: attack lions, tigers, and elephants, but are often killed by them: the sight of these dogs pleasing to travellers, who suppose they have conquered the wild beasts, and secured their journey, by driving then away: chace all sort of animals: when they have run down a beast, still preserve that sort of respect to mankind, as to permit part of it to be taken from them without growling: attack the sheep of the
Hottentots,
and commit great ravages among them.
Multitudes wild in S.
America:
derived from the
European
race: breed in holes, like rabbet holes
Narrative of the distresses of
Isaac Morris,
&c. belonging to the
Wager
Storeship belonging to
Commodore Anson
's squadron,
p.
27
: when found young instantly attach themselves
The same,
p.
28.
to mankind: nor will they ever join themselves to the wild dogs; or desert their masters: these have not forgot to bark
The same,
p.
37.
, as
Linnaeus
says: look like a grehound
As appears from a drawing communicated to me by Mr.
Greenwood,
painter, who took it from one that followed an
Indian
to
Surinam
from the inland part of the country.
: have erect ears: are very vigilant; excellent in the chase.
The dog unknown in
America
before it was introduced there by the
Europeans:
the
Alco
of the
Peruvians,
a little animal, which they were so fond of, and kept at a lap dog, too slightly mentioned by
A-Costa
for us to determine what it was: the figure given by
Hernandez
466.
too rude to form any judgement of: the other animal described by
Fernandez
is a large species, he calls it
Xoloizicuinlli,
the same name that is given by the first to the
Mexican
wolf
Hernandez,
479.
; as it is certain that the dog of N.
America,
or rather its substitute, on its first discovery by the
English,
was derived from the
Smith's hist. Virginia,
27.
wolf, tamed and domesticated; so it is reasonable to imagine that of S.
America
had the same origin: these substitutes cannot bark, but betray their savage descent by a sort of howl: want the sagacity of a true dog; serve only to drive the dear into corners: the wolfish breed to this day detested
Catesby Carolina,
II.
App.
xxvi.
by
European
dogs, who worry them on all occasions, retaining that dislike which it is well known all dogs have to the wolf: this reclaimed breed commonly white: have sharp noses, and upright ears.
The dog subject to more variety than any other animal; each will mix with the other, and produce varieties still more unlike the original stock:
M. de Buffon,
who with great ingenuity has given a genealogical table of all the known dogs, makes the
Chien de Berger,
the shepherds dog, or what is sometimes called
Le chien-loup,
or the wolf dog, the origin of all, because it is naturally the most sensible; becomes, without discipline, almost instantly the guardian of the flocks; keeps them within bounds, reduces the stragglers to their proper limits, and defends them from the attacks of the wolves. We have this variety in
England;
but it is small and weak. Those of
France
and the
Alps,
are very large and strong; sharp-nosed, erect, and sharp-eared; very hairy, especially about the neck, and have their tails turned up or curled; and by accident, their faces often shew the marks of their combats with the wolf.
I shall follow M.
de Buffon,
in the catalogue of dogs; but add some few remarks, with the synonyms or a few other writers, to each variety.
I. SHEPHERD'S Dog, Le Chien de Berger,
de Buffon,
v. 201.
tab.
xxviii. Canis domesticus.
Raii syn. quad. Lin. syst.
57.
Its varieties, or nearest allies, are,
α POMERANIAN Dog, Le Chien Loup
de Buffon. tab.
xxix.
Notwithstanding M.
de Buffon
denies the junction of the wolf and bitch, yet there has been lately an instance to the contrary. Mr.
Brook,
animal-merchant, in
Holborn,
turned a wolf to a
Pomeranian
bitch in heat: the congress was immediate, and as usual between dog and bitch: she produced ten puppies. I have since seen one of them that had very much the resemblance of a wolf, and much of its nature; being slipped at a weak deer, instantly caught at the animal's throat and killed it.
β. SIBERIAN Dog, Le Chien de Siberie.
Tab.
xxx.
II. Hound, or dog with long smooth and pendulous ears. Le Chien courant. p. 205.
tab.
xxxii. Canis venaticus sagax.
Raii syn. quad.
177. Canis sagax.
Lin. syst.
57. This is the same with the blood-hound.
Br. Zool.
I. 51. and is the head of the other kinds with smooth and hanging ears.
α. HARRIER. Le Braque.
Tab.
xxxiii.
β. DALMATIAN
I have been informed, that
Dalmatia
is the country of this elegant dog. As for those of
India,
they are generally small and very ugly; or, if the
European
dogs are brought there, immediately degenerate.
Le Braque de
Bengal. tab.
xxxiv. a beautifull spotted kind, vulgarly called the
Danish
dog.
γ. TURNSPIT. Le Basset a jambes torses—a jambes droites
tab.
xxxv.
δ. WATER dog, great and small. Le grand and le petit Barbet.
tab.
xxxvii. xxxviii. Canis aviarius aquaticus.
Raii syn quad.
177.
Lin. syst.
57.
From No. II. branches out another race of dogs, with pendent ears, covered with long hairs, and less in size, which form
III. SPANIEL. Canis aviarius, sive Hispanicus campestris.
Raii syn quad.
177. Canis avicularius?
Lin. syst.
57. These vary in size, from the setting dog to the springing spaniels, and some of the little lap dogs, such as
α. KING CHARLES'S
CHARLES II. never went out, except attended by numbers of this kind.
. Le Gredin
tab.
xxxix.
fig.
1.
β. PYRAME. Le Pyrame
tab.
xxxix.
fig.
2. There is no
English
name for this kind: they are black, marked on the legs with red: and above each eye is a spot of the same color.
γ. SHOCK. Le chien de malte ou Bichon
tab.
xl.
fig.
1. & Le chien Lion
fig.
2. Catulus melitaeus canis getulus, seu Islandicus.
Raii syn. quad.
177.
Lin. syst.
57.
IV. Dogs with short pendent ears: long legs and bodies: of which kind is the
α. IRISH GRE-HOUND. A variety once very frequent in
Ireland,
and used in the chace of the wolf: now very scarce: a dog of great size and strength. Le Matin
Not the mastiff, as commonly translated.
.
de Buffon. tab.
xxv. Canis grains Hibernicus.
Raii syn. quad.
176.
β. COMMON GRE-HOUND. Le Levrier
de Buffon
xxvii. Canis venaticus graius.
Raii syn. quad.
176. Canis graius
Lin. syst.
57. its varieties are, 1. ITALIAN GRE-HOUND, small, and smooth: 2.
Oriental,
tall, slender, with very pendulous ears, and very long hairs on the tail, hanging down a great length.
γ. DANISH DOG. Le grand Danois
de Buffon
xxvi. of a stronger make than a gre-hound: the largest of dogs: perhaps of this kind were the dogs of
Epirus,
mentioned by
Aristotle, lib.
iii. c. 21; or those of
Albania,
so beautifully described by
Pliny. Lib.
viii.
c.
40.
δ. MASTIFF. Very strong and thick made: the head large: the lips great, and hanging down on each side: a fine and noble countenance: grows to a great size: a
British
kind. For a further account of this and other
British
dogs,
vide Br. Zool.
I. 40, Le Dogue de forte race.
de Buffon tab.
xlv. mastivus
Raii syn. quad.
176. Canis molossus
Lin. syst.
57.
V. Dogs with short pendent ears: short compact bodies: short noses: and generally short legs.
α. BULL-DOG: with a short nose, and under jaw longer than the upper: a cruel and very fierce kind, often biting before it barks: peculiar to
England:
the breed scarcer than it has been since the barbarous custom of bull-baiting has declined. Le Dogue
de Buffon tab.
xllii.
β. PUG DOG. A small species: an innocent resemblance of the last. Le Doguin
de Buffon. tab.
xliv.
γ. BASTARD PUG. Le Roquet
de Buffon.
xli.
fig.
2.
NAKED. Le chien Turc.
de Buffon
xlii. a degenerate species, with naked bodies; having lost its hair by the heat of climate.
This part is almost entirely translated from
Linnaeus.
The most faithfull of animals: is the companion of mankind: fawns at the approach of its master: will not suffer any one to strike him: runs before him in a journey; often running backward and forward over the same ground: on coming to cross ways, stops and looks back: very docil: will find out what is dropt: watchfull by night: anounces the coming of strangers: guards any goods committed to its charge: drives cattle home from the field: keeps herds and flocks within bounds: protects them from wild beasts: points out to the sportsman the game, be virtue of its acute sense of smelling: brings the birds that are shot to its master: will turn a spit: at
Brussels
and in
Holland
draws little carts to the herb market: in
Siberia
draws a sledge with its master in it, or loaden with provisions: sits up and begs
The
French
Academicians record a marvellous tale of a dog that could
speak
and call for tea, coffee and chocolate.
: when it has committed a theft slinks away with its tail between its legs: ears enviously with oblique eyes: is master among its fellows: enemy to beggars: attacks strangers without provocation: fond of licking wounds: cures the gout and cancers: howls at certain notes in musick, and often urines on hearing them: bites at a stone flung at it: is sick at the approach of bad weather: gives itself a vomit by eating grass: is afflicted with tape-worms: spreads its madness: grows blind with age:
saepe gonnorhaea infectus:
driven as unclean from the houses of the
Mahometans;
yet the same people establish hospitals for them, and allow them a daily dole of food: eats flesh, carrion, farinaceous vegetables not greens: fond or rolling in carrion: dungs on a stone; its dung the greatest of
Septics:
drinks by lapping: makes water side-ways, with its leg held up; very apt to repeat it where another dog has done the same:
odorat anum alterius: menstruans catulit cum variis; mordet illa illos; cohaeret copula junctus.
Goes 63 days with young; brings from four to ten; the males like the dog, females like the bitch: its scent exquisite: goes obliquely: foams when hot, and hangs out its tongue: scarce sweats: about to lie down, often goes round the spot: its sleep attended with a quick sense of heating: dreams.
111. WOLF.
Lupus
Gesner quad.
634.
Raii sin. quad.
173.
West
Klein quad.
69.
Kram. Aust.
31
.
Canis ex griseo flavescens.
Brisson quad.
170.
Canis Lupus. C. cauda incurvata.
Lin. syst.
58.
Warg, Ulf
Faun. suec.
No. 6.
Le Loup
de Buffon,
vii. 39.
tab.
I.
Wolf.
Br. Zool.
I. 61.
tab.
I.
D. with a long head: pointed nose: ears erect and sharp: tail long, bushy, bending down: long leg'd: hair pretty long: teeth large: color generally pale brown, tinged with yellow; sometimes found white
Such are found near the
Jenesea,
and sold to the
Russians
on the spot for twenty shillings a skin.
Muller Russ. Samlung.
III. 527, 529.
; in
Canada
sometimes black: taller than a large grehound.
Inhabits the continents of
Europe, Asia, Africa,
and
America;
but not so high as the
Arctic
circle: have been long extirpated in
Great Britain
Many centuries have past since they have been destroyed in
England;
and it is at lest one since they have been extirpated out of
Scotland.
M.
de Buffon
must have been greatly misinformed on this point.
Les Anglois
pretendent
en avoir purgè leur isle, cependant on m'a asure qu'il y en avoit en
Ecosse vii. 50.
: the vast forests on the
European
continent will always preserve them: the wolves of
N. America
the smallest; when reclamed, are the dogs of the natives the wolves of
Senegal
the largest and fiercest; they prey in company with the lion
Adansons's voy.
209.
.
Are cruel, but cowardly animals: fly from man except pressed by hunger, when they prowl by night in vast droves thro' villages, and destroy any persons they meet: such that once get the taste o
human blood, give it the preference: such were the wolves of the
Gevaudan,
of which so many strange tales were told: the
French
peasants call this
Loupgarou,
and suppose it to be possessed with some evil spirit: such was the
Were Wulf
of the old
Saxons
Verstegan's Antiq.
236.
. The wolf preys on all kind of animals; but in case of necessity will feed on carrion: in hard weather assemble in vast troops, and join in dreadfull howlings: horses generally defend themselves against their attacks; but all weaker animals fall a prey to them: throughout
France
the peasants are obliged nightly to house their flocks: wolves are most suspicious animals; sally forth with great caution: have a fine scent; hunt by nose: are capable of bearing long abstinence: to allay their hunger will fill their bellies with mud: a mutual enmity between dogs and them: are in heat in winter, followed by several males, which occasions great combats: goes with young ten weeks: near her time prepares a soft bed of moss, in some retired place: brings from five to nine at a time: the young born blind: teeth of the wolf large and sharp: its bite terrible, as its strength is great: the hunters therefore cloath their dogs, and guard their necks with spiked collars: wolves are proscribed animals, destroyed by pit-falls, traps or poison: a peasant in
France,
who kills a wolf, carries its head thro' the villages, and collects some small reward from the inhabitants: the
Kirghis-Khaissacks
take the wolves by the help of a large sort of hawk called
Berkut,
which is trained for the diversion, and will fasten on them and tear out their eyes
Pa
eff Topog. Oreub.
I. 282.
.
The
Coyotl
seu vulpes indica.
Fernandez Nov. Hisp. 4.
of
New Spain
is a small species of wolf; very fierce and ravenous: of a size between a wolf and a fox.
MEXICAN WOLF. Xoloizcuintli
In Daies Mex.
479.
Cautia
htli, sen lupus indicus.
Fernandez An. Nov. Hisp.
7.
Canis cinereus, maculis fulvis vaneg
rus, tarniis subnigris a car
al latera deorsum hinc inde deductis.
Brisson quad.
172.
Canis mexicanus. C. cauda deflexa laevi, corpore cinereo, fasciis fuscis, maculisque fulvis variegato.
Lin. syst.
60.
Le Loup de Mexique.
de Busson,
xv. 149.
D. with a very large head: great jaws: vast teeth: on the upper lips very strong bristles, reflected backwards, not unlike the softer spines of a porcupine; and of a grey and white color: large, erect, cinereous ears; the space between marked with broad tawny spots: the head ash colored, striped transversely with bending dusky lines: neck fat and thick, covered with a loose skin, marked with a long tawny stroke: on the breast is another of the same kind: body ash colored, spotted with black; and the sides striped from the back downwards, with the same color: belly cinereous: tail long, of the color of the belly, tinged in the middle with tawny: legs and feet striped with black and ash color: sometimes this variety (for
Fernandez,
who has described the animals of
Mexico,
thinks it no other) is found white.
Inhabits the hot parts of
Mexico,
or
New Spain:
agrees with the
European
wolf in its manners: attacks cattle, and sometimes men. No wolves found farther South, on the now continent.
112. FOX.
Vulpes
Gesner quad.
966.
Raii syn. quad.
177.
Fuchs
Klein. quad.
73.
Meyer's An.
I.
tab.
36.
Canis vulpes. C. cauda recta apice albo.
Lin. syst.
59.
Hasselquist. itin.
191.
Ra
f
Faun. suec.
No. 7.
Canis sulvus, pilis cinereis intermixtis.
brisson quad.
173.
Le Renard.
de Buffon,
vii. 75.
tab.
vi.
Fox.
Br. Zool.
I. 58.
D. with a sharp nose: lively hazel eyes: sharp erect ears: body tawny red, mixed with ash color: fore part of the legs black: tail long, strait, bushy, tipt with white: subject to much variety in color.
α. Fox: with the tip of the tail black. Canis alopex, vulpes campestris.
Lin. syst.
59.
β. CROSS FOX: with a black mark, passing transversely from shoulder to shoulder; and another along the back, to the tail. Vulpes crucigera.
Gesner quad.
90.
Jonston. quad.
I. 93.
Schoeffer Lapl.
135.
Hist. Kamtschatka.
9
.
Klein quad.
71.
Le Renard croisé.
Brisson quad.
173.
de Buffon
xiii. 276.
Korsraef.
Faun. suec.
p. 4.
Inhabits the coldest parts of
Europe, Asia,
and
North America:
a valuable fur; thicker and softer than the common sort: great numbers of the skins imported from
Canada.
Not a variety of the
Isatis
or
Arctic
fox.
γ. BLACK FOX. The most cunning of any: and its
in the most valuable; a lining of it esteemed in
Russia
preferable to that of the finest sables: a single skin well sell for 400 rubels: inhabits the northern parts of
Asia,
and
N. America:
the last of inferior goodness.
δ. BRANT FOX. That described by
Gesner
Gesner quad.
967. who likewise says it is less than the common
d.
and
Linnaeus
Faun. suec.
No. 7.
is of a fiery redness; and called by the first
Brand-fuchs,
by the last
Brandraef:
one that was the property of Mr.
Brook,
was scarce half the size of the common fox: the nose black, and much sharper: space round the ears ferruginous: forehead, back, shoulders, sides and thighs, black, mixed with red, ash color, and black; the ash color predominated, which gave it a hoary look: the belly yellowish: tail black above, red beneath: cinereous on its side. This Mr.
Brook
received from
Pensylvania,
under the name of Brant fox.
CORSAK FOX. Canis corsac. C. cauda sulva basi apiceque nigri
Lin. syst.
III. 223.
D. with upright ears: soft downy hair: tail bushy, the length of the body: throat white: irides yellowish green: color in summer pale tawny; in winter gray: base, and tip of the tail, black: a small kind.
Inhabits the deserts beyond the
Yaik:
lives in holes: howls and barks: caught by the
Kirghis-Khaissacks,
with falcons and gre-hounds: 40 or 50,000 are taken annually, and sold to the
Russians,
at the rate of 40
Kopeiks,
or 20 pence each: the former use their skins instead of money: great numbers are sent into
Turky
Ritchkoff Topogr. Orenb.
I. 296.
.
COMMON FOX inhabits all
Europe,
the cold and temperate parts of
Asia
In great numbers in the
Holy Land,
especially in the season of grapes; their ravages among the vines mentioned in the
Song of
SOLOMON, II. 15.
,
Barbary,
but not the hotter parts of
Africa;
abounds in
N. America;
and are also found in
S. America
Gare
lasso de la Vega
says, that the foxes of
Peru
are much less than those of
Spain,
and are called
Atoc.
p. 331.
: in all countries have the same cunning disposition; the same eagerness after prey; and commit the same ravages among game, birds, poultry, and the lesser quadrupeds: are very fond of honey; attack the wild bees, and nests of wasps, for sake of the magots: will eat any sort of insects: devour fruit; and are very destructive in vineyards: bury what they cannot eat: fond of basking in the sun.
Lodge under ground; generally making use of a badger's hole, which they enlarge, adding several chambers, and never neglecting to farm another hole to the surface to escape at, in cases of extremity: prey by night: females in heat in winter; bring five or six at a time; if the young are disturbed, will remove them one by one to a more secure place: their voice a yelp, not a bark: their bite like that of the wolf, is very hard and dangerous: their scent excessively strong; the chace in that account more keen, more animating: when chased first attempt to recover their hole, but finding that stopped generally fly the country.
113. ARCTIC.
Vulpes alba,
Jonston quad.
93.
Fox,
Marten's Spitzberg.
100.
Egede Greenl.
62.
Crantz Greenl.
I
.
Ashen-colored Fox,
Schaeffer Lapland,
135.
Canis Lagopus. C. cauda recta, apice concolore.
Lin. syst.
59.
Fial racka,
Faun. suec.
No. 8.
Canis hieme alba, aestate ex cinerco caerulescens.
Brisson quad.
174.
Isatis.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
V. 358.
de Buffon,
xiii. 272.
Ash. Mus.
D. with a sharp nose: short rounded ears: almost hid in the fur: long and soft hair, somewhat woolly; short legs: toes covered on all parts, like that of a hare, with fur: tall shorter than that of the common fox, and more bushy: of a bluish grey, or ashcolor; sometimes white: the young of the grey are black before they come to maturity: hair much longer in winter than summer, as usual with animals of cold climates.
Inhabits the countries bordering on the frozen sea;
Kamtschatka,
the isles between it and
America,
and the opposite parts of
America
discovered in Captain
Bering
's expedition, 1741; is again found in
Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla,
and
Lapland:
burrows under ground; forms holes many feet in length; strews the bottom with moss: in
Greenland
and
Spitzbergen,
lives in the cliffs of rocks, not being able to burrow, by reason of the frost: two or three pair inhabit the same hole: are in heat about
Lady-Day;
during that time continue in the open air; afterwards take to their holes: go with young nine weeks: like dogs continue united in copulation: bark like that animal; for which reasons the
Russians
call them
Peszti
Or dogs,
Strahlenberg hist. Russia,
363.
: have all the cunning of the common fox: prey on the young of geese, ducks, and other water fowl, before they can fly; on grouse of the country, and hares, on the eggs of birds; and in
Greenland
(through necessity) on berries, shell fish, or any thing the sea flings up; but their principal food in the
North
of
Asia,
and in
Lapland,
is the
Leming
No.
202.
, or
Lapland Marmot:
those of the countries last mentioned are very migratory, pursuing the
Leming,
a very wandering animal: sometimes these foxes will desert the country for three or four years, probably in pursuit of their prey; for it is well known that the migrations of the
Leming
is very inconstant, appearing in certain countries only once in several years: the people of
Jenesea
suspect they go to the banks of the
Oby:
are taken in traps: oft-time the glutton and great owl destroys them, before the hunter can take them out: the skins of small value: the great rendezvous of these animals on the banks of the frozen sea, and the rivers that flow into it, being found there in greet troops.
114. GREY.
Grey fox.
Smith's voy. Virginia,
27.
Josselyn's voy.
82.
rarities,
21.
Lawson's Carolina,
125.
Cateshy Carolina,
II. 78.
Canis ex cinereo argenteus
Brisson quad.
174.
D. with a sharp nose: sharp, long upright ears: legs long: color grey, except a little redness about the ears.
Inhabits
Carolina,
and the warmer parts of
N. America:
differs from the arctic fox in form; and in nature of its dwelling: agrees with the common fox in the first, varies from it in the last: never burrows; lives in hollow trees: gives no diversion to the sportsman, for after a mile's chace takes to its retreat: has no strong smell: feeds on poultry, birds, &c. easily made tame: their skins, when in season, made use of for muffs.
115. SILVERY.
Le renard argentè.
Charlevoix Nouv. France,
V. 196.
Du Pratz. Loa
sian.
II. 64.
In form resembling the common fox: abound in the wooded eminencies, in
Louisiana,
which are every where pierced with their holes: their coat very beautifull; the short hairs of a deep brown; over them spring long silvery, hairs which give the animal a very elegant appearance: as they live in forests abounding with game, never attempt the poultry, which run at large.
116. JACKAL.
Adil, Squilachi
Graec.
modern.
Belon cbs.
163.
Lupus Aureus.
Kaemfer. Amaen. exot.
413.
Raii syn. quad.
174.
Klein quad.
70.
Canis aureus.
Lin. syst.
5
.
Canis flavus
Brisson quad
171.
Le Chacal & L'Adive.
de Buffon,
xiii. 255.
D. of the form of a wolf, but much less: the color a bright yellow.
Inhabits all the hot and temperate parts of
Asia;
is found in
Barbary,
and other parts of
Africa,
as low as the
Cape
of
Good Hope.
They go in packs of 40, 50, even of 200, and hunt like hounds in full cry, from evening to morning
Belon obs.
163.
: they destroy the flocks, and poultry, ravage the streets of villages and gardens, neer towns, and will even destroy children
Russel's Aleppo,
60.
Dellon's voy.
81.
that happen to be unprotected: they will enter stables and out-houses, and devour skins, and any thing else formed of that material: there is scarce an animal they will leave unmolested: in default of living prey, will feed on roots, fruits, and the most infected carrion: will greedily disinter the dead
Boullaye-le-Gouz,
254.
, and feed on the putrid corpses; for which reason, in many countries, the graves are made of a great depth, and well secured against their attacks: they attend caravans, and follow armies, in hopes that death will provide them a banquet: their howls and clamors are dreadfull, and so loud that people can scarce hear one another speak: during day they are silent, and retire to their dens.
Dellon
says that they are sometimes tamed, and kept among other domestic animals.
This animal is vulgarly called the Lion's provider, from an opinion that it rouzes the prey for that bad nosed quadruped. The fact is, every creature in the forest is set in motion by the fearfull cries of the Jackals; the Lion, and other beasts of rapine, by a sort of instinct, attend to the chase, and seize such timid animals that betake themselves to flight at the noise of this nightly pack. Described by
Oppian
Cyneg.
III. 296.
under the name of
, or
yellow wolf;
who mentions its horrible howl. It is strange, that an animal so common in the
Levant,
should never have been brought over to be described by any modern Naturalist. The descriptions yet remain very obscure; and there is still great uncertainty, whether the Jackal, and the
Adive
of M.
de Buffon,
are the same, or different animals. A stuft skin of one in the
Ashmolean Museum
(in very ill preservation) had none of that brilliant color ascribed to it by
Belon.
May, as M.
de Buffon
conjectures, be the
of
Aristotle
Hist. An. lib.
II.
c.
17.
lib.
ix.
c.
44.
, who mentions it with the wolf, and says that it has the same internal structure as the wolf, which is common with congenerous animals. The
Thoes
of
Pliny
may also be a variety of the same animal; for his account of it agrees with the modern history of the Jackal, except in the last article
Thoes,
Luporum id genus est procerius longitudine, breviate trerum dissimilo, velox saltu, vena
u vivens,
innocuum homini.
Lib. viii.
c.
34.
.
117. SURINAM.
Canis Thous. C. Cauda deflexa laevi, corpore subgriseo subtus albo
Lin. syst.
60.
D. with upright ears: little warts on the cheeks, above the eyes, and under the throat: the tongue fringed in the sides: size of a large cat: color of the upper part of the body greyish; the lower white: tail bending downwards, and smooth: five toes before, four behind.
According to
Linnaeus,
inhabits
Surinam:
mentioned by no other Naturalist.
XVIII. HYAENA.
Six cutting teeth and two canine in each jaw.
Four toes on each foot.
Short tail; a transverse orifice between it and the anus.
118. STRIPED.
Aristol. hist. An. lib.
vi.
c.
31.
Cyp
an Cynig.
III. 263.
H
aena
Pl
n
, lib.
viii.
c.
30.
Lapus ma
nus
Belon aquat.
33.
.
mu
, sive Hyaena ve
astoar. Kaemser Amaen.
. 411.
Dubha
Shaw's travels,
246.
Hyaena
Russel's Aleppo,
59.
Canis Hyaena. C. cauda recta annulata, pilis cervicis erectis, auriculis nudis, palmis tetradactylis.
Lin. syst.
58.
L'Hyaene
de Buffon,
ix. 268.
tab.
xxv.
Brisson quad.
169.
H. with long sharp pointed naked ears: upright mane: high shoulders: fore legs longer then the hind legs: hair on the body course, rough, and pretty long, of an ash color, marked with long black stripes, from the back downwards; others cross the legs: tail very full of hair, sometimes plain, sometimes barred with black: size of a large dog, but very strongly made.
Inhabits
Asiatic Turky, Syria, Persia,
and
Barbary:
like the jackal violates the repositories of the dead, and greedily devours the putrid contents of the grave; like it, preys on the herds and flocks; yet, for want of other food, will eat the roots of plants
Shaw's Travels,
246.
, and the tender shoots of the palms; but contrary to the nature of the former, is an unsociable animal;
solitary, and inhabits the chasms of the rocks. The superstitious
Arabs,
when they kill one, carefully bury the head
Shaw's Travels,
246.
, least it should be applied to magical purposes; as the neck was of old by the
Thessalian
sorceress.
Viscera non Lyneis, non dirae nodus
Hyaena
Defuit
Lucan, lib.
vi. 672. The antients believed that the neck of the
Hyaena
consisted of one bone without any joint.
.
The antients were wild in their opinion of the
Hyaena:
they believed that it changed its sex, imitated the human voice; that it had power of charming the shepherds, and as it were rivetting them to the place they stood on: no wonder that an ignorant
Arab
should attribute to its remains preternatural powers.
They are cruel, fierce, and untameable animals, with a most malevolent aspect: have a sort of obstinate courage, which will made them face stronger quadrupedsthan themselves;
Kaempfer
relates that he saw one which had put two lions to flight, regarding them with the utmost coolness, Their voice is hoarse, a disagreeable mixture of growling and roaring.
119 SPOTTED.
Jackal, or wild Dog,
Bosman's Guinea,
293.
Quumbengo
Churchill's coll. voy.
v. 486.
Tiger wolf
Kolben's Cape,
II. 108.
Hyaena or Crocuta?
Ludolph. Aethiopia,
57.
Cani-apro-lupo-vulpes?
Deslandes Hist. de l'Acad. tom.
xxviii. 50.
octavo ed.
H. with a large and flat head: above each eye some long hairs: on each side of the nose very long whiskers: short black mane: hair on the body short and
1 ARCTIC FOX No . 113. II SPOTTED HYAENA No . 119.
smooth: cars short, and a little pointed; their outside black, inside cinereous: face, and upper part of the head black: body and limbs reddish brown, marked with distinct round back spots: the hind legs with transverse black bars: tail short, black, and full of hair.
Inhabits
Guinea, Aethiopia,
and the
Cape:
lives in holes in the earth, or cliffs of rocks: preys by night: howls horribly: breaks into the folds, and kills two or three sheep: devours as much as it can, and carries away one for a future repast: will attack mankind; scrape open graves, and devour the dead.
M. de Buffon,
misled by
Bosman
's name of this animal, makes it synonymous with the common jackal. Has, till the present time, been undistinguished by naturalists. This description taken from one shewn some years ago in
London.
XIX. CAT.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind.
Sharp hooked claws, lodged in a sheath that may be exerted or drawn in at pleasure.
Round head, and short visage: rough tongue.
* With long tails.
120. LION.
Leo
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
16.
Gesner quad.
572.
Raii syn. quad.
102.
Lowe
Klein quad.
81.
Felis cauda in floccum desineute.
Brisson quad.
194.
Felis Leo. F. cauda elongata, corpore helvulo.
Lin syst.
60.
Le Lion
de Buffon,
ix. 1.
tab.
I.II.
C. with a large head: short rounded ears: face covered with short hairs: upper part of the head, chin, whole neck and shoulders, with long shaggy hairs, like a mane: hair on the body and limbs short and smooth; along the bottom of the belly long: limbs of vast strength: tail long, with a tuft of long hairs at the end: color tawny, but on the belly inclines to white: length of the largest lion from nose to tail above eight feet: the tail four feet: the lioness or female is less, and wants the mane.
An inhabitant of all parts of
Africa;
and the hot parts of
Asia,
such as
India
and
Persia,
and a few are still met with in the deserts between
Bagdat
and
Bassorah,
on the banks of the
Euphrates;
but they are found in greatest numbers in the torrid zone, where their size is the largest, and their rage more tremendous, being enflamed by the influence of a burning sun, on a most arid soil. In the interior parts of
Africa
Leo Afr.
342.
, amidst the scorched and desolate deserts of
Zaara,
or
Biledulgerid,
they reign sole masters; they lord it over every beast, and their courage never meets with a check, where the climate keeps mankind at a distance: the nearer they approach the habitations of the human race, the less their rage, or rather the greater is their timidity
Purchas's Pilg.
II. 809.
; they have often experienced the unequal combat, and finding that there exists a being superior to them, commit their ravages with more caution: a cooler climate again has the same effect; for in the burning deserts, where rivers and fountains are denied, they live in a perpetual fever, a sort of madness fatal to every animal they meet with: the author of the oeconomy of nature gives a wonderfull proof of the instinct of these animals in those unwatered tracts. There the
Pelican
makes her nest; and in order to cool her young ones, and accustom them to an element they must afterwards be conversant in, brings from afar, in their great gular pouch, sufficient water to fill the nest; the lion, and other wild beasts, approach and quench their thirst, yet never injure the unfledged
wan. Acad.
II. 37.
birds, as if conscious that their destruction would immediately put a stop to those gratefull supplies.
The courage of the lion is tempered with mercy
Leoni tantum feris clementia in supplices: prostratis parcit: et ubi savit,
p
ius, quam in faeminus fremit, in insantes non nisi magna fame.
,
110. viii. c. 16. Misson, vol. III. 292.
confirms the last.
, and has been known to spare the weaker animals, as if beneath his attention: there are many instance; of its gratitude; relations so strange, that the reader is referred to them in the notes
A. Gellius. Aelian. Pliny.
to the authorities themselves. Lions are capable of being tamed: the monarch of
Persia,
full of savage state, has, on days of audience
Bell's travels,
I. 102.
, two great ones chained on each side of the passage to the room of state, led there by keepers, in chains of gold. As they have been so far subdued, why may we not credit the story of their being harnessed for the triumphal car of the conqueror
Bacchus?
The lion preys on all kinds of animals: as his scent is bad, his peculiar and tremendous roar strikes terror into every beast of the desert, and sets them in motion, in open view; he then selects his object, and takes it not so much by pursuit, as by a vast bound, striking it with his talons, and tearing it to pieces: in inhabited countries he invades the folds, leaps over the fences with his prey; and such is his strength, that he can carry off a middling ox with the utmost ease
La Caille,
204.
: in many places it takes its prey by surprize, lurking in the thickets, and springing on it: oft-times mankind falls a victim to his hunger, but then it is rather thro' necessity than choice. The
Arabs
have a notion of his sparing the tender sex, but Doctor
Shaw
informs us
Travels,
244.
that they make no distinction in these days: the same writer acquaints us, that the flesh of the lion is often eaten in
Barbary,
and it resembles veal in taste.
Formerly found in
Europe,
between the rivers
Achelous
and
Nessus
Aristot. hist. An. lib.
vi.
c.
31.
; none in
America;
the animal called
Puma
arcilasso de la vega,
332.
, which is mistaken for the lion, is our 129th species.
121. TIGER.
Tigris
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
18.
Bontius Java,
53.
Gesner quad.
936.
Raii syn. quad.
165.
Klein. quad.
8.
Felis Tigris. F. cauda elongata, corpore maculis omnibus virgatis.
Lin. syst.
61.
Felis flava, maculis longis nigris variegata.
Brisson quad.
194.
Le Tigre
de Buffon,
ix. 129.
tab.
ix.
C. with a smooth head and body; vast strength in its limbs; of a pale yellow color, beautifully marked with long stripes of black from the back, pointing to the belly, with others cross the thighs: the tail shorter by a third than the body; annulated with black: often superior in size to a lion; that called the
Royal
Dellon. voy.
78.
Tiger of a tremendous bulk.
M. de Buffon
mentions one that was (tail included) fifteen feet long.
Du Halde
II. 254, says, that the
Chinese
tigers vary in color, some being white, striped with black and gray.
The tiger is peculiar to
Asia
M. de Buffon
says they are found in the South of
Africa.
I can meet with no authority for it; the animals so called by
Ludolphus
and
K
lben,
being only Panthers, or Leopards, which are generally confounded with the Tiger by most voyagers.
; and is found as far North as
China,
and
Chinese Tartary;
it inhabits mount
Ararat,
and
Hyrcania
of old, famous for its wild beasts; but the greatest numbers, the largest, and the most cruel, are met with in
India,
and its islands; they are the scourge of the country; they lurk among the bushes, on the sides of rivers, and almost depopulate many places: they are insidious, blood thirsty, and malevolent; and seem to prefer preying on the human race preferable to any other animals: they do not pursue their prey, but bound on it from their ambush, with an elasticity, and from a distance that is scarce credible: if they miss the object, they make off; but if they succeed, be it man, or be it beast, even one as large as a
Buffalo
Bontius,
53.
Strabo. lib.
xv. relates much the same of the Tigers of the country of the
Prasii.
, they carry it off with such ease, that it seems not the lest impediment to their flight: if they are undisturbed, they plunge their head into the body of the animal up to their very eyes, as if it were to satiate themselves with blood, which they exhaust the corps of before they tear it to pieces
Bontius,
53.
: there is a sort of cruelty in their devastations, unknown to the generous lion; as well at a poltronery in their sudden retreat on any disappointment. I was informed, by very good authority, that in the beginning of this century, some gentlemen and ladies, being on a party of pleasure, under a shade of trees, on the banks of a river in
Bengal,
observed a tiger preparing for its fatal spring; one of the ladies, with amazing presence of mind, layed hold of an umbrella, and furled it full in the animal's face, which instantly retired, and gave the company opportunity of removing from so terrible a neighbor.
Another party had not the same good fortune: a tiger darted among them while they were at dinner,
on one gentleman, and carried him off, and
was more heard of. They attack all sorts of animals, even the lion; and it has been known that both have perished in their combats: there is in some parts of
India
a popular notion
Bont
us,
53.
, that the rhinoceros and the tiger are in friendship, because they are often found near each other: the fact is, the rhinoceros, like the hog, loves to wallow in the mire; and on that account frequents the banks of rivers; the tiger, to quench its raging thirst, is met with in places contiguous to them.
Pliny
has been frequently taken to task by the moderns, for calling the tiger,
animal tremendae ve
tatis
Plinii. lib.
viii.
c.
18.
; they allow it great agility in its bounds, but deny it swiftness in pursuit: two travellers of authority, both eye-witnesses, confirm what
Pliny
says; the one indeed only mentions, in general its vast fleetness; the other saw a tryal between one and a swift horse, whose rider escaped meerly by getting in time amidst a circle of armed men. The chase of this animal was a favorite diversion with the great CAM-HI, the
Chinese
monarch, in whose company our countryman, Mr.
Bell,
that faithfull traveller; and the
Pere Gerbillon,
saw these proofs of the tiger's speed
ll's Travels,
II. 91.
Du Halde,
II. 343.
.
They are said to roar like a lion; but those I have seen in captivity, emitted only a surly growl.
122. PANTHER.
Varia et Pardus?
Plinis, lib.
viii.
c.
17.
?
Oppian Cyneg. lib.
III.
. 63.
Panthera, Pardus, Pardalis, Leopardus
Gesner quad.
824.
Raii syn. quad.
166.
Klein. quad.
77.
Felis Pardus. F. cauda elongata, corpore maculis superioribus orbiculatis; inferioribus virgatis.
Lin. syst.
61
A description that does not suit any known animal of this genus.
.
Brisson quad.
198.
La Panthere
de Buffon,
ix. 151.
tab.
xi. xii.
C. with short smooth hair, of a bright tawny color: the back, sides, and flanks elegantly markes with black spots, disposed in circles from four to five in each, with a single black spot in the centre of each: on the face and legs single spots only: on the top of the back is a row of oblong spots; the longest next the tail: the chest and belly white; the first marked with transverse dusky stripes: the belly and tail with large irregular black spots: ears short and pointed: end of the nose brown: limbs very strong: the skin of one I measured, was, from the end of the nose to the origin of the tail, six feet ten inches; the tail near three.
Inhabits
Africa,
from
Barbary
to the remotest parts of
Guinea
Shaw's Travels,
244.
des Marchais,
I. 204. the last mistakenly calls them Tigers.
. This species is next in size to the tiger; next to it in cruelty, and in its general enmity to the animal creation: it is to
Africa
what the former is to
Asia,
with this alleviation, that it prefers the flesh of brutes to that of mankind; but when pressed with hunger, attacks every living creature without distinction: its manner of taking its prey is the same with that of the tiger, always by surprize, either lurking in thickets, or creeping on its belly till it comes within reach: it will also climb up trees in pursuit of monkies, and lesser animals; so that nothing is secure from its attacks: it is an untameable species, always retains its fierce, its malevolent aspect, and perpetual growl or murmur.
The antients were well acquainted with these animals; these and the leopards were the
Variae,
and
Pardi
of the old writers: one should think that the
Romans
would have exhausted the deserts of
Africa,
by the numbers they draw from thence for their public shews:
Scaurus
exhibited at one time 150
Panthers; Pompey
the great 410;
Augustus
420
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
17.
: probably they thinned the coasts of
Mauritania
of these animals, but they still swarm in the Southern parts of
Guinea.
Oppian
describes two species of Panthers; a large species and a small one; the first of which has a shorter tail than the lesser, and may possibly be this kind.
An animal of this species is found in
Buckharia,
called there
Babr;
is seven
eet long; very destructive to horses, and even camels: the skin is fine, and valued in
Russia
at 1l. sterling
Ritchkoff Orenb. Topogr.
I. 28. In
China
is a most beautifull kind, called there
Louchu,
whose skins sell for six pounds,
sterling,
a
ce.
Muller Russ. Samlung.
III. 549, 608. I must here observe, that there are, in the Furriers shops in
London,
skins in most respects resembling those of the Panther; which, they have assured me, came from the
Spanish
settlements in the
West Indies:
These skins equaled those of the old continent, in beauty and size. Notwithstanding
M. de Buffon
denies this animal to be a native of
America,
yet I cannot help thinking, that the same, or a variety at lest, inhabits the hot parts of that country. 1. The figure of the species, described by
Faber hist. An. Nov. Hisp.
408, under the name of
Tigr
Mexicana,
agrees exactly with that of the Panther; as does the description in general, given p. 507. 2. Every other animal of this genus, which has been yet discovered in
America,
is far inferior in size and strength to this; whose common height,
Faber
says, is four or five feet, and whose prey is wild cattle, horses, &c.
M. Condamine
V
y.
81.
, and
Le Pere Cajetan Cattaneo
Vide
three very entertaining Letters added to
M
ratori
's Missions of
Paraguay,
259.
, speak of the Tigers (
i. e.
the Panthers) of
America,
as equal, and even superior, in size, to those of
Africa;
and the color as bright as gold; and
Ulloa
Vol. I. 56.
describes them as big as little horses. 3. Notwithstanding the venders of furs are not entirely to be relied on, as to the countries their goods come from; yet the general opinion of the whole trade, that these skins were the product of
Spanish America,
is a further proof of their being common to both continents.
But the new world, especially the part possessed by the jealous
Spaniards,
is still very imperfectly explored: sufficient space is still left for the conquest of the naturalist; so at present he had no reason to weep, like
Alexander,
for want of other globes.
.
123. LEOPARD.
Uncia
Caii opusc.
42.
Gesner quad.
825.
Le Leopard
des Marchais voy.
I. 202.
Le Leopard
de Buffon,
ix. 151.
tab.
xiv.
C. with hair of a lively yellow color; marked on the back and sides with small spots, disposed in circles, and placed pretty closely together: the face and legs marked with single spots: the breast and belly covered with longer hairs than the rest of the body, of a whitish color: the spots on the tail large and oblong: the length of this species, from nose to tail, four feet; the tail two and a half.
Inhabits
Senegal
and
Guinea;
spares neither man nor beast: when beasts of chase fail, descends from the internal parts of
Africa
in crowds, and makes great havoke among the numerous herds that cover the rich meadows of the lower
Guinea:
it tears its prey to pieces with both claws and teeth; is always thin, tho' perpetually devouring. The Panther is its enemy, and destroys numbers of them. The Negresses make collars of their teeth, and attribute to them certain virtues. The Negroes take these animals in pit-falls, covered at the top with slight hurdles, on which is placed some flesh as a bait. The Negroes made a banquet of these animals, whose flesh is said to be as white as veal, and very well tasted. The skins are often brought to
Europe,
and reckoned very valuable.
124. LESSER LEOPARD.
C. with the face spotted with black: chin white: a great black spot each side of the upper lip: breast marked with small spots: belly white, spotted with black: back, sides and rump, covered with hair of a bright yellow color: marked with circles of spots, like the former; but the spots much less: not half the bulk of the last; but the tail shorter in proportion, and tapering to a point, and the hair on it short. The tails of the two last species are of equal thickness from top to bottom.
Inhabits the
East Indies?
kept a few years ago in the Tower: seemed a good-natured animal.
125. HUNTING.
Le Leopard
voy. de la Boullaye-le-gouz.
248.
C. with a small head: irides pale orange: end o
the nose black: from each corner of the mouth to that of each eye, a dusky line: ears short, tawny marked with a brown bar: face, chin and throat of a pale yellowish brown: the face slightly spotted: body of a light-tawny brown, marked with numbers of small round black spots; not in circles, but each distinct: the spots on the rim and outside of the legs were larger: the inside of the legs plain: hair on the top of the neck longer than the rest: that on the belly white, and very long: tail longer than the body; of a reddish brown color; marked above with large black spots; the hair on the under side very long.
Size of a large gre-hound: of a long make: chest narrow: legs very long.
Inhabits
India:
is tamed and trained for the chace of antelopes: carried in a small kind of waggon, chained and hoodwinked, till it approaches the herd: when first unchained does not immediately make its attempt, but winds along the ground, stopping and concealing itself till it gets a proper advantage, then darts on the animals with surprizing swiftness; overtakes them by the rapidity of its bounds: but if it does not succeed in its first efforts, consisting of five or six amazing leaps, misses its prey: losing its breath, and finding itself unequal in speed, stands still: gives up
1 HUNTING LEOPARD No . 125. II BLACK TIGER No . 130.
the point for that time
Bernier's travels,
iv. 45.
Tavernier's travels,
I. 147.
Theveno
.
3. v. 34.
, and readily returns to its master.
126. ONCE.
.
Oppian Cyneg.
III.
.95.
Panthera?
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
17.
L'Once
de Buffon,
ix. 151.
tab.
xiii.
C. with a large head: short ears: long hair on the whole body: color a whitish ash, tinged with yellow: on the breast and belly with a smaller cast of yellow: head marked with small round spots: behind each ear a large black spot: the upper part of the neck varied, with large single spots: the sides of the back with longitudinal marks, consisting of several spots, almost touching each other, leaving the ground color of the body in the middle: the spots beneath these irregular, large, and full: those on the legs small, and thinly dispersed: the tail full of hair; irregularly marked with large black spots. This species is of a strong make: long backed: short legged: length from the nose to the tail, about three feet and a half: tail upwards of three feet.
Inhabits
Barbary
Where it is called
Faadh. Shaw's trav.
245.
,
Persia, Hyrcania
Chardin.
and
China
Where it is called
Poupi.
The skins are brought from
China
. Russia,
and sold for twenty shillings apiece.
Muller Samlunge
Russ
chen Geschicht.
III. 549.608.
; is an animal of a more gentle and mild nature than most of the preceding; is, like the last, used for the chace of antelopes, and even hares; but, instead of being conveyed in a waggon, is carried on the crupper on horseback; it under as much command as a setting dog, returns at the lest call, and jumps up behind its master
Olearius travels into Persia,
218.
.
Is supposed to be the lesser Panther of
Oppian,
and the
Panthera
of
Pliny
Pantheris
in candido breves macularum oruli.
lib. viii. c. 17.
.
127. BRASILIAN.
Jaguara
Marcgrave Brasil,
235.
Piso Brasil,
203.
Pardus aut Lynx
Brasiliensis
Jaguara dicta,
Lusitanis
onza.
Raii syn. quad.
168.
Klein. quad.
80.
Le Tigre de La Guiane
Des Marchais, voy.
III. 299.
Tigris americana. Felis flavescens, maculis nigris orbiculatis quibusdam rosam referentibu
variegata.
Brisson quad.
196.
Felis onça. Felis cauda mediocri, corpore flavescente, ocellis nigris rotundato angulatis medio flavis.
Lin. syst.
91.
Le Jaguar
de Buffon,
ix. 201.
tab.
xviii.
C. with hair of a bright tawny color: the top of the back marked with long stripes of black: the sides with rows of irregular oblong spots: open in the middle, which is of the ground-color of the hair: the thighs and legs marked with full spots of black: the breast and belly whitish: the tail not so long as the body: the upper part deep tawny, marked with large black spots, irregularly: the lower part with smaller spots: grows to the size of a wolf, and even larger.
Inhabits the hottest parts of
S. America,
from the isthmus of
Darien
to
Buenos Ayres:
fierce and destructive to man and beast. Like the tiger it plunges its head into the body of its prey, and sucks out the blood before it devours it: makes a great noise in the night, like the howling of a hungry dog: is a very cowardly animal: easily put to flight; either by the shepherds dogs, or by a lighted torch, being very fearfull of fire: it lies in ambush near the sides of rivers: there is sometimes seen a singular combat between this animal and the crocodile; when the
Jaguar
comes to drink, the crocodile, ready to surprize any animal that approaches, raises its head out of the water, the former instantly strikes its claws into the eyes of this dreadfull reptile, the only penetrable part, who immediately dives under the water, pulling his enemy along with it, where they commonly both perish
Condamine's voy.
81.
.
128. MEXICAN.
Tac
ozelotl; Tlalocelotl. Catuspardus mexicanus.
Hernandez. Mex.
512.
L'O
e
de Buffon,
xiii. 239.
tab.
xxxv. xxxvi.
Felis sylvestris, americanus, Tigrinus.
Seb. Mus.
I. 47.
tab.
xxx.
fig.
2, & 77.
tab.
xlviii.
fig.
2.
C. with its head, back, upper part of the rump and tail of a bright tawny: a black stripe extends along the top of the back, from head to tail: from the nostrils to the corners of the eyes, a stripe of black: forehead spotted with black: the sides whitish, marked lengthways with long stripes of black, hollow, and tawny, in the middle; in which are sprinkled some small black spots: from the neck towards the shoulders point, others of the same colors: the ramp marked in the same manner: legs whitish, varied with small black spots: tail spotted with small spots near its base; with larger near the end, which is black.
An animal, supposed to be the female
The description of that which
M. de Buffon
assures us is the male, is taken from a drawing. This I examined at one of Mr.
Brooks
's exhibitions, and found it the same with the animal described by
Hernandez. M. de Buffon
supposes the male to be the animal described by that author under the title of
Tigris Mexicana,
p. 208. but whoever examines that description will be of opinion it is of a species very nearly agreeing with the
European
Panther.
, was shewen two years ago in
London:
its ground color was cinereous; palest on the legs and belly: irides hazel: tip of the nose red: ears short, and rounded, black on the out-side, grey within: from the nose to the eye, on each side, a black line; above and beneath each eye a white one: sides of the mouth white, marked with four rows of small black spots: from the hind part of the head, to the back and shoulders, ran some long, narrow, hallow stripes: along the top of the back two rows of oval black spots: the marks on the sides long, hollow, and irregular, extending from shoulders to thighs: shoulders both barred and spotted: legs and belly only spotted: tail not so long at the body; had large spots above, small beneath.
It was strongly made: and above four times the size of a large cat.
Inhabits
Mexico,
the neighborhood of
Carthagena,
and
Brasil:
lives in the mountains: is very voracious; but fearfull of mankind: preys on young calves
Dampier, voy.
II. 62.
, and different sorts of game: lurks amidst the leaves of trees; and sometimes will extend itself along the boughs, as if dead, 'till the monkies, tempted by their naturall curiosity, approaching to examine it, become its prey
Hernandez Mex.
514.
.
129. BROWN.
Cugacuarana.
Marcgrave Brasil.
2
.
Raii syn. quad.
169.
Cugacuara
Piso Brasil,
103.
Panther
Lawson Carolina,
117.
C
sby Carolina App.
Tigris fulvus
Barrere France Aequin.
166.
Du Pratz.
II. 63.
Tigris fulva. Felis ex flavo rufescens, mento et infimo ventre albicantibus.
Brisson quad.
197.
Le Couguar
de Buffon,
ix. 216.
tab.
xix.
C. with a very small head: ears a little pointed: eyes large: chin white: back, neck, rump, sides, pale brownish red, mixed with dusky hairs: breast, belly, and inside of the legs cinereous: hair on the belly long: tail dusky, and ferruginous; the tip black: the teeth of a vast size: claws white: the outmost claw of the fore feet much larger than the others: it long bodied, and high on its legs: the length from nose to tail, five-feet three inches; of the tail two feet eight.
Inhabits the continent of
America,
from
Canada
to
Brazil:
in
South America
is called
Puma
Hernandez Mex.
518.
Condamine's voy.
81.
, and mistaken for the lion: is the scourge of the colonies of the hotter parts of
America;
fierce and ravenous to the highest degree: swims over the broad rivers, and attacks the cattle, even in the enclosures; and when pressed with hunger, spares not even mankind. In
N. America
their fury seems to be subdued by the rigor of the climate; the smallest cur, in company with its master, makes them seek for security, by running up trees: but then they are equally destructive to domestic animals, and are the greatest nu
sance the planter has: when they lay in wait for the
Moose,
or other deer
Charlevoix voy. Nouv. France,
V. 189. who, by mistake, calls it
Carcajou.
, they lie close on the brand of some tree, 'till the animal passes beneath, whe
they drop on them, and soon destroy them: they also make wolves their prey: that whose skin is in the
Museum
of the
Royal Society,
was killed just as it had pulled down a wolf: conceal such part of the prey which they cannot eat: purr like a cat: the fur soft, and of some value among the
Indians,
who cover themselves with it during winter: the flesh is also eaten, and said to be as good and as white as veal
Mr.
Dupont
once shewed me, some years ago, the tail of an animal from
South America,
three quarters of a yard long, covered with short white glossy hair: a piece of the skin of the back was left to it, on which were black hairs near eight inches long. I mention it here as belonging to some plain colored beast of this genus. Perhaps the
Tzonyzlac seu quadrupes capillorum candentium, brevibus cru
bus, colore atro, manibus pedibusque et corporis magnitudine Tigris; at prolixa cauda.
Fernandez quad. nov. Hisp. 3.
.
130. BLACK.
Jaguarete
Marcgrave Brasil,
235.
Piso Brasil,
103.
Raii syn. quad.
169.
Once
des Marchais,
III. 300.
C. with the head, back, sides, fore part of the legs, and the tail, covered with short and very glossy hairs, of a dusky color; sometimes spotted
For which reason
M. de Buffon
suspects it to be only a variety of
No.
127; but since
M. Des Marchais,
who describes it very exactly, makes no mention of its being spotted, nor had the two which were shewn in
London
some years ago any spots on them: it is very probable then, that the
Jaguarete,
described by
Marcgrave,
was a variety of this species, and not of his
Jaguara,
as it agrees with it in the ground color, and in its superior size.
with black, but generally plain: upper lips white: at the corner of the mouth a black spot
On the chin of one of those above-mentioned was a round back spot.
: long hairs above each eye, and long whiskers on the upper lip: lower lip, throat, belly, and the inside of the legs, whitish, or very pale ash-color: paws white: ears pointed: grows to the size of a heifer of a year old: has vast strength in its limbs.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana:
is a cruel and fierce beast; much dreaded by the
Indians;
but happily is a scarce species.
131. CAPE.
C. with short hair, of a bright ferruginous color: the face marked with black stripes, tending downwards: from the hind part of the head to the tail, the back is marked with oblong stripes of black: the sides with very numerous small, and round spots of black: belly white: tail long, of a bright tawny color, spotted with black: length from the nose to the tail, near three feet.
Described from a skin in a furrier's shop in
London,
who thought it came from the
Cape of Good Hope.
132. CAYENNE.
Maraguao
Marcgrave Brasil,
233.
Felis fera tigrina
Barrere France Aequin.
152.
Tepe Maxlaton
Fernand, Nov. Hisp.
9.
c.
28.
Le Pichou, Cat-a-mount
du Pratz Louisian
II. 64.
Felis sylvestris tigrina. F. e
griseo, flaveseens, maculis nigris variegata
Brisson quad.
193.
Le Margay
de Boffon,
xiii. 248.
tab.
xxxvii.
C. with the upper part of the head, the neck, back, sides, shoulders and thighs of a bright tawny color: the face striped downwards with black: the shoulders and body marked with stripes, and oblong large black spots: the legs with small spots: the breast, and inside of the legs and thighs whitish, spotted with black: the tail very long, marked with black, tawny, and grey: size of common cat.
Inhabits
S. America:
lives on the feathered game, and on poultry: is untameable: makes a noise like the common cat.
These small spotted species are called by the general name of tiger-cats: several kinds are found in the
East-Indies
Dellon's voy.
77.
, and in the woods near the
Cape of Good Hope;
but so negligently, or so unscientifically mentioned, as to tender it impossible for a zoologist to form a description from them: yet a good history of these animals being among the many
desiderata
of the naturalist; the following maim accounts may serve to direct the enquiries of future voyagers.
Kolben
Hist. Cape,
II. 126.
M. L'Abbè de la Caille
abuses poor
Kolben
for his imperfect history of the
Cape:
in fact, it is not a good one, yet still is the best we have: but great will be the disappointment of those who seek for fuller information in that of the criticising
Abbè.
mentions two kinds; one he calls
The WILD RED CAT, which has a streak of bright red, running along the ridge of the back to the tail, and losing itself in the grey and white on the sides: the skins are said to give ease in the gout, and are much valued on that account at the
Cape.
The other he calls
The BUSH CAT; of which he says no more, than that it is the largest of wild cats in the
Cape
countries.
133. COMMON.
(WILD CAT.) Catus sylvestris.
Boumriitter.
Gesner quad.
325.
Catus sylvestris, ferus vel feralis, eques arborum.
Klein quad.
75.
Wilde Katze.
Kram Austr.
311.
Felis sylvestris. F. pilis ex fusco, flavicante, et albido, variegatis vestita, cauda annulis alternatim nigris et ex sordidé albo flavicantibus cincta.
Brisson quad.
192.
Kot Driki, Zbik.
Rzaczinski Polon.
217.
Le chat sauvage
de Buffon,
vi. 1.
tab.
I.
Br. Zool.
I. 47.
C. with long soft hair, of a yellowish white color, mixed with grey; the grey disposed in streaks, pointing downwards, rising from a dusky list, that runs from the head to tail, along the middle of the back: tail marked with alternate bars of black and white, its tip black: hind part of the legs black: three times as large as the common cat; and very strongly made
In the
Russian Asiatic
dominions is a very elegant race of wild cats, with very soft fur, of the color of a Lynx; the young ones beautifully speckled with black: the
Russians
call them
Stepnia Koskky. Muller Saml. Russ.
III. 608.
.
Inhabits the woods of most parts of
Europe:
a variety of a blue color is met with at the
Cape of Good Hope:
most destructive to lambs, kids, and fawns; and to all sorts of feathered game. The stock, or origin of the DOMESTIC CAT
Felis Catus. F. cauda elongata fusco annulata, corpore fasciis nigricantibus; d
r
alibus longitudinalibus tribus; lateralibus spiralibus
Lin.
yn. 62. Faun. succ. No. 9. Br. Zool. I. 45. de Buffon, vi. tab. ii. Brisson quad. 191.
, which is subject to many varieties.
α. ANGORA CAT. With long hair; of a silvery whiteness, and silky texture; very long, especially about the neck, where it forms a fine ruff: the hairs on the tail very long, and spreading: is a large variety: found about
Angora;
the same country which produces the fine haired goat, p. 15. Degenerates after the first generation in our climate.
β. TORTOISE SHELL CAT: black, white, and orange. Le chat d'Espagne
de Buffon
vi.
tab.
III.
γ. BLUE CAT. Le chat des chartreux
de Buffon
vi.
tab.
iv. probably descended from the blue wild cats of the
Cape.
The cat a usefull but deceitfull domestic: when pleased purrs, and moves its tail: when angry, spits, hisses, strikes with its foot: in walking, draws in its claws: drinks little: is fond of fish: the female very salacious; a piteous, jarring, squaling lover: its urine corrosive: buries its dung: then natural enemy of mice; watches them with great gravity: does not always reject vegetables: washes its face with its fore feet,
Linnaeus
says, at the approach of a storm: sees by night: its eyes shine in the dark: its hair emits fire, when rubbed in the dark: always lights on its feet: proverbially tenacious of life: very cleanly; hates wet: is fond of perfumes;
marum valerian, catmint.
The unaccountable antipathy of multitudes: beloved by the
Mahometans: Meillet,
who says that the cats of
Aegypt
are very beautifull, adds, that the inhabitants build hospitals for them
Voy. l'Egypt,
30.
.
** With short tails.
134. MOUNTAIN.
Chat-pard
Memoires pour servir
. Nat. An. part.
I. 110.
Pardus sive Catus Montanus
Americanorum.
the Cat a
ntain.
Raii syn. quad.
169.
Felis Pardalis. F. cauda elongata, corpore maculis superioribus virgatis, inferioribus orbiculatis.
Lin. syst.
62.
Brisson quad.
199.
C. with upright pointed ears, marked with two brown transverse bars: color of the head, and whole upper part of the body, a reddish brown, marked with long narrow spots on the back; and with numerous round small spots on the sides: the belly whitish: the chin and throat of a pure white: the tail barred with black: the length of this animal two feet and a half; that of the tail eight inches.
Inhabits
America:
grows very fat: is a mild and gentle animal.
α. Le Serval
de Buffon
xiii. 233.
tab.
xxxiv.
Differs from the preceding in these particulars: the orbits are white: the spots on the body universally round: in its nature very fierce, and untameable: inhabits the woods in the mountanous parts of
India:
lives in trees, and scarce ever descends on the ground, for it breeds in them: leaps with great agility from tree to tree: called by the natives of
Malabar,
the
Maraputé;
by the
Portuguese,
the
Serval
De Buffon.
.
Mr.
J. R. Forster
informed me, he saw an animal of this species in the
Empress
's menagery at
Petersburg:
it's fur was of a whitish yellow: the spots dusky; had a wild and piercing look: was brought from
Tibet.
135. LYNX.
Chaus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
19. Lupus cervarius.
c.
22.
.
Aelian. lib.
xiv.
c.
6.
Oppian Cyneg.
III. 84.
Lupus cervarius, Lynx, Chaus.
Gesner quad.
677, 678.
Lynx sive Leuncia
Caii opusc.
50.
Fabri Exp. An. Nov. Hisp.
527.
Lynx, Catus cervarius
anglicè,
the ounce.
Raii syn, quad.
166.
Tournefort's voy.
410. I. 360.
Rys, Ostrowidz.
Rzacinski Polon.
222.
Lux
Kramer Austr.
311.
Ridinge Wilden Thiere
22.
Kleine Thiere
65 &c.
Felis Lynx. F. cauda abbrevia ta; apice atra, auriculis apic barbatis
Lin. syst.
62. Warglo Kattlo.
Faun. suec.
No. 10, 11. Lynx. Felis auriculorum apic: bus pilis longissimis praeditis caudâ brevi.
Brisson quad.
200 Catus cervarius, 199.
Le Lynx, or Loup-Cervier,
Buffon,
ix. 231.
tab.
xxi.
C. with a short tail, black at its end: eyes of a pale yellow: hair under the chin long and full: hair on the body long and soft, of a cinereous color, tinged with red, marked with dusky spots, more or less distinct in different subjects; in some scarce visible: belly whitish: ears erect, tufted with long black hairs, the character of the different species of
Lynnes:
legs and feet very thick and strong: the length of the skin of a
Russian
lynx, from nose to tail, was four feet six inches; the tail only six: vary sometimes in their color: the
Irbys,
from lake
Ba
kash
Situated west of the river
Irtysn.
, or the
Kattlo,
of the
Suedes,
is whitish, spotted with black, and larger than the common kind; this large variety is called by the
Germans, Wolf-Lucks,
and
Kalb-Lucks,
on account of its size.
Inhabits the vast forests of the N. of
Europe, Asia,
and
America
Wild cat,
Lawson Carolina,
118.
Catesby App.
xxv. found
as
Mexico,
the
Pinuum Dasypus
of
Nieremberg.
153
, not
India,
tho' poets have harnessed them to the chariot of
Bacchus,
in his conquest of that country: bring two or three young at a time: is long-lived: climbs trees: lies in wait for the deer, which pass under, falls on them, and se
zing on the jugular vein, soon makes them its prey: will not attack mankind; but is very destructive to the rest of the animal creation: the furs of these animals are valuable for their softness and warmth: numbers are annually imported from
North America,
and the north of
Europe,
and
Asia;
the farther
North
and
East
they are taken, the whiter they are, and the more distinct the spots; of these the most elegant kind is called
Irbys,
taken near lake
Balkash,
whose skin sells on the spot for on pound
sterling
Ritchkoff
's
Orenb. Topòg.
I. 296.
.
The antients celebrated the great quickness o
its sight; and feigned that its urine was converted into a precious stone
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
38. xxviii.
c.
8.
.
Victa racemifero Lyncas dedit
INDIA
Baccho:
E quibus (ut memorant) quicquid vesica remisit,
Vertitur in Lapides, ef congelat Aē ra tacto.
Ovid. Met. xv. 413.
136. BAY.
C. with a short tail: irides yellow: ears upright, and sharp pointed, tufted with long black hairs: color of the head, back, sides, and exterior parts of the legs, bright bay, obscurely marked with dusky spots: down the face marked with black stripes, pointing to the nose: each side the upper lip three rows of minute black spots, with long stiff hairs issuing out of them: orbits edged with white: from beneath each eye certain long black stripes, of an incurvated form, mark the cheeks; which with the upper and under lip, whole under side of the body, and insides of the legs, are white: the upper part of the inside of the fore legs marked with two black bars: upper part of the tail barred with dusky strokes; and next the end, one of a deep black; its tip and under side white: about twice the bigness of a large cat: the hair shorter and smoother than that of the last.
Inhabits the inner pares of the province of
New-York.
I BAY LYNX No . 136. II PERSIAN LYNX No . 137.
137. PERSIAN.
Siyah-Ghush, or black ear.
Charl
n Ex.
21.
tab. page
23.
Raii syn quad.
168.
Ph. Trans.
vol. LI. part. II. 648.
tab.
xiv.
Le Caracal
de Buffon,
ix. 262.
tab.
xxiv.
C. with a lengthened face, and small head: very long slender black ears, terminated with a long tuft of black hairs: inside and bottom of the ears white: nose white: eyes small: the upper part of the body is of a very pale reddish brown: the tail rather darker: belly and breast whitish: limbs strong, and pretty long: tail about half the length of the body.
Inhabit
Persia, India,
and
Barbary
aw's Travels,
247. The mouth of the
Barbary
variety is
, and the face fuller.
: are often brought up tame, and used in the chace of lesser quadrupeds; and the larger sort of birds, such as cranes, pelecans, peacocks, &c. which they surprize with great address: when they seize their prey, hold it fast with their mouth, and lie for a time motionless on it: are said to attend the lion, and to feed on the remains of the prey that animal leaves
o, de Thevenot,
III. 204. The
Arabs,
according to
Thevenot,
Kara-Coulac,
or Black Ear.
: are fierce when provoked: Dr.
Charleton
says, he saw one fall on a hound, which it killed and tore to pieces in a moment notwithstanding the dog defended itself to the utmost.
The
Arabian
writers call it
Anak el Ard:
say that a hunts like the panther; jumps up at cranes as they fly; and covers its steps when hunting
Dr.
Thomas Hyde,
in
Ulugh Beighi, tab. p.
36. the figure is from
drawing by Mr.
Edwards.
.
XX. BEAR.
Six cutting teeth; two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before; five behind.
In walking rests on the hind feet, as far as the heel
138. BLACK.
Ursus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
36.
Oppian Cyneg.
III. 139.
Ursus Gesner quad.
941.
Agricola An. Subter.
486.
Raii syn. quad.
171.
Niedzwiedz
Rzaczinski Polon.
225. Bâr.
Klein. quad.
82.
Schwenckfelt Theriotroph.
131.
Ridinger Wild. Thiere.
31.
Ursus niger, cauda concolor
Brisson quad.
187.
Ursus cauda abrupta.
Ian.
69. Biorn
Faun. suec. No.
19. L'Ours
de Buffon,
viii. 248.
xxxi. xxxii.
B. with a long head: small eyes: short ears, rounded at the top: strong, thick, and clumsy limbs: very short tail: large feet: body covered with very long and shaggy hair, various in its color: the largest of a rusty brown; the smallest of a deep black: some from the confines of
Russia
black, mixed with white hairs, called by the
Germans,
silver-bar: and some (but rarely) are found in
Tartary
of a pure white.
Inhabits the N. parts of
Europe,
and
Asia;
the
Alps
of
Suitzerland,
and
Dauphine; Japan
Kaempfer hist. Japan.
I. 126.
, and
Ceylon
Knox hist. Ceylon.
20.
;
N. America
Lawson's Carolina,
116.
Catesby Carolina App.
xxv.
, and
Peru
Condamine's voy.
82.
. The brown bears are sometimes carnivorous, and will destroy cattle, and eat carrion; but their general food is roots, fruits, and vegetables: will rob the fields of pease; and when they are ripe, pluck great quantities up; beat the pease out of the husks on some hard place, eat them, and carry off the straw: they will also, during winter, break into the farmer's yard, and make great havoke among his stock of oats: are particularly fond of honey. The bears of
America
are small and black; and confine themselves entirely to vegetables, and are remarkably greedy of
Mayz
and
Potatoes;
they will even reject animal food, tho' pressed by hunger
Du Pratz Louisiana.
II. 56.57.
: neither of these varieties will attack mankind, unless wounded, or when they have their young: they strike with their fore feet like a cat; seldom or ever use their mouths in fighting, but seizing the assailant with their paws, and pressing him against their breast, almost instantly squeeze him to death.
The females after conception retire into the most secret place; least, when they bring forth, the males should devour the young: it is affirmed for fact, that out of the several hundred bears that are killed in
America,
during winter, (which is their breeding season) that scarce a female is found among
Out of 500 Bears that were killed in one winter, in two count
Virginia,
only two females were found, and those not praeg
Lawson,
117.
them; so impenetrable is their retreat during their pregnancy: they bring two, rarely three young at a time: the cubs are deformed, but not a shapeless mass, to be licked into shape, as the antients pretended
H
sunt candida informisque caro, paulo muribus major, sine oculis,
tantum prominent: hane lambendo paulatim figurant.
lib
iii.
c.
3
.
. The flesh of a bear in autumn, when they are most excessively fat, by feeding on acorns, and other mast, is most delicate food; and that o
the cubs still finer; but the paws of the old bear are reckoned the most exquisite morsel: the fat white and very sweet: the oil excellent for strains, and old pains.
The latter end of autumn, after they have fattened themselves to the greatest degree, the bean withdraw to their dens, where they continue for a great number of days in total inactivity, and abstinence from food, having no other nourishment than what they get by sucking their feet, where the fat lodges in great abundance: their retreats are either in cliffs of rocks; in the deepest recesses of the thickest woods; or in the hollows of antient trees, which they ascend and descend with surprizing agility: as they lay in no winter provisions, they are in a certain space of time, forced from their retreats by hunger, and come out extremely lean: multitudes are killed annually in
America,
for the sake of their flesh, or skins; which last makes a considerable article of commerce.
139. POLAR.
White bear.
Martin's Spitsberg.
100.
Egede Greenl.
59.
Ellis voy.
41.
Crantz Greenl.
I. 73.
Barentz voy.
18. 45.
La Hontan voy.
I. 235.
Catesby Carolina App.
xxvi.
Ursus albus
Martensii. Klein quad.
82.
L'Ours blanc.
Brisson quad.
188.
de Buffon,
xv. 128.
B. with long head and neck: short round ears: end of the nose black: vast teeth: hair long, soft, white, tinged in some parts with yellow: limbs of great size and strength: grow to a vast size; the skins of some are thirteen feet long.
This animal is confined to the coldest part of the globe: it has been found as far as navigators have penetrated northwards above
lat.
80. The frigid climates only seem adapted to its nature; for we do not learn from any authority that it is met with farther south than
Newfoundland.
Its bounds in respect to
longitude
are also very limited; being an animal unknown except on the shores of
Hudson's Bay, Greenland,
and
Spitzbergen,
on one side, and those of
Nova Zembla
on the other; for such as have appeared in other parts, have been brought there involuntarily
Horrebow Iceland,
42.
on floating islands of ice; so that the intermediate countries of
Norway
and
Iceland
are acquainted with them but by accident. We cannot trace them farther
East
than
Nova Zembla;
tho' the frozen sea, that is continued from thence as far as the land of
Tschukschi,
that lies above
Kamtschatka,
is equally suited to their nature. The late histories of those countries are silent in respect to them.
During summer the white bears are either resident on islands of ice, or passing from one to another: they swim admirably, and can continue that exercise
La Hontan,
I.
six or seven leagues; and dive with great agility. They bring two young at a time: the affection between the parents and them is so strong, that they would die rather than desert one another. Their winter retreats are under the snow
Egede.
60.
, in which they form deep dens, supported by pillars of the same.
They feed on fish, seals, and the carcasses of whales; and on human bodies, which they will greedily disinter: they seem very fond of human blood; and are so fearless as to attack companies of armed men, and even to board small vessels: when on land they live on birds, and their eggs; and, allured by the scent of the seals flesh, often break into, and plunder the houses of the
Greenlanders:
their greatest enemy in the brute creation is the
Morse
Egede Greenl.
60.83.
, with whom they have terrible conflicts, but are generally worsted, the vast teeth of the former giving it a superiority.
The flesh is white, and said to taste like mutton: the fat is melted for train oil, and that of the feet used in medicine; but the liver is very unwholsome, as three of
Barentz
's sailors experienced, who fell dangerously ill on eating some of it boiled.
One of this species was brought over to
England
a few years ago: it was very furious, almost always in motion, roared loud, and seemed very uneasy, except when cooled by having pail-fulls of water poured on it.
Callixenus Rhodius
As quoted by
Athenaeus, lib.
v.
p.
201.
, in his description of the pompous procession of
Ptolemoeus Philadelphus
at
Alexandria,
speaks of
one great white Bear,
, among other wild beasts that graced the shew: notwithstanding the local situation of this species at present, it is possible that
Ptolomy
might procure one; whether men could penetrate, in those early times, as far as the present residence of these
Arctic
animals, I will not venture to affirm, nor to deny; but since my friend, the Hon.
Daines Barrington
Phil. Trans. vol.
LVIII.
p.
58.
, has clearly proved the intense cold that in former ages raged in countries now more than temperate, it is most probable that in those times they were stocked with animals natural to a rigorous climate; which, since the alteration, have necessarily become extinct in those parts: the
Polar
Bear might have been one, but that it was the species meant by
Callixenus
is clear to me, by the epithet
, or
Great,
which is very applicable to it; for the white
Tartarian
land bear (which
Ptolomy
might very easily procure) differs not in size from the black or brown kind, but the bulk of the other is quite characteristic.
140. WOLVERENE.
Quickhatch,
Catesby Carolina App.
xxx.
Carcajou, or Quickhatch,
Dobbs Hudson's Bay,
40.
Quickhatch, or Wolverene,
Ellis Hudson Bay,
42.
Clerk's voy.
II. 3.
Edw.
103.
Ursus luscus. U. cauda elongata, corpore ferrugineo, rostro fusco, fronte plagaque laterali corporis.
Lin. syst.
71.
Ursus
Freti Hudsonis.
U. castanei coloris, cauda unicolore, rostro pedibusque fuscis.
Brisson quad.
188.
B. with a black sharp pointed visage; short rounded ears, almost hid in the hair: hairs on the head, back, and belly, reddish, with black tips, fo that those parts appear, on first sight, quite black: sides of a yellowish brown, which passes in form of a band quite over the hind part of the back, above the tail: on the throat a white spot: on the breast a white mark, in form of a crescent: legs very strong, thick and short, of a deep black: five toes on each foot
Mr.
Edwards
observed only four toes on the fore feet of the animal he describes. My description is taken from an entire skin, in very fine preservation, communicated to me by Mr.
Ashton Blackburne,
of
Orford Lancashire,
now resident in
North America,
who, with indefatigable industry and great judgement, annually enriches the cabinets of his friends with the rarest natural productions of that continent: as this work has profited so greatly by that gentleman's labors, it would be ungratefull to omit my acknowlegements.
, not deeply divided: on the fore foot of that I examined were some white spots: the bottom of the feet covered very thickly with hair: rests like the bear on its foot, as far as the first joint of the leg: claws strong and sharp, white at their ends: tail cloathed with long coarse hairs; those at the base reddish, at the end black; some of the hairs are six inches long: length from nose to tail twenty-eight inches: length of the trunk of the tail seven inches, but the hairs reach six beyond its end: the whole body is covered with very long and thick hair, which varies in color, according to the season.
Inhabits
Hudson's-Bay,
and
Canada,
as far as the straits of
Michilimakinac:
is found under the name of the GLUTTON in the
N.
parts of
Europe,
and
Asia,
being a native of the most rigorous climates: described as the GLUTTON under these synonyms:
GULO.
Olaii magni gent. Septentr.
138.
GULO, VIELFRASS.
Gesner quad.
554.
Klein quad.
83.
tab.
v.
I POLAR BEAR No 139. II WOLVERENE No 140.
ROFOMAK.
Rzaczinski Polon.
218.
Bell's Travels,
I. 235.
MULLER'S RUSS SAMLUNG. III. 549. 550.
Ritchkoff Topogr. Orenb.
I. 295.
JERF, FIELDFROSS.
Strom Sondmor.
152.
Pontopp. Norway,
II. 22.
Scheffer's Lapland,
134.
HYAENA.
Brisson. quad.
169.
Ysbrandts Ides Trav. Harris's Coll.
II. 923.
MUSTELA GULO. M. pedibus fissis, corpore rufo fusco medio dorsi nigro.
Lin. syst.
67.
JARF, FILFRESS.
Faun. suec.
No. 14.
JAE
RVEN.
Gunner's Act. Nidros.
III. 143.
tab.
iii.
LE GLUTTON.
de Buffon,
xiii. 278.
A most voracious animal: slow of foot, so is obliged to take its prey by surprize: in
America
is called the
Beaver-Eater,
watching those animals as they come out of their houses, and sometimes breaks into their habitations, and devours them: often l
rks on trees, and falls on the quadrupeds, that pass under; will fasten on the horse, elk, or stag, and continue eating a hole
.
into its body, till the animal falls down with the pain; or else will tear out its eyes
Kamts
atka,
99, 100.
: no force can disengage it, yet sometimes the deer, in their agony, have been known to destroy it, by running their head violently against a tree
: devours the
Isatis,
or white fox; searches for the traps layed for the sables, and other animals, and often is before hand with the huntsmen, who sustain great losses by the glutton: authors have pretended, that it feeds so voraciously, that at length it is in danger of bursting; and that it is obliged to ease itself of its load, by squeezing it out between two trees.
In a wild state is vastly fierce; a terror to both wolf and bear, which will not prey on it when they find it dead, perhaps on account of its being so very foetid, smelling like a pole-cat: makes a strong resistance when attacked, will tear the stock from the gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces: notwithstanding this, is capable of being tamed, and of learning several tricks
Kamtschatka
99, 100.
: burrows
. I. 62.
, and has its den under ground. The skin sold in
Siberia
for four or six shillings; at
Jakutsk
for twelve; and
dearer in
Kamtschatka
where the women dress th
hair with its white paws, which they esteem a great ornament: the fur is greatly esteemed in
Europe
; that of the North of
Europe,
and
Asia,
whose skins are sometimes to be seen in the farmers shops, is infinitely finer, blacker, and more glossy than that of the WOLVERENE, or
American
kind.
The
Glutton
has, by some authors, be
n confounded with the
Hyaena;
and
Charlevoix,
in
Hist. No
. Fr
nce
v. 189, gives the name of this ammal
(C
r
jou)
to our 129th species, the brown panther of
N. America.
141. RACCOON.
Raccoon
Lawson Carolina,
121.
Carolina App.
xxix.
Mapach, seu animal cuncta praete
ante manibus.
Fernandez Nov. H
p.
1.
Nieremberg.
175.
affinis americana.
Raii syn.
.
179.
Sicane Jamaica,
II.
.
Worm. Mus.
319. Coati. Ursus cauda annulatim variegata.
Brisson quad.
189.
Ursus Lotor. U. cauda annulata, fascia per oculos transversali nigra.
Lin. syst.
70.
Le Raton
de Buffon,
viii. 337.
tab.
xliii.
Raccoon
Kalm's Travels Forster's Tr.
I. 96.208.
tab.
11.
B. with a sharp pointed black nose: upper jaw the longer: ears short, and rounded: eyes surrounded with two broad patches of black: from the forehead to the nose a dusky line: face, cheeks and chin, white: upper part of the body covered with hair, ash-colored at the root, whitish in the middle, and tipt with black: tail very bushy, annulated with black: toes black, and quite divided.
Inhabits the warm and temperate parts of
America:
found also in the mountains of
Jamaica;
and in the isles of
Maria,
between the S. point of
California,
and
Cape Corientes,
in the S. Sea
Dam
ier's voy.
I. 276.
: an animal easily made tame, very good-natured and sportive, but as unlucky as a monkey, almost always in motion; very inquisitive, examining every thing with its paws; makes use of them as hands:
up to eat: is extremely fond of sweet things, and strong liquors, and will get excessively drunk: has all the cunning of a fox: very destructive to
; but will eat all sorts of fruits, green corn,
. at low water feeds much on oysters, will watch their opening, and with its paw snatch out the fish; sometimes is caught in the shell, and kept there till drowned by the coming in of the tide: fond also of crabs: climbs very nimbly up trees; hunted for its skin; the fur next to that of the beaver, being excellent for making hats.
XXI. BADGER.
Six cutting teeth; two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before, five behind: very long strait claws on the fore feet.
A transverse orifice between the tail and the anus.
142. COMMON.
Meles
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
38.
Ges
r quad.
327.
Meles, five Taxus
Raii syn. quad.
185.
Meles, Taxus, Tassus, Blerellus; Jazwiec, Borsuk.
Rzaczinski Po
,
233.
C
ati cauda brevi, Coati griseus, Taxus, meles, Tax.
Klein quad.
.
Dachs
Kramer Austr.
313.
Meles pilis ex sordide albo et nigro variegatis vestita, capite taeniis alternatim albis et nigris variegato.
Brisson quad.
183.
Le Blaireau, ou Taison.
de Buffon,
viii. 104.
tab.
vii.
Ursus meles. U. cauda concolore, corpore supra cinereo, subtus nigro, fascia longitudinali per oculos auresque nigra.
Lin. syst.
70. Meles unguibus anticis longissimis. Graf-suin.
Faun. su
c.
No. 20.
Br. Zool.
I. 64.
Br. Zool. illustr. tab.
lii.
B. with small eyes: short rounded ears: short thick neck: with nose, chin, lower sides of the cheeks, and middle of the forehead white: ears and eyes inclosed in a pyramidal bed of black: hair on the body long and rude; their bottoms a yellowish white, middle black, ends ash colored: throat, breast, belly, and legs black: tail covered with long hairs, colored like those on the body: legs very short and thick: claws on the fore feet very long: a foetid white matter exudes from the orifice beneath the tail: animal of a very clumsy make.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe,
as far N. as
Norway
Pontop. hist. Norway,
II. 28.
, and
Russia;
and the
step
or desert beyond
Orenburgh,
in the
Russian Asiatic
dominions, N. of the
Caspian
sea
Ritchloff Ore
. Topograph.
I. 281. are found plentifully
, and are eaten by the
K
a
mucks.
; inhabits also
China,
and is often found in the butchers shops in
Pekin,
the
Chinese
being fond of them
Travels,
II. 8
.
: a scarce animal in most countries: seldom appears in the day; confines itself much to its hole: is indolent and sleepy: generally very fat: feeds by night; eats roots, fruits, grass; insects and frogs: not carnivorous: its flesh makes good bacon: runs slowly, when overtaken comes to bay, and defends itself vigorously: its bite hard and dangerous: burrows under ground, makes several appartments, but forms only one entrance from the surface: hunted during night for the skin, which serves for pistol furniture; the hair for making brushes, to soften the shades in painting. The division of this species into two,
viz.
the swine, and the dog badger, unnecessary, there being only one.
143. AMERICAN.
B. with a white line from the tip of the nose, passing between the ears to the beginning of the back, bounded on each side as far as the hind part of the head, with black; then by a white one, and immediately between that and the ears another of black: hair long: back colored like that of the common badger: sides yellowish: belly cinereous: thighs dusky: tail covered with long, dirty yellow hairs, tipt with white; the end dusky.
Described from a skin from
Hudson's-Bay,
found in a furrier's shop in
London:
it was less than that of the
European
badger: the furrier said, he never met with one before from that country.
Kalm
K
m's Travels Forster's Tr.
I. 189.
says, he saw the
European
badger in the province of
Pen
ania,
where it is called the
Ground Hog:
as the feet were cut from the skin I saw, it is doubtfull whether this is a distinct species from our kind, or only a variety
M.
describes a white Badger with a yellowish white
and also much inferior in size to that of
Europe,
which
M.
received from
New York.
Vide
Brisson quad.
185.
.
XXII. OPOSSUM.
Two canine teeth in each jaw.
Cutting teeth unequal in number in each jaw
This species has ten cutting teeth above; eight beneath.
.
Five toes on each foot: hind feet formed like: hand, with a distinct thumb.
Tail very long, slender, and naked.
144. VIRGINIAN.
Tlaquatzin
Hernandez Mex.
330. Caragueya (faem.) Tai-ibi (mas.)
Marcgrave Brasil,
222.
Raii syn. quad.
182.185.
Semi-vulpa
Gesner quad.
870.
icon. An.
90.
Opossum
Ph. Tr. abridg.
II. 884.
tab.
13. III. 593.
Lawson Carolina,
120.
Beverley's Virginia,
135.
Catesby Carolina. App.
xxix.
Rochefort Antilles,
I. 283.
Fara ou Ravall,
Gumilla Orenoque,
III. 238.
Vulpes major putoria cauda tereti et glabra.
Barrere France Aequin.
166.
Le manicou
Feuilleè obs. Peru.
III 206.
Wood-rat.
du Pratz Louisiana,
II. 65.
Mus marsupialis; sylvestris
Br
siliensis
Beutel ratze.
Klein quad.
59.
Philander saturatè spadiceas in dorso, in ventre flavus, maculis fupra oculos flavis.
Brisson quad.
207.
Didelphis marsupialis. D. mammis octo intra abdomen.
Lin. syst.
71.
Le Sarigue ou L'Oppossum
de Buffon,
x. 279.
tab.
xiv. xlvi.
O. with a long sharp pointed nose: large, round, naked, and very thin ears: small, black, lively eyes: long stiff hairs each side the nose, and behind the eyes: face covered with short soft hairs of a dusky color: above each eye a large white spot: cheeks whitish: sides of the neck of a dirty yellow: hind part of the neck and the back covered with hair above two inches long; soft, but uneven; the bottoms of a yellowish white, middle part black, ends whitish: sides covered with dirty and dusky hairs; belly, with soft, woolly, dirty white hair: legs and thighs black: feet dusky: claws white: base of the tail, for near three inches, clothed with long hairs like those on the back; rest of the tail covered
I OPOSSUM No 144. II. LESSER OTTER No 174.
with small scales; the half next the body black, the rest white: it has a disagreeable appearance, looking like the body of a snake, and has the same prehensile quality as that of some monkies: body round, and pretty thick: legs short: on the lower part of the belly of the female is a large pouch, in which the teats are lodged, and where the young shelter as soon as they are born. The length of one I examined was seventeen inches; that of the tail fourteen.
Inhabits
Virginia, Louisiana, Mexico, Brasil,
and
Peru:
is very destructive to poultry, and sucks the blood without eating the flesh: feeds also on roots and wild fruits: is very active in climbing trees: will hang suspended from the branches by its tail, and, by swinging its body, fling itself among the boughs of the neighboring trees: hunts eagerly after birds and their nests: walks very slow: when pursued and overtaken, will feign itself dead: not easily killed, being as tenacious of life as a cat: when the female is about to bring forth, she makes a thick nest of dry grass in some close bush at the
of a tree, and brings four, five, or six young at a time.
As soon as the young are brought forth, they take shelter in the pouch, or false belly, and fasten so closely to the teats, as not to be separated without difficulty: they are blind, naked, and very small when new-born, and resemble
foetuses:
it is therefore necessary that they should continue there
they attain a perfect shape, strength, sight and hair; and are prepared to undergo what may be called a second birth: after which, they run into this pouch as into an asylum, in time of danger; and the parent carries them about with her. During the time of this second gestation, the female shews an excessive attachment to her young, and will suffer any torture rather than permit this receptacle to be opened, for she has power of opening or closing it by the assistance of some very strong muscles.
The flesh of the old animals is very good, like that of a sucking pig: the hair is eyed by the
Indian
women and wove into garters and girdles: the skin is very foetid.
This genus is not confined to
America,
as
M. de Buffon
supposes; who combats the opinion of other naturalists on this subject with much warmth: but the authority of
Piso, Valentyn,
and of
Le Brun
En Indiis orientalibus, idque solum, quantum hactenus constat.
Amboina,
similis Bestia
(Carigueya)
frequens ad' selis magnitudi
accidens, mactata ab incolis comeditur, si rite preparetur, nam alias
nomen illi
Cous cous
inditum.
Piso Brasil, 323.
Le Brun,
in his voyag
to the
East Indies,
describes it under the name of
Filander,
I. 347▪
tab.
213.
, who have seen it both in
Java
and in the
M
llucca isles,
and of numbers of collectors in
Holland,
who receive it frequently from those places, are sufficient to satisfy me, that a species of the genus, perhaps only a variety of the kind just described, inhabits the
Indian
isles, as well as the continent of
America.
145. MURIEE.
Mus sylvestris americanus
Sca
s
dictus
Seb. Mus.
I. 46.
tab.
xxxi.
fig.
1, 2.
saturate spadiceus in
ventre dilutè flavus,
albicantibus
Brisson quad.
211.
Didelphis murina. D. cauda semipilosa, mammis senis.
Lin. syst.
72.
La Marmose
de Buffon,
X. 336.
tab.
lii. liii.
O. with long broad ears rounded at the end, thin and naked: eyes encompassed with black: face, head, and upper part of the body, of a tawny color: the belly yellowish white: the feet covered with short whitish hair: toes formed like those of the preceding: tail slender, covered with minute scales to the very rump: length, from nose to tail, about six inches and a half; tail of the same length: the female wants the false belly of the former; but, on the lower part, the skin forms on each side a fold, between which the teats are lodged.
This species varies in color: I have seen one from
Guiana,
brown above, white beneath.
Inhabits the hot parts of
South America:
agrees with the others in its food, manners, and the prehensile powers of its tail: it brings from ten to fourteen young at a time; at lest, in some species, there are that number of teats: the young affix themselves to the teats as soon as they are born, and remain attached, like so many inanimate things, 'till they attain growth and vigor to shift a little for themselves.
146. MEXICAN.
Cayopollin
Fernandes Nov. Hisp.
10.
Animal caudimanum
Nieremberg,
158.
Mus
Africanus
Kayopollin d
us, mas.
S
b. Mus. tab.
xxxi.
fig.
3.
Philander saturatè spadiceus
dor
o, in ventre ex albo flavican cauda ex saturatè spadiceo ma
ata
Brisson quad.
212.
Le Cayopollin
de Buffon,
X. 35
tab.
lv.
O. with large, angular, naked and transparent ears nose thicker that that of the former kind: a sligh
border of black round the eyes: the hairs on the head and upper part of the body ash-colored at the roots; tawny at the tips: belly and legs whitish tail long, and pretty thick, varied with brown and yellow; is hairy near an inch from its origin
the rest naked: length, from nose to tail, about seven inches and a half; of the tail, more than eleven.
Inhabits the mountains of
Mexico:
lives in trees, where it brings forth its young: when in any fright, they embrace their parent closely: the tail is prehensile, and serves instead of a hand.
147. SHORT-TAILED.
Mus sylvestris
Americana,
foemina.
Seb. Mus.
I. 50.
tab.
xxxi.
Philander obscurè rufus in dorso, in ventre helvus, cauda brevi e
crassa.
Brisson quad.
213.
O. with naked ears: the back of a dull red; belly of a paler: tail scarce half the length of the body; thick at the base, lessening towards the end: no false belly.
Inhabits
South America:
the young adhere to the teats as soon as born.
Seba
says it lives in woods, and brings from nine to twelve young at a time.
148. SURINAM.
Philander ex rufo luteus in dorso, in
e
tre
flavo albicans, capi
.
Brisson quad.
213.
Seb. M
s.
I. 50.
tab.
xxxi.
fig.
8.
Klein quad.
58.
Le Phalanger
de Buffon,
xiii. 92.
tab.
x. xi.
O. with a thick nose: short ears, covered with hair: eight cutting teeth in the upper jaw; two in the lower: hair on the upper part of the body reddish, mixed with light ash color, and yellow: the hind part of the head, and middle of the back, marked with a black line: the throat, belly, legs, and part of the tail, of a dirty yellowish white; the rest of the tail brown and yellow: the body of the female marked with white: the first and second toes of the hind feet closely united: the claws large: the thumb on the hind feet distinct, like that of the other species: the bottom of the tail is covered with hair, for near two inches and a half; the rest naked: the length, from nose to tail, near nine inches; the
.
Inhabits
Surinam:
perhaps may be the species the colonists call the
Cane Rat;
which is so destruct
ve to the sugar canes
Bancroft Guiana,
143.
.
149. MERIAN
From
Meria
,
a
German
Paintress, who first discovered
species at
Surina
.
De zak, of Beurs Rot.
Merian insect. Surinam
66.
tab.
lxvi.
Mus sylvestris americana
Seb. Mus.
I. 49.
tab.
xxxi.
fig.
5.
Philander ex rufo helvus in dorso, in ventre ex flavo albicans.
Brisson quad.
212.
Mus sylvestris
Americanus,
catulos in dorso gerens
Klein quad.
58.
Didelphis dorsigera. D. cauda basi pilosa corpore longiore, digitis manuum muticis.
Lin. syst.
72.
Le Philandre de Surinam
de Buffon,
xv. 157.
O. with long, sharp pointed naked ears: head, and and upper part of the body of a yellowish brown color: the belly white, tinged with yellow: the fore feet divided into five fingers; the hind into four, and a thumb, each furnished with flat nails; tail very long, slender, and, except at the base, quite naked.
Inhabits
Surinam:
burrows under ground: brings five or six young at a time, which follow their parent: on any apprehension of danger, they all jump on her back, and twisting their tails round her's, she immediately runs with them into her hole.
XXIII WEESEL.
Six cutting teeth, two canine teeth in each jaw.
Sharp nose: slender bodies.
Five toes before, five behind.
150. COMMON.
M
stela
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
quad.
752.
easel or Weesel, mustela vul
ris; in
Yorkshire,
the Fitchet,
Foumart.
Raii syn. quad.
195. The Whit
ed
Sib. Scot.
III. 11.
iesel
Klein quad.
62.
Mustela supra rutila, infra alba.
Brisson quad.
173.
La Belette
de Buffon,
vii. 225.
tab.
xxix.
Weesel
Br. Zool.
I. 82.
Br. Zool. illustr. tab.
ci.
W. with small rounded ears: whole upper part of the head and body, pale tawny brown; under side entirely white: a brown spot beneath the corners of the mouth: length, from nose to tail, between six and seven inches; tail two and a half.
Inhabits the temperate parts of
Europe;
scarce in the North: found also in
Barbary
Shaw's Travels,
249.
: mentioned once
y
Linnaeus,
under the title of
Mustela Nivalis,
or
mus
M. nivalis. M. pedibus fissis corpore albo, caudae apice vix
ullis nigris.
Lin. syst.
69.
Faun. suec.
No. 18.
: very destructive to chickens, birds, and
oung rabbets; a great devourer of eggs: does
ot eat its prey on the spot; but after killing it, by
bite near the head, carries it off to its retreat: is a great destroyer of field mice; a gentleman informed
e he found eighty-five, newly killed, in one hole, which he believed belonged to this animal: very active, runs up the sides of walls with great ease; to place is secure from its ravages: frequents out-houses, barns, and granaries: is a great enemy t
rats and mice, and soon clears its haunts from thos
pernicious animals: brings four or five young at
time: its skin and excrements intolerably foetid sometimes is found white: in
Siberia
are called
Las
mitska:
their skins are sold to the
Chinese
for three o
four rubles the hundred.
151. STOAT.
Mustela
Gesner quad.
753.
Wiesel
Kramer Austr.
312.
Meyer's An.
II.
tab.
23, 24.
Mustela erminea. M. plantis fissis, caudae apice albo.
Lin. syst.
68.
Wesla
Faun. suec.
No. 17.
Mustela hyeme alba, aestate s
pra rutila infra alba, caudae apic nigro.
Brisson quad.
176.
Le Roselet
de Buffon,
vii. 240
tab.
xxix.
Stoat
Br. Zool.
I. 84.
β. ERMINE, when white. Mus Ponticus
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
37.
Agricola An. Subter.
484.
Armelinus, Hermelein.
Gesner quad.
754.
Gornostay
Rzaczins
i Polon.
235.
Mustela candida, animal ermineum
Raii syn. quad.
198.
L'Hermine
de Buffon,
vii. 240
tab.
xxix.
fig.
2.
Brisson qua
176.
Ermine
hist. Kamtschatka,
99
Pontop. Norway,
II. 25.
Br. Zoo
I. 84.
W. with the upper part of the body pale tawny brown: edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, o
a yellowish white: throat, breast, and belly white
end of the tail black: length, from nose to tail, te
inches; tail five and a half: in the N. of
Europe
becomes entirely white at approach of winter, the end of the tail excepted: resumes its brown color in the spring: sometimes found white in
Great-Britain:
one was brought to me last winter, mottled with brown and white, the season not having been severe enough to effect a total change
Br. Zool. illustr. tab.
ci.
.
Inhabits, in great abundance, the N. of
Europe,
and of
Asia;
is met with in
Newfoundland,
and
Canada
Charlevoix hist. Nouv. France,
v. 197.
: the skins a great article of commerce in
Norway
and
Siberia:
is found in the last place in plenty in birch forests, but none in those of fir or pine: the skins are sold on the spot, from two to three pounds
sterling
per hundred
Muller Russ. Samlung.
516.
: taken in
Norway
in traps, baited with flesh; in
Siberia
Bell's travels,
I. 199.
Ponton. Norway,
II. 25.
either shot with blunt arrows, or taken in a trap made of two flat stones, propped by a stick, to which is fastened a baited string, which, on the lest touch of the animal, falls down and kills it: its manners and food the same with the former; but does not frequent houses: its haunts are woods and hedges, especialy such as border on some brook.
152. POLICAT.
Putorius
Gesner quad.
767.
Y
is
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Pole cat, or Fitchet,
Raii syn. quad.
196.
Tchorz.
Rzaczinski Polon.
236.
Mustela foetida. Iltis. Teuffels
ind.
Klein. quad.
63.
Mustela putorius. M. pedibus
, corpore flavo nigricante; ore auriculisque albis.
Lin. syst.
67. Iller
Faun. suec.
No. 16.
Mustela pilis in exortu ex cinereo albidis, colore nigricante terminatis, oris circumferentia alba.
Brisson quad.
186.
Le Putois
de Buffon,
vii. 199.
tab.
xxiii.
Pole cat
Br. Zool.
I. 77.
W. with the space round the mouth; and the tips of the ears white: head, body, and legs, of a chocolate color, almost black; on the sides the hairs are of a tawny cast: tail black; length seventeen inches; tail six.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe:
burrows under ground, forming a shallow retreat, about two y
rds in length, generally terminating under the roots of some large tree; sometimes forms its lodge under hay-ricks, and in barns: brings five or six young at a time: preys on poultry, game, and rabbets: in winter frequents houses, and will rob the dairy of the milk. This animal is excessively foetid; yet the skin is dressed with the hair on, and used as other furs, for tippets, &c. and is also sent abroad to line cloaths.
153. FERRET.
Viverra
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
55.
Agricola An. Subter.
486.
Mustela rustica, viverra, Furo, Ictis.
Gesner quad.
762.
Raii syn. quad.
198.
Fret
Klein. quad.
63.
Viverra pilis subflavis, longi
bus, castaneo colore
(mas.) M. pilis ex albo
ves
ita. (faem.)
Brisson quad.
1
▪
Mustela Furo. M. pedibus
, oculis rubicundis.
Lin. syst.
68
W. with a very sharp nose: red and fiery eyes: round ears: color of the whole body a very pale yellow: length about fourteen inches; tail five.
Inhabits, in its wild state,
Africa
S
aw's Travels,
249.
; from whence it was originally brought into
Spain
Strabo, lib.
iii.
, in order to free that country from the multitudes of rabbets, with which the kingdom was over-run; from thence the rest of
Europe
was supplied with it: is a lively active animal: the natural enemy of rabbets: sucks the blood of its prey, seldom tears it: breeds in our climate; and brings five, six, or nine at a time: but is apt to degenerate, and lose its savage nature: warreners
Br. Zool.
I. 78. II. 498.
are therefore obliged to procure an intercourse between the female and a pole-cat, by leaving it near the haunts of the last: the produce is a breed of a much darker color than the ferret, partaking more of that of the pole-cat: the ferret has the same disagreeable smell with that animal.
154. MARTIN.
Martes gutture albo.
Agricola An. Sabter.
485.
Gesner quad.
764.
S
e
-marter
Klein quad.
64.
Martes alias Foyna, Martin or Martlet
Raii syn. quad.
200.
K
na
Rzaczinsk Polon.
222.
M
la pilis in exortu albidis castaneo colore terminatis vestita, gutture albo.
Brisson quad.
178.
Mustela martes. M. pedibus fissis, corpore fulvo nigricante, gula pallida.
Lin. syst.
67. Mard.
Faun. suec.
No. 15.
La Fouine
de Buffon,
vii. 186.
tab.
xviii.
Martin
Br. Zool.
I. 79.
W. with broad rounded ears: lively eyes: head brown, with a tinge of red: body, sides, and legs covered with hair, ash colored at the bottoms, bright chesnut in the middle, black at the tips: throat and breast white: belly deep brown: tail full of hair, and of a dusky color: feet broad, covered at bottom with thick down: claws white: length eighteen inches: tail ten.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe:
is a most elegant lively animal: capable of being tamed: is very good-natured, and sportive: lives in woods; and breeds in the hollow of trees: brings from four to s
x young at a time: destroys poultry, game, &c. and will eat rats, mice, and moles: the skin and excrements have a musky smell: the fur is of some value, and used to line the robes of magistrates.
155. PINE.
Martes gutture Luteo.
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Martes sylvestris
Gesner quad.
765.
Martes abietum
Raii syn. quad.
200.
Baum-Marter.
Klein quad.
64.
Mustela pilis in exortu ex cinereo albidis castaneo colore terminatis, gutture flavo.
Brisson quad.
179.
La Marte
de Buffon,
vii. 186.
tab.
xxii.
Yellow-breasted Martin
Br. Zool.
I. 81.
Faunul. Sinens.
W. with a yellow breast, and throat: the hair of a dark chesnut color, and of far superior finess to the former; in other respects agreeing with it.
Inhabits the N. of
Europe, Asia,
and
America:
found also in
Great Britain
M. de Buffon
says we have none of these animals in
England, Parce qu'il n'
a pas de bois.
That gentleman never did our kingdom the honor o
making a progress through it.
: inhabits large forests, especially those of pines: never lodges near houses, as the other species is said
All foreign writers agree in this; but those which inhabit my neighborhood always keep in the woods, except in their nocturnal excursions.
to do:
M. de Buffon
says, that it brings but two or three young at a time: its prey is the same with the former; its fur of far greater value: the N. of
Asia,
and of
America,
abounds with them: their skins a prodigious article of commerce.
156. SABLE.
Zobela
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Mustela Sobella
Gesner quad.
768.
Mustela Zibellina, the Sable.
Raii
. quad.
201.
Klein quad.
64.
Mustela Zibellina,
Aristoteli
Satheri
s,
Nipho
cebalus,
Alciato
Mus Samarticus et scythicus.
Charleton Ex.
20.
Mustela Zibellina. M. pedibus fissis, corpore obscurè fulvo, fronte exalbida, gutture cinereo.
Lin. syst.
68.
Mustela Zibellina
Nov. Com. Petrop.
v. 330.
tab.
vi.
Martes Zibellina. Mustela obscurè fulvo, gutture cinereo
Brisson quad.
180.
La Zibeline
de Buffon,
xiii. 309.
W. with long whiskers: rounded ears: large feet: white claws: long and bushy tail: color of the hair black at the tips, cinereous at the bottom: chin cinereous: the edges of the ears yellowish: sometimes the hair has a tawny cast, for in spring, after shedding the coat, the color varies: there are instances of their being found of a snowy whiteness
Strablenberg hist. Russia,
442.
: the usual length, from nose to tail, is about eighteen inches; the tail twelve.
Inhabits
Siberia, Kamtschatka,
and some of the
Kurilski
isles, which lie between
Kamtschatka,
and
Japan:
a few are also found in
Lapland
Scheffer Lapl.
136.
.
Sables live in holes in the earth, or beneath the roots of trees: sometimes, like the martin, form nests in the trees, and will skip with great agility from one to the other: are very lively, and much in motion during night: sleep much in the day: one that was kept tame, would, on sight of a cat, sit up on its hind legs: excrements most excessively foetid: prey, during summer, on ermines, weesels, and squirrels, but above all on hares; in winter, on birds; in autumn, on hurtleberries, cranberries, and the berries of the service tree: but during that season their skins are at the worst, that diet causing them to itch, and to rub off their fur against the trees: they bring forth at the end of
March,
or beginning of
April,
and have from three to five at a time, which they suckle for four or five weeks
Hist, Kamtschatka,
109, &c.
.
Their chase was, in the more barbarous times of the
Russian
empire, the employ, or rather the tasks of the unhappy exiles into
Siberia:
as that country is now become more populous, the sables have in great measure quitted it, and retired farther
North
and
East,
to live in desert forests, and mountains; they live near the banks of rivers, or in the little islands in them
Av
il's Travels,
140.
: on this account they have, by some, been supposed to be the
, of
Aristotle, Hist. An. lib.
viii. c. 5; which he classes with the animals conversant among waters.
At present the hunters of sables form themselves into troops, from 5 to 40 each; the last subdivide into lesser parties, and each chuses a leader, but there is one that directs the whole: a small covered boat is provided for each party, loaden with provision, a dog and net for every two men, and a vessel to bake their bread in: each party also has an interpreter for the country they penetrate into: every party then sets out according to the course their chief points out. they go against the stream of the rivers, drawing their boats up, till they arrive in the hunting country; there they stop, build huts, and wait till the waters are frozen, and the season commences: before they begin the chase, their leader
them, they unite in a prayer to the Almighty
success, and then separate: the first sable they take is called GOD's sable, and is dedicated to the church.
They then penetrate into the woods, mark the trees as they advance, that they may know their way back; and in their hunting quarters, form huts of trees, and bank up the snow round them: near these they lay their traps, then advance farther, and lay more traps, still building new huts in every quarter, and return successively to every old one, to visit the traps, and take out the game to skin it, which none but the chief of the party must do: during this time they are supplied with provisions by persons who are employed to bring it on sledges, from the places on the road, where they are obliged to form magazines, by reason of the impracticability of bringing quantities thro' the rough country they must pass. The traps are a sort of pitfall, with a loose board placed over it, baited with f
h or flesh: when sables grow scarce, the hunt
rs trace them in the new fallen snow, to their holes, place their nets at the entrance, and sometimes wait, watching two or three days for the com
g out of the animal: it has happened that these poor people have, by the failure of their provisions, been so pinched with hunger, that, to prevent the cravings of appetite, they have been reduced to t
ke two thin boards, one of which they apply to the pit of the stomach, the other to the back drawing them tight together by cords placed at the ends
B
ll's Travels,
I. 245.
: such are the hardships our fellow creature
undergo, to supply the wantoness of luxury.
The season of chace being finished, the hunters re-assemble, make a report to their leader of the number of sables each has taken; make complaints of offenders against their regulations; punish delinquents; share the booty; then continue at the head quarters 'till the rivers are clear of ice; return home, and give to every church the dedicated furs.
COMMERCIAL HISTORY.
The following is the commercial history of this fur trade, which Mr.
J. R. Forster
was so obliging as to translate for me, from
Muller's Samlung Russ. Geschichte
III, 495 to 515, being an abstract from above 20 pages.
"SABLE, SOBOL in
Russian;
ZOBEL in
German:
their price varies, from 1 l. to 10 l. sterling, and above: fine and middling sable skins are without bellies, and the coarse ones are with them: forty skins make a collection calle
Zimmer:
the finest sables are sold in pairs, perfectly similar, and are dearer than single ones of the same goodness; for the
Russians
want those in pairs for facing caps, cloaks, tippets, &c. the blackest are reputed the best. Sables are in season from
November
to
February;
for those caught at any other time of the year are short hair'd, and then called
Nedosobo
:
the hair of sables differs in length and quality: the long hairs, which reach far beyond the inferior ones, are called
Os;
the more a skin has of such long hairs, the blacker they are, and the more valuable is the fur; the very best have no other but those long and black hairs:
Motchka
is a technical term in the
Russian
fur trade, expressing the lower part of the long hairs; and sometimes it comprehends likewise the lower and shorter hairs: the above mentioned best sable furs are said to have a black
Motchka:
below the long hairs are, in the greater parts of sable furs, some shorter hairs, called
Podosie,
i. e.
Under-Os:
the more
Podosie
a fur has, the less valuable: in the better kind of sables the
Podosie
has black tips, and a grey or rusty
Motchka:
the first kind of
Motchka
makes the middling kind of sablo furs; the red one the worst, especially if it has but few
Os:
between the
Os
and
Podosie
is a low wooly kind of hair, called
Podsada;
the more
Podsada
a fur has, the less valuable, for the long hair will, in such case, take no other direction than the natural one; for the character of sables is, that notwithstanding the hair naturally lies from the head towards the tail, yet will lie equally in any direction, as you strike your hand over it: the various combinations of these characters, in regard to
Os, Motchka, Podosie,
and
Podsada,
make many special divisions of the goodness of furs: besides this, the furriers attend to the size, preserving always
caeteris paribus
the biggest, and those that have the greatest gloss: the size depends upon the animal being a male or female, the latter being always smaller: the gloss vanishes in old furs: the fresh ones have a kind of
bloomy
appearance, as they express it; the old ones are said to have done
blooming:
the died sables always lose their gloss, become less uniform, whether the lower hairs have taken the dye or not, and commonly the hairs are somewhat twisted or crisped, and not so strait as in the natural ones: some fumigate the skins, to make them look blacker, but the smell, and the crisped condition of the long hair, betrays the cheat; and both ways are detected, by rubbing the fur with a moist linnen cloth, which grows black in such cases."
"The
Chinese
have a way of dying the sables, so that the colour not only lasts, (which the
Russian
cheats cannot do) but the fur keeps its gloss, and the crisped hairs only discover it: this is the reason that all the sables, which are of the best kind, either in pairs or separate, are carried to
Russia;
the rest go to
China:
the very best sables come from the environs of
Nertchitsk
and
Yakutsk;
and in this latter district, the country about the river
Ud
affords sometimes sables, of whom one single fur is often sold at the rate of 60 or 70 rubles, 12 or 14 l. The
bellies
of sables, which are sold in pairs, are about two fingers breadth, and are tied together by forty pieces, which are sold from 1 to 2 l. sterling: tails are sold by the hundred; the very best sable furs must have their tails, but ordinary sables are often cropped, and a hundred sold from 4 to 8 l. sterling: the
legs
or
feet
of sables are seldom sold separately: white sables are rare, and no common merchandize, but bought only as curiosities: some are yellowish, and are bleached in the spring on the snow."
157. FISHER.
W. with a black nose: strong and stiff whiskers: six small weesel-like teeth above and below: six large canine teeth: four grinding teeth in each upper jaw; three sharp-pointed, the fourth flat: in the lower jaws six; the last flatted, the next tridentated; the next to those bidentated: ears broad and round, dusky on their outsides, edged with white: face and sides of the neck pale brown, or cinereous, mixed with black: hairs on the back, belly, legs and tail, black; brownish at their base: sides brown: the feet very broad; covered with hair even on their soles: five toes on the fore feet; generally four, but sometimes five on the hind feet; with sharp, strong and crooked white claws; fore legs shorter than those behind: tail full and bushy, smallest at the end, seventeen inches long: length, from nose to tail, twenty-eight inches.
Inhabits
N. America:
notwithstanding its name, is not amphibious: preys on all sorts of lesser quadrupeds
By a letter from Mr.
Peter Collinson,
who received the account fr
m
Ba tram,
of
P
nsylvania.
: by the number of skins imported, is not an uncommon animal; not less than 580 being brought in one season from
New York
and
Pensylvania:
seems to be the animal, called by
Josselyn
Josselyn's voy.
87.
, the SABLE; which, he says, is perfectly black. I have seen many of the skins, which vary in color: yet, from the agreement in form and colors in general with the true SABLE, I cannot help thinking them the same animal. Such numbers of quadrupeds are found common to the N. of
Europe,
or of
Asia
and o
America
Viz.
Elk, Rein, Stag, Wolf, Fox,
Arctic
Fox, Lynx, Be
, Wolverene, B
dger? Stoat, Pine Martin, Sable? Otter, Lesser O. Sea O.
▪ Alpine Hare, Beaver, Common Squirrel, Grey Sq. Black Sq. Flying Sq. Ground Sq. Water Rat, Field Mouse, Short-tailed M. Mole?
Ar
c
Walrus, Common Seal, Great S. Manati.
, that I suspect myself to be too cauriou
in making this a distinct species from the former.
158. MADAGASCAR.
Le vansire,
de Buffon,
xiii. 167.
tab.
xxi.
W. with short ears: the hair on the whole body brown at the roots, and barred above with black, and ferruginous: the tail of the same color: the length, from nose to tail, about fourteen inches; the tail, to the tip of the hairs at the end, near ten.
Inhabits
Madagascar.
159. PEKAN.
Le Pekan, et Le Vison,
de Buffon,
xiii. 304.
tab.
xlii. xliii.
W. with very long and strong whiskers: ears a little pointed: hair on the head, body, belly and legs cinereous at the roots, of a bright bay at the ends; very soft and glossy: between the fore-legs a white spot: toes covered with thick hair, above and below: claws sharp: tail of a deeper color than the body: in form like a martin, but much less.
Inhabits
N. America:
described from a skin: the
Pekan
and
Vison
of M.
de Buffon
resemble each other so nearly, that I do not separate them: a fuller account of these animals is to be desired.
160. GUINEA.
Galera, subfusca, cauda elongata, auribus subnudis appressis.
Browne's Jamaica,
485.
tab.
xlix.
Le Tayra ou le Galera
de Buffon,
xv. 155.
W. with the upper jaw much longer than the lower: eyes placed mid-way, between the ears and tip of the nose: ears like the human: tongue rough: tail declining downwards, lessening towards the point: feet strong, and formed for digging: shape of the body like that of a rat: size of a small rabbet: of a dusky color: the hair rough.
Inhabits
Guinea:
common about the negro settlements: burrows like a rabbet: very fierce; if drove to necessity will fly at man or beast: very destructive to poultry: seems to be the
Kokeboe
of
B
jman
Hist. Guinea,
239.
, which only differs in color, being red.
161. GUIAMA.
Mustela barbara. M. pedibus fissis atra, collo subcus macula alba triloba.
Lin. syst.
67.
Mustela maxima atra moscum redolens.
Tayra,
grosse Belette.
Barrere France Aequin
155.
W. with round ears, covered with down: an ash colored space between the eyes: a trilobated spot on the lower part of the neck: size of a martin: color black: hairs coarse.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana:
when it rubs itself against trees, leaves behind an unctuous matter, that scents of musk.
162. ICHNEUMON.
.
Aristot. hist. An lib.
ix.
c.
6.
Oppian Cyneg.
III. 407.
Ichneumon
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
24.
L'Ichneumon, que les
Egyptiens
nomment Rat
The
Aegyptians
never style it
Phar,
or Mouse, but
Nems,
or Ferret, from its resemblance to that animal.
Hasselquist.
196.
de Pharaon.
Belon obs.
95.
Portraits
106.
Prosp. Alp.
I. 234.
Gesner quad.
566.
Raii syn. quad.
202.
Shaw's Travels,
249, 376.
Mustela Aegyptiaca
Klein quad.
64.
Meles Ichneumon digitis mediis longioribus, lateralibus aequalibus, unguibus subuniformibus▪
Plasselquist itin.
191.
Ichneumon: Mus
Pharaonis
vulgo.
Brisson quad.
181.
Viverra Ichneumon. V. cauda e
basi incrassata sensim attenuat
, pollicibus remotiusculis.
Lin. syst.
63.
β. INDIAN. Quil, vel Quirpele
Garcia Arom.
214.
Raii syn. quad.
197.
Viverra Mungo.
Kaempfer Amaen.
574.
De Mongkos
Valentyn Amboin.
III.
Serpenticida sive Moncus.
Rumph. herb. Amboin. App.
69.
tab.
xxviii.
Indian Ichneumon
Edw.
199.
Ichneumon seu vulpecula ceilonica
Seb. Mus.
I. 66.
tab.
xli.
fig.
1.
La Mangouste
de Buffon,
xiii. 150.
tab.
xix.
Viverra indica. V. ex griseo rufescens.
Brisson quad.
177.
Raii syn. quad.
198.
W. with bright flame-colored eyes: small rounded ears, almost naked: nose long and slender: body thicker than that of others of this genus: tail very thick at the base, tapering to a point: legs short: the hair is hard and coarse: color various in different animals, from different countries; in some, alternately barred with dull yellowish brown and white; in others, pale brown and mouse-colored; so that the animal appears mottled: throat and belly of a uniform brown: beneath the tail is an orifice not unlike that of a badger: differs in size: from twenty-four to forty-two inches in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail: the specimen in the
Ashmolean Museum
was thirteen inches and a half long to the origin of the tail; the tail eleven: the
Aegyptian
variety is the largest.
Inhabits
Aegypt, Barbary, India,
and its
islands:
a most usefull animal; being an inveterate enemy to the serpents and other noxious reptiles which infest the torrid zone: attacks without dread that most fatal of serpents the
Naja,
or
Cobra di Capello;
and should it receive a wound in the combat, instantly retires; and is said to obtain
A fact, as yet, not well established: Botanists are not yet agreed about the species of this sanative plant, whose use, it is pretended, this weesel pointed out to mankind: those who have seen the combats between the
Ichneumon
and
Naia,
never could discover it:
Kaempfer,
a writer of the first authority, who visited
India,
and who had a tame Ichneumon, and been witness to its battles with the serpent, says no more than that it retired and eat the roots of any herb it met with. It is from the
Indians
he received the account of the root, whose veracity he speaks most contemptuously of.
Amaen. Exot.
576.
Rumphius
never saw the plant growing; but describes it from a specimen sent him from
Java;
for he says the
Indians
would persuade him, that it had no leaves. Vide
Herb. Am
n App.
71. All that seems certain, is, that the
Indians
have a plant, of whose
alexipharmic
virtues they have a high opinion, and are said to use it with success against the dreadfull
macassar
poison, and the bite of serpents.
Kaempfer
says he had good success with one species, in putrid fevers, and found it infallible for the bite of a mad dog. As there is no doubt but a most usefull plant of this nature
oes exist in the
Indies,
it is to be hoped that strict enquiry will be made after it. In order to direct their searches, they are referred to
Garçia ab Horto's Hist. Aromatum in Clus. Exot.
214.
Kampfer Amaen. Exot.
573.
Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App.
29.
Amaen. Acad.
II. 89.
Flora Zeylanica,
46, 190, 239.
an antedote from a certain herb, after which it returns to the attack, and seldom fails of victory: is a great destroyer of the eggs of crocodiles, which it digs out of the sand; and even kills multitudes of the young of those terrible reptiles: it was not therefore without reason, that the antient
Aegyptians
ranked the
Ichneumon
among their Deities: is at present do
mesticated and kept in houses in
India
and i
Aegypt;
for it is more usefull than a cat, in destroying rats and mice: grows very tame: is very active springs with great agility on its prey; will glid
along the ground like a serpent, and seem as i
without feet: sits up like a squirrel, and eats with its fore feet: catches any thing that is flung to it: is a great enemy to poultry: will feign itself dead, til
they come within reach: loves fish: draws its prey, after sucking the blood, to its hole: its excrements very faetid: when it sleeps, brings its head and tail under its belly, appearing like a round ball, with two legs sticking out.
Rumphius
observes how skilfully it seizes the serpents by the throat, so as to avoid receiving any injury: and
Lucan
beautifully describes the same address of this animal, in conquering the
Aegyptian
Asp.
Aspidas ut
Pharias
cauda solertior hostis
Ludit, et iratas incerta provocat umbra:
Obliquansque caput vanas serpentis in auras
Effusae toto comprendit guttura morsu
Letiferam citra saniem: tunc irrita pestis
Exprimitur, faucesque fluunt pereunte veneno.
Lib. iv. 724.
163. FOURTOED.
Le Surikate
de Buffon,
xiii. 72.
tab.
viii.
W. with the upper jaw much longer than the lower, and very moveable and pliant: ears rounded: hair pretty long, hard, and upright; varied with black and white; the points
only four toes on each foot, an exception in this genus: tail taper: length, from nose to tail, about one foot; tail six inches.
Inhabits the
Cape
of
Good Hope
Pallas Miscell. Zool.
59, 60.
, and the island of
Java
Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App.
71, speaking of the
Ichneumon,
or
uncos,
says,
ac distinguendus est a Suracatje seu
javanorum
Tupe, quod
Mustela.
: is an active, lively animal: sits upright, and drops its fore-legs on its breast: is carnivorous, and preys on the lesser creatures: very playfull: drinks its own urine: when discontented, makes a noise like the barking of a whelp; when pleased, like a rattle swiftly shook. Described only by
M. de Buffon,
who seems to have been deceived about its native place.
164. BRASILIAN.
Coati
Marcgrave Brasil.
228.
De Laet.
486.
Raii syn. quad.
180.
Klein quad.
72.
Vulpes minor, rostro superiore long
usculo, cauda annulatim ex nigro et rufo variegatâ. Quachy.
Barrere France Aequin.
167.
Viverra nasua. V. rufa, cauda albo annulato.
Lin. syst.
64.
Ursus naso producto et mobili, cauda annulatim variegata.
Brisson quad.
190.
Le Coati brun.
de Buffon,
viii. 358.
tab.
xlviii.
Badger of
Guiana. Bancroft,
141.
W. with the upper jaw lengthened into a pliant, moveable
proboscis,
much longer than the lower jaw: ears rounded: eyes small: nose dusky: hair on the body smooth, soft and glossy, of a bright bay color: tail annulated with dusky and bay: breast whitish: length, from nose to tail, eighteen inches; tail, thirteen.
β. DUSKY. Nose and ears formed like the preceding: above and beneath the eye two spots
white: hair on the back and sides dusky at th
roots, black in the middle, and tipt with yellow chin, throat, sides of the cheeks, and belly, yellowish: feet black: tail annulated with black an
white: sometimes the tail is of an uniform dusk
color
Described as a distinct species, by
Linnaeus,
under the title of
viverra Narica.
V.
subsusca, cauda unicolore,
64. and by
M. Brisson,
under that of
Ursus naso producto et mobili, cauda unicolore,
190.
.
Le Coati noiratre
of
M. de Buffon, tab
xlvii. the
Coati-mondi
of
Marcgrave.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana:
feeds on fruits, eggs and poultry: runs up trees very nimbly: eats like a dog, holding its food between its fore-legs: is easily made tame: is very good-natured: makes a sort of whistling noise: seems much inclined to sleep in the day.
Marcgrave
observes, that they are very subject to gnaw their own tails.
265. STIFLING.
Yzquiepatl.
Hernandez Mex.
332.
Raii syn. quad.
181.
Klein quad.
72.
Meles surinamensis.
Brisson quad.
185.
Ichneumon de Yzquiepatl.
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xlii.
Le Coase
de Buffon?
xiii. 288.
tab.
xxxviii.
W. with a short slender nose: short ears and legs: black body, full of hair: tail long, of a black and white color: length, from nose to tail, about eighteen inches.
Inhabits
Mexico,
and perhaps other parts of
America.
This, and the four following species, remarkable for the pestiferous, suffocating, and most foetid vapour, they emit from behind, when attacked, pursued, or frightened: it is their only means of defence: some turn
Wood's voy.
in
Dampier,
iv. 96. the rest of the account is take
from
Cateshy
and
Kalm.
their tail to their enemy, and keep them at a distance by a frequent
crepitus;
and others ejaculate their urine, tainted with the horrid effluvia, to the distance of eighteen feet: the pursuers are stopped with the terrible stench: should any of this liquid fall into the eyes, it almost occasions blindness; if on the cloaths, the smell will remain for several days, in spite of all washing; they must even be buried in fresh soil, in order to be sweetened. Dogs that are not true bred, run back as soon as they perceive the smell; those that have been used to it, will kill the animal; but are often obliged to relieve themselves by thrusting their noses into the ground. There is no bearing the company of a dog that has killed one, for several days.
Professor
Kalm
was one night in great danger of being suffocated by one that was pursued into a house where he slept; and it affected the cattle so, that they bellowed through pain. Another, which was killed by a maid servant in a cellar, so affected her with its stench, that she lay ill for several days: all the provisions that were in the place were so tainted, that the owner was obliged to throw them away.
Notwithstanding this, the flesh is reckoned good meat, and not unlike that of a pig: but it must be skinned as soon as killed, and the bladder taken carefully out. The
Virginian
species is capable of being tamed, and will follow its master like a dog: it never emits its vapour, except terrified.
It breeds in hollow trees, or holes under ground, or in clefts of rocks: climbs trees with great agility: kills poultry; eats eggs, and destroys young birds.
266. STRIATED.
Pole-cat, or Skunk,
Lawson Carolina.
Pole-cat
Catesby Carolina,
II.
Mustela Americana faetida
Klein quad.
64.
Mustela nigra taeniis in dorso albis.
Brisson quad.
181.
Viverra putorius. V. fusca lineis quatuor dorsalibus parallelis albis.
Lin. syst.
64.
Le Conepate
de Buffon,
xiii. 288.
tab.
xl.
W. with rounded ears: head, neck, belly, legs, and tail, black: the back and sides marked with five parallel white lines; one on the top of the back; the others on each side: the second extends some way up the tail, which is long, and bushy towards the end: size of a
European
Pole-cat; the back more arched: varies in the disposition of the stripes.
Inhabits
N. America:
when attacked, bristles up its hair, and flings its body into a round form: its vapour horrid.
Du Pratz
says, that the male of the
Pole cat,
or
Skunk,
is of a shining black: perhaps the
Coase
of
M. de Buffon
is the male; for his description does not agree with the
Yzquiepatl,
which he makes synonymous.
267. SKUNK.
Chinche
Feuillee obs. Peru,
1714,
p.
272.
Skunk, Fiskatta,
Kalm's voy. For
er's Tr.
I. 273.
tab.
ii.
Josselyn's voy.
85.
Enfant du Diable, Bete puante.
Charlevoix Nouv. France,
v. 196.
Le Chinche
de Buffon,
xiii. 294.
tab.
xxxix.
W. with short rounded ears: black cheeks: a white stripe from the nose, between the ears, to the back: upper part of the neck, and the whole back, white; divided at the bottom by a black line, commencing at the tail and passing a little way up the back: belly and legs black: tail very full of long coarse hair; generally black, sometimes tipt with white: that figured by
M. de Buffon
entirely white: nails on all the feet, very long, like those on the fore-feet of a badger: rather less than the former.
Inhabits
Peru,
and
N. America,
as far as
Canada:
of the same manners and stench with the others.
268. ZORILLA.
A
nas
of the Indians,
Zorrinas
of the Spaniards,
Garcilasso de la Vega,
331.
Mariputa, Mafutiliqui,
Gumilla Orenoque,
III. 240.
W. with the back and sides marked with short stripes of black and white; the last tinged with yellow: tail long and bushy; part white, part black: legs and belly black: less than the preceding
The Weesel, called by the
Russians Perewiaska,
and the
Poles, Przewiaska,
or the Girdled Weesel, seems allied to these. It is, lays
Rzaczinski,
less than a Pole-cat, of a whitish color, rayed transversly with yellowish red: it burrows and lives in the woods: its skin is a beautifull fur.
Auct. hist. Polon.
328.
.
Inhabits
Peru,
and other parts of
S. America:
its pestilential vapour overcomes even the Panther of
America,
and stupifies that formidable enemy.
269. FIZZLER.
Stink-bingsem.
Kolben Cape,
II. 133.
Blereau puant
Voy. de la Caille,
182.
W. with a short-pointed nose: no external ears, only two oblong auditory orifices: middle of the back o
a whitish grey: from the eyes to the middle of the tail, on each side, is a stripe of white: the belly, legs, and tip of the tail, black: the claws of the fore feet an inch long; those of the hind feet short: length, from nose to tail, two feet; the tail eight inches.
Inhabits the
Cape of Good Hope:
as foetid as the rest.
270. CIVET.
La civette qu'on nommoit anciennement Hyaena.
Belon. obs.
94.
Zibettus
Caii opusc.
43.
Felis Zibethus
Gesner quad.
837.
Animal Zibethicum, mas et faem.
Hernandez Mex.
580, 581.
Civet Cat
Raii syn. quad.
178.
Coati civetta vulgo,
Klein quad.
73.
Meles fasciis et maculis albis nigris et rufescentibus variegata▪
Brisson quad.
186.
Viverra Zibetha▪ V. cauda anmulata, dorso cinereo nigreque un
atim striato,
Lin. syst.
65.
La Civette
de Buffon,
ix. 299.
tab.
xxxiv.
W. with short rounded ears: sky-blue eyes: sharp nose; the tip black: sides of the face, chin, breast, legs and feet, black: the rest of the face, and part of the sides of the neck, white, tinged with yellow: from each ear three black stripes, ending at the throat and shoulders: the back and sides cinereous, tinged with yellow, marked with large dusky spots disposed in rows: the hair coarse; that on the top of the body longest, standing up like a mane: the tail sometimes wholly black; sometimes spotted near the base: length, from nose to tail, about two feet three inches; the tail fourteen inches: the body pretty thick.
Inhabits
India
Dellon's voy.
82.
, the
Philippine
isles
Argensola,
III.
,
Guinea
Bosman,
238.
Barbot.
114.
,
Aethiopia
Rauwolff's Travels,
II. 482.
, and
Madagascar
Flacourt Madagascar,
154. where it is called
Falanouc.
: the famous drug
musk,
or civet, is produced from an overture between the privities and the anus, in both sexes, secreted from certain glands. The persons who keep them procure the musk by scraping the inside of this bag twice a week with an iron
spatula,
and get about a dram each time; but it is seldom sold pure, being generally mixed with suet or oil, to make it more weighty: the males yield the most; especially when they are previously irritated: they are fed, when young, with pap made of millet, with a little flesh or fish; when old, with raw flesh: in a wild state prey on fowl.
β. ZIBET. Animal Zibethecum Americanum.
Hernandez Mex.
538.
Felis Zibethus.
Gesner quad.
836.
Le Zibet,
de Buffon,
299.
tab.
xxxi.
W. with short rounded ears: sharp long nose: pale cinereous face: head, and lower part of the neck, mixed with dirty white, brown and black: sides of the neck marked with stripes of black, beginning near the ears, and ending at the breast and shoulders: from the middle of the neck, along the ridge of the back, extends a black line, reaching someway up the tail: on each side are two others: the sides spotted with ash-color and black: the tail barred with black and white; the black bars broader on the upper side than the lower.
A variety first distinguished from the other by
M. de Buffon;
but figured long before by
Hernandez
and
Gesner:
unknown in
Mexico
Fernan
ez Nov. Hisp.
II.
, till introduced there from the
Philippine
isles. These animals seem not to be known to the antients: it is probable the drug was brought without their knowing its origin
for it is certain the fine gentlemen at
Rome
used perfumes,
Pastillos
Rufillus
olet.
271. GENET.
La Genette
Belon obs.
74.
Genetha
Gesner quad.
549, 550.
Genetta vel Ginetta.
Raii syn. quad.
201.
Coati, ginetta Hispanis.
Klein quad.
73.
Mustela cauda ex annulis alternatim albidis et nigris variegata.
Brisson quad.
186.
Viverra Genetta. V. cauda annulata, corpore fulvo-nigricante maculato
Lin. syst.
65.
La Genette
de Buffon,
ix. 343.
tab.
xxxvi.
W. with ears a little pointed: slender body: very long tail: color of the body a tawny red, spotted with black; and the ridge of the back marked with a black line: the tail annulated with black and tawny: reet black: sometimes the ground color of
I BRASILIAN WEESEL No 164. II FOSSANE No 172
the hair inclines to grey: about the size of a martin; but the fur is shorter.
Inhabits
Turkey, Syria,
and
Spain;
frequents the banks of rivers; smells faintly of musk, and, like the civet, has an orifice beneath the tail: is kept tame in the houses at
Constantinople,
and is as usefull as a cat in catching mice.
272. FOSSANE.
La Fossane
de Buffon,
xiii. 163.
tab.
xx.
W. with a slender body: rounded ears: black eyes: body and legs covered with cinereous hair, mixed with tawny: sides of the face black: from the hind part of the head, towards the back and shoulders, extend four black lines: shoulders, sides, and thighs, black: tail annulated with black.
Inhabits
Madagascar,
and
Guinea, Cochin-china,
and the
Philippine
isles: is fierce, and hard to be tamed: in
Guinea
is called
Berbe;
by the
Europeans,
Wine-bibber, being very greedy of
Palm-wine
Bosman,
239.
: destroys poultry: is, when young, reckoned very good to eat
Flacourt's hist. Madagascar,
512. where it is called
Fossa.
.
XXIV. OTTER.
Six cutting teeth, two canine in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot; each toe connected by a strong web.
173. GREATER.
Lutra
Agricola An. Subter.
482.
Gesner quad.
687.
Raii syn. quad.
187.
Wydra
Rzaczinski Polon.
221.
Otter
Klein quad.
91.
Mustela Lutra. M. plantis palmatis nudis, cauda corpore dimidio breviore.
Lin. syst.
66. Utter,
Faun. suec.
No. 12.
Lutra castanei coloris
Brisson quad
201.
Le Loutre,
Belon Aquat.
26.
Buffon,
vii. 134.
tab.
xi.
Otter,
Br. Zool.
I. 67.
Br. Zool illustr. tab.
c.
O. with short ears: eyes placed near the nose: lips thick: whiskers large: whole color of a deep brown, except two small spots each side the nose, and another beneath the chin: legs short and thick, and loosely joined to the body; capable of being brought on a line with the body, and performing the part of fins; each toe connected to the other by a broad strong web: length twenty-three inches; tail sixteen.
Inhabits all parts of
Europe,
N. and N. E. of
Asia,
even as far as
Kamtschatka;
abounds in
North America,
particularly in
Canada,
where the most valuable furs of this kind are produced: dwells in the banks of rivers; burrows, forming the entrance of its hole beneath the water; works upwards towards the surface of the earth, and makes a small orifice, or air hole, in the midst of some bush: swims and dives with great ease; very destructive to fish: if they fail, makes excursions on land, and preys on lambs and poultry: sometimes breeds in sinks and drains; brings four or five young at a time: hunts its prey against the stream; frequents not only fresh waters, but sometimes preys in the sea; but not remote from shore: is a fierce animal; its bite hard and dangerous: is capable of being tamed, to follow its master like a dog, and even to fish for him, and return with its prey.
The
Latax
of
Aristotle
Hist. An. lib.
viii.
c.
5. vide
Br. Zool.
I. 69.
; possibly a large variety of otter
Mr.
Banks,
on his return from
Newfoundland,
was so obliging as to communicate to me the following account of some animals seen by a gentleman who went on that voyage, which I take the liberty of inserting here, as they bear some relation to the Otter in their way of life. He observed, sitting on a rock, near the mouth of a river, five animals, shaped like
Italian
grehounds, bigger than a fox, of a shining black color, with long legs, and long taper tail. They often leaped into the water and brought up trouts, which they gave to their young which were sitting with them. On his appearing, they all toke to the water, and swam a little way from shore, kept their heads out of the water, and looked at him. An old Furrier said, that he remembered the skin of one sold for five guineas; and that the
French
often see them in
Hare Bay.
.
174. LESSER.
Noe
za
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Gesner quad.
768.
Latax;
Germ.
Nurtz.
nobis
Nurek
Rzaczinski Polon.
218.
Mustela Lutreola. M. plantis palmatis, hirsutis ore albo.
Lin. syst.
66.
Fennis,
Tichurt;
Suecis,
Moenk.
Faun. suec.
No. 13.
Norka
Ritchkoff orenb. Topogr.
I. 295.
O. with roundish ears: white chin: top of the head hoary; in some tawny: body tawny and dusky; the short hairs being yellowish; the long hairs black: the feet broad, webbed and covered with hair: tail dusky, and ends in a point: of the form of an otter, but thrice as small.
Inhabits
Poland,
and the
N.
of
Europe;
and is found on the banks of all the rivers in the country
N.
of the
Yaik;
lives on fish; frogs, and water insects: its fur very valuable, next in beauty to that of the sable; caught in
Bashkiria
with dogs and traps: is most excessively foetid.
The
Minx
of
N. America
is the same animal with this. The late worthy Mr.
Peter Collinson
By letter dated
June
14, 1764.
Lawson
also gives some account of it, p. 122,
hist. Carolina:
He says it is a great enemy to the Tortoises, whose eggs it scrapes out of the sand and devours: eats fresh water muscles, whose shells are found in great abundance at the mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers, in whose banks they live: may be made domestic: is a great destroyer of rats and mice.
La Hontan.
I. 232. seems to mean the same animal, by his
Foutereaux,
an amphibious sort of little Pole-cats.
favored me with the following account he received from
John Bartram,
of
Pensylvania:
The
Minx,
(says he) frequents the water like the Otter, and very much resembles it in shape and color, but is less; will abide longer under the water than the musk quash, musk rat, or little beaver: yet it will leave its watery haunts to come and rob our hen roosts; bites off their heads and sucks their blood: when vexed it has a strong loathsome smell: so may be called the water
pole cat:
its length, from nose to tail, twenty inches; the tail four: is of a fine shining dark brown color.
From the conformity between the names this animal goes by, in
America
and
Sueden, (Minx
and
Maenk
) it seems as if some
Suedish
colonist, who had seen it in his own country, first bestowed the name it now goes by, a little changed from the original: the skins are often brought over to
England.
175. SEA.
iya, et Cariguibeiu
Marcgrave Brasil,
234.
utra B
asiliensis
Raii syn. quad.
18
.
Loutre ou Cariguibeju
des Mar
la
s,
III. 306.
Gaachi,
Gumilla Orenoque,
III. 239.
Le Saracovienne
de Buffon,
xiii. 310.
Mustela Lutris. M. plantis palmatis pilosis, cauda corpore quadruplo breviore.
Lin. syst.
66.
Lutra atri coloris, macula sub gutture flava.
Brisson quad.
202.
Lutra marina, Kalan.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
II. 367.
tab.
xvi.
Sea otter,
hist. Kamtchatka,
122.
Muller's voy.
57, 58.
O. with a black nose: upper jaw longer and broader than the lower: long white whiskers: irides hazel: ears small, erect, conic: in each jaw four cutting teeth; the grinders broad, adapted for breaking and comminuting crustaceous animals, and shell fish: skin thick: hair thick and long, excessively black and glossy: beneath that a soft down: color sometimes varies to silvery: legs thick and short: toes covered with hair, and joined by a web: the hind feet exactly like those of a seal, and have a membrane skirting the outside of the exterior toe, like that of a goose: length, from nose to tail, four feet two inches; tail thirteen inches, flat, fullest of hair in the middle; sharp pointed. The biggest of these animals weigh seventy or eighty pounds.
Inhabits, in vast abundance, the coasts of
Kamtschatka,
and the parts of
America
discovered by the
Russians
opposite to it: met with again in a most remote part of the continent of
America,
in the
Brasilian
Those of
Brasil
have a yellow spot under the chin.
rivers, and that of
Orenoque:
are most harmless animals; most affectionate to their young, will pine to death at the loss of them, and die o
the very spot where they have been taken from them before the young can swim, they carry them in thei
paws, lying in the water on their backs: run very swiftly; swim often on their back, their sides, an
even in a perpendicular posture: are very sportive embrace each other, and even kiss: inhabit th
shallows, or such which abound with sea weeds feed on lobsters, fish,
Sepiae,
and shell fish: bree
once a year, bring but one young at a time, suckl
it a year, bring it on shore: are dull sighted, bu
quick scented: hunted for their skins, which are o
great value; sold to the
Chinese
for seventy or a hundred
Rubels
a-piece: each skin weighs 3 lb. and a half. The young are reckoned very delicate meat, scarce to be distinguished from a sucking lamb.
Div. II. Sect. III. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS: without canine teeth; and with two cutting teeth in each jaw. Generally herbivorous, or frugivorous.
XXV. CAVY.
176. RESTLESS.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Generally four toes on the fore feet, three behind.
Short ears: no tail, or a very short one.
Cuniculus vel Porcellus indicus
Gesner quad.
367.
Ca
a Cobaya.
Marcgrave Brasil.
224.
Piso Brasil,
102.
M
eu cuniculus
Americanus et
,
Porcelli pilis et voce, Ca
ia Cobaya.
Raii syn. quad.
223. Cavia Cobaya
Brasil,
quibusdam
Pharaonis. Tatu pilosus,
quad.
49.
Mus porcellus. M. cauda nulla, palmis tetradactylis, plantis tridactylis
Lin. syst.
79.
Amaen. Acad.
iv. 190.
tab.
ii.
Cuniculus ecaudatus, auritus albus, aut rufus, aut ex utroque variegatus
Brisson quad.
102.
Le Cochon d'lnde.
de Buffon,
viii. 1.
tab.
i.
C. with the upper lip half divided: ears very large, broad, and rounded at the sides: hair erect, not unlike that of a young pig: color white, or white vari
d with orange, and black in irregular blotches: no tail: four toes on the fore feet; three on the hind.
Inhabits
Brasil:
no mention made by writers of its manners in a wild state: domesticated in
Europe:
a restless, grunting, little animal; perpetually running from corner to corner: feeds on bread grains, and vegetables: breeds when two months old: brings from four to twelve at a time; and breeds every two months: would be innumerable, but numbers of the young are eaten by cats, others killed by the males: are very tender, multitudes of young and old perishing with cold: are called in
England Guinea-Pigs,
being supposed to come from that country. Rats are said to avoid their haunts.
177. ROCK.
Aperea.
Brasiliensibus,
nobis veldratte, vel Boschratte
Marcgrave Brasil,
223.
Piso Brasil,
103.
Raii syn. quad.
206.
Cavia Aperea
Klein quad.
50.
Cuniculus ecaudatus auritus, ex
cinereo rufus
Brisson quad.
103.
L'Aperea
de Buffon,
xv. 160.
C. with divided upper lip: short ears: four toes on the fore feet; three on the hind: no tail: color of the upper part of the body like that of the common hare: belly white: length one foot.
Inhabits
Brasil:
lives in the holes of rocks: is drove out, and taken by little dogs: is superior in goodness to our rabbets: its paces like that of a hare.
178 SPOTTED.
Paca
Marcgrave Brasil,
224.
Piso Brasil,
101.
de Laet.
484.
Mus Brasiliensis magnus, porcelli pilis et voce, Paca dictus.
Raii syn. quad.
226.
Cavia Paca.
Klein quad.
50.
Cuniculus major, palustris, fasciis albis notatus. Paca
Marcgrave. Barrere France Aequin.
152.
Mus Paca. M. cauda abbreviata▪ pedibus pentadactylss, lateribu
flavescenti-lineatis.
Lin. syst.
81.
Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, pilis obscure fulvis, rigidis, lineis ex albo flavescentibus ad latera distinctis.
Brisson quad.
99.
Le Paca
de Buffon,
X. 269.
tab.
xliii.
C. with the upper jaw longer than the lower: nostrils large: whiskers long: ears short and naked: neck thick: hairs short, and hard: color of the upper part of the body dark brown; the lower part, or sides, marked lengthways with lines of grey spots: the belly white; in some, perhaps young ones, the sides and spots are of a pale yellow: five toes on each foot: only the meer rudiment of a tail: length about ten inches: is made like a pig, and in some parts is called the
Hog-Rabbet
Weser's voy. in Dampier,
III. 401.
.
Inhabits
Brasil,
and
Guiana:
lives in fenny places: burrows under ground: grows very fat: is esteemed in
Brasil
a great delicacy: grunts like a pig: eats its meat on the ground, not sitting up, as some others of this genus do: are discovered by little dogs, who point out the places they lie in: the master digs over them, and when he comes near transfixes them with a knife; otherwise they are apt to escape: will bite dreadfully. There is a variety quite white, found on the banks of river
St. Francis
De La
.
484.
.
179. LONG-NOSED.
Aguti vel Acuti.
Marcgrave Brasil,
224.
Piso Brasil,
102.
ou Agoutis,
de Laet.
484.
Antilles,
I. 287.
sylvestris americanus cunic
i magnitudine, pilis et voce P
celli, Aguti.
Raii syn. quad.
226.
Ca
a Aguti
Klein quad.
50.
M
Aguti. M. cauda abbrevia
. palmis tetradactylis, plantis t
a
tylis, abdomine flavescente.
syst.
80.
Cuniculus caudatus, auribus, pilis ex rufo et fusco mixtis, rigidis vestitus.
Brisson quad.
98.
L'Agouti
de Buffon,
viii. 375.
tab.
L.
Small Indian Coney,
Brown's Jamaica,
484.
Long-nosed Rabbet,
Wafer's voy. in Dampier,
III. 401.
Cuniculus omnium vulgatissimus. Aguti vulgo
Barrere France Aequin.
153
The animal described by
Seba
under the name of
Cuniculus
,
I. 67.
tab.
xli. seems the same with this, notwithstanding
t
ays that the hind feet are tetradactylous.
.
C. with a long nose: divided upper lip: short rounded ears: black eyes: hair hard and shining; on the body mixed with red, brown and black; on the rump, of a bright orange color: belly yellow: legs almost naked, slender and black: four toes on the fore feet; three on the hind: tail short, and naked: size of a Rabbet.
Inhabits
Brasil, Guiana,
&c. grunts like a pig: is very voracious: sits on its hind legs, and holds its food with the fore feet when it eats: hides what it cannot consume: hops like a hare: goes very fast: when pursued, takes shelter in hollow trees: is capable of being tamed: when angry, sets up the hair on its back, and strikes the ground with its feet: is eat by the inhabitants of
South America.
180. OLIVE.
Cuniculus minor caudatus, olivaceus, Akouchy.
Barrere France Aequin.
153.
Des Marchais,
III. 303.
L'Akouchi,
de Buffon,
xv. 1
8.
A species of
Aguti,
less than the former, and of an olive color: which is the whole account left us by M.
Barrere. Des Marchais
says it is more delicate food than the other.
Inhabits
Guiana.
181. JAVAN.
Java hare
Catesby Carolina App. tab.
xviii.
Cavia javensis.
Klein quad.
50.
Cuniculus caudatus auritus, rufescens, fusco admixto.
quad.
98.
Mus leporinus
Lin. syst.
80.
C. with a slender small head: prominent naked ears, rounded at the tops: color of the upper part of the body reddish: breast and belly white: legs long: hind parts large: four toes on the fore feet; three on the hind: tail short: size of a hare.
Inhabits
Java
and
Sumatra.
182. CAPE.
Cavia capensis,
Pallas Miscel. Zool.
0.
tab.
ii.
Spicil.
16.
tab.
ii.
Africaansch basterd-mormeldier.
Vosmaer Monogr.
C. with a thick head, and full cheeks: ears oval, half
d in the fur: head of the color of a hare: along the top of the back dusky, mixed with grey: sides and belly of a whitish grey: four toes on the fore feet, three behind
Doctor
Pallas
says he has seen a variety with five toes behind.
: tail scarce visible: shape of the body thick and clumsy: length ten inches.
Inhabits the mountains near the
Cape of Good Hope,
where it is called
Kaapsche Dass, Klip Dass
Kolben Dutch edition,
as quoted by Dr.
Pallas. La Caille
men
this species under the name of
Marmot.
, or
Cape
Badger: burrows under ground: is esteemed very good meat.
183. MUSK.
Le Rat
musquès. Piloris.
Roche
t Antilles,
I. 288.
Du Tertre hist. Antilles,
II. 302.
de Buffon,
x. 2.
C. of a black or tan color on the upper part of its body: white on the belly: tail very short
Nouv. voy. aux isles de l' Amerique,
I. 438.
: almost as big as a Rabbet.
Inhabits
Martinico
and the rest of the
Antilles:
burrows like a rabbet: smells so strong of musk, that its retreat may be traced by the perfume: an obscure species, never examined by a naturalist.
XXVI. HARE.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Long ears: short tail.
Five toes before, four behind.
184. COMMON.
Lepus,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
55.
Gesner quad.
605.
Raii syn. quad.
204.
Hase,
Klein quad.
51.
Lepus timidus. L. cauda abbreviata auriculis apice nigris?
Lin. spst.
77. Hase,
Faun. suec.
No. 25.
Lepus caudatus ex cinereo rufus,
Brisson quad.
94.
Le Lievre;
de Buffon,
vi. 246.
tab.
xxxviii.
Br. Zool.
I. 87.
H. with ears tipt with black: eyes very large and prominent: chin white: long white whiskers: hair on the face, back and sides, white at the bottom, black in the middle, and tipt with tawny red: throat and breast red: belly white: tail black above, white beneath: feet covered with hair even at the bottom: a large hare weighs eight pounds and a half: its length, from the nose to the tail, two feet.
Inhabits all parts of
Europe,
most parts of
Asia, Japan, Ceylon
Kaempfer Japan,
I. 126.
Knox Ceylon,
20.
,
Aegypt
Prosp. Alp.
I. 232.
,
Barbary
Shaw's Travels,
249.
, and
North America:
a watchfull, timid animal: always lean: swifter in running up hill than on even ground: when started, immediately endeavours to run up hill: escapes the hounds by various artfull doubles: lies the whole day on its seat: feeds by night: returns to its form by the same road that it had taken in leaving it: does not pair: the rutting season is in
February
or
March,
when the male pursues the female by the sagacity of its nose: breeds often in the year; brings three or four at a time: are very subject to fleas: the
Dalecarlians
make a cloth of the fur, which preserves the wearer from their attacks: the fur is of great use in the hat manufacture: many thousands of the skins are for that use annually imported here from
Russia:
feeds on vegetables: fond of the bark of young trees: great lover of birch, parsly and pinks: was a forbidden food among the
Britons:
the
Romans,
on the contrary, held it in great esteem.
Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus
was the opinion of
Martial;
and
Horace,
who was likewise a
Bon-vivant,
says, that every man of taste must prefer the wing
Foecundi leporis sapiens sectabitur armos.
The hare of
North America
differs little in form or color, from that of
Europe;
but is less by a third: the legs are shorter in proportion; and the fur has a tinge of cinereous: when pursued, takes refuge in a hollow tree: frequents marshes and meadows: very destructive to the turnip and cabbage fields.
Lepus hieme albus.
Forster hist.
VOLGAE.
Ph. Trans.
LVII. 343.
Alpine hare,
Br. Zool. illustr.
40.184.
tab.
xlvii.
H. with soft hair, in summer grey, with a slight mixture of black and tawny: with shorter ears, and more slender legs, than the common hare: the feet of those of
Siberia
most closely and warmly furred In winter, the whole animal changes to a snowy whiteness, except the tips and edges of the ears which remain black: less than the common species.
Inhabits the highest
Scotish Alps, Norway, Lapland, Russia, Siberia
Vide
Pontop. Norway,
II. 9.
Scheffer Lapland,
137.
Strab
berg Russia,
370.
Ritchkoff Orenberg Topog.
I. 287. The
distinguish the two species: they call the common hare
Russak;
kind,
Zay
ts.
, and the Banks of the
Wolga
▪ In
Scotland,
keeps on the top of the highest hills never descends into the vales; never mixes with the common hare, which is common in its neighborhood: does not run fast: apt to take shelter in clifts of rocks: is easily tamed: full of frolick: fond of honey and carraway comfits: eats its own dung before a storm: changes its color in
September:
resumes its grey coat in
April:
in the extreme cold or
Greenland
is always
. Greenl.
62.
Crantz Greenl.
I. 70.
white. Both kinds of hares are common in
Siberia,
on the Banks of the
Wolga,
and in the
Orenburg
government. The one never changes color: the other, native of the same place, constantly assumes the whiteness of the snow during winter. They also collect together, and are seen in troops of five or six hundred, migrating south in spring, and returning in autumn
B
ll's Travels,
I. 238.
. Mr.
Muller
says he once saw two black hares, in
Siberia,
of a wonderfull fine gloss, and of as full a black as jet.
The animal called the Hare by our voyagers to
Patagonia
Narborough's voy.
33.
, is at present of a doubtfull
genus;
perhaps belonging to the last, a sort of
Aguti,
being said to have only a naked stump, an inch in length, instead of a tail: some weigh twenty pounds
Wood's voy. in Dampier,
IV. 85.
Voy. of the Dolphin,
33.
: they burrow under ground, and run into their holes when chaced.
186. RABBET.
C
iculus,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
55.
quad.
362.
Agricola An.
.
482.
, or Coney,
Raii syn. quad.
2
.
L
sculus, cuniculus terram
, Kaninchen,
Klein quad.
52.
Lepus cuniculus. L. cauda abbreviata, auriculis nudis.
Lin. syst.
77. Kanin,
Faun. suec.
No. 26.
Br. Zool.
I. 90.
Lepus caudatus, obscuré cinereus
Brisson quad.
95.
Le Lapin,
de Buffon,
vi. 303.
tab.
L. LI.
H with ears almost naked: color of the fur, in a wild state, brown: tail black above, white beneath: in a tame state, vary to black, pied, and quite white: the eyes of the last of a fine red.
Inhabits, in a wild state, the temperate and hot parts of
Europe,
and the hottest parts of
Asia
and
Africa:
not originally
British;
but succeeds here admirably: will not live in
Sueden,
or the northern countries, except in houses.
Strabo
.
iii.
tells us, that they were first imported into
Italy
from
Spain:
not natives of
America;
but encrease greatly in
S. America
About
Hudson's Bay
are great plenty of what our Colonists call
: they are grey in summer, white in winter: so probably
with the preceding. The common Hare is also found
.
ut is very scarce; it also changes to white in winter.
, of Hudson's bay.
.
Most prolific animals: breed seven times in a year: produce eight young at a time: supposing that to happen regularly, one pair may bring in f
ur years 1,274,840: in warrens, keep in their holes in the middle of the day; come out morning and night: the males apt to destroy the young: the skins a great article of commerce; numbers exporte
to
China:
the fur of great use in the hat manufacture.
β. ANGORA RABBET. With hair long, waved, and of a silky fineness, like that of the goat of
Angora, p.
15. and the
Cat, p.
184.
γ. RUSSIAN RABBET. With a double skin over the back, into which it can withdraw its head: another under the throat, in which it can place its fore feet: has small holes in the loose skin on the back, to admit light to the eyes: color of the body cinereous; head and ears brown.
Described from a drawing and manuscript account, by Mr.
G. Edwards,
preserved in the
Museum.
187. BRASILIAN.
Tapeti,
Marcgrave Brasil,
223.
Piso Brasil,
102.
Cuniculus
Brasiliensis
Tapeti dictus.
Raii syn. quad.
205.
Lepus
Brasiliensis.
L. cauda nulla.
Lin. syst
78.
Lepus ecaudus
Brisson quad.
97.
Le Tapeti
de Buffon,
xv. 162.
Collar'd Rabbet,
Wafer's voy. in Dampier,
III. 401.
H. with very large ears: a white ring round the neck: face of a reddish color: chin white: black eyes: color of the body like the common hare, only darker: belly whitish: no tail: some want the white ring round the neck.
Inhabit
Brasil:
live in woods: do not burrow: are very prolific: very good meat: found also in
Mexico
Fernandes An. Nov. Hisp.
2.
, where they are called
Citli.
I SIBERIAN HARE
P.
250. II. RUSSIAN RABBET
P.
252.
188. BAIKAL.
Caniculus insigniter caudatus, coloris Leporini.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
V. 357.
tab.
xi.
Lepus cauda in supina parte nigra in prona alba.
Brisson quad.
97.
Le Tolai
de Buffon,
XV. 138.
H. with a long tail
The length of the tail is somewhat greater than that of a Rabbet
: fur of the color of the common hare: red about the neck and feet: tail black above, white beneath: larger than a rabbet.
Inhabits the country beyond lake
Baikal:
agrees with the common rabbet in nature and color of the flesh. Called by the
Mongols, Tolai.
The fur is had, and of no use in commerce.
189. CAPE.
Lepus Capensis. L. cauda longitudinis capitis, pedibus rubris.
Lin.
8.
H. with a tail the length of the head: red feet.
Inhabits the
Cape of Good Hope:
burrows. This is the whole account
Linnaeus
gives of the species.
Allied to this seems the
Viscachos,
or
Viscachas,
mentioned by
Acosta
In
Purchas's Pilgrims,
III. 966.
and
Feuillée
O
s. Peru,
1725, 32.
, in their accounts of
Peru:
they compare them to Hares or Rabbets. The last says they inhabit the colder parts of the country: their hair is very soft, and of a mouse-color: the tail pretty long, and turns up: the ears and whiskers like those of the common rabbet. In the time of the
Incas,
the hair was spun and wove into cloth, which was so fine as to be used only by the nobility
Garcilasso de la Vega,
331.
.
XXVII. BEAVER.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot.
Tail compressed, and covered with scales.
190. CASTOR.
Arist. hist. An. lib.
viii.
.
Opp
. Haheut,
I. 398.
Fl
nn, lib.
viii.
c.
30.
Agri
.
.
482
Belon Aquat.
25.
Gesner quad.
309.
Rondel,
230
Schoneve
, Icth.
34.
,
Raii syn. quad.
209.
aczinski Polon.
215.
quad.
91.
Kramer Austr.
5.
Castor castanei coloris, cauda horizontaliter plana.
Brisson quad.
90.
Castor Fiber. C. cauda ovata plana.
Lin. syst.
78. Bafwer, Biur,
Faun. suec.
No. 27.
Le Castor, ou Le Bievre,
de Buffon,
viii. 282.
tab.
xxxvi.
Beaver
Br. Zool.
I. 70.
tab.
ii.
B. with strong cutting teeth: short ears, hid in the
: blunt nose: hair of a deep chesnut brown: tail broad, almost oval, compressed horizontally, covered with scales: the fore feet small; the hind large: length, from nose to tail, about three feet: tail, eleven inches long, three broad.
Inhabits
Europe,
from
Lapland
to
Languedoc
De Buffon,
viii. 286.
: in great plenty in the
North:
a few are yet found in the
Rhone
Ibid.
, the
Gardon,
the
Danube,
the
Rhine,
and the
Vistula:
met with in abundance in the
Russian A
tic
dominions; but no where in equal multi
des, than in
North America.
The most industrious of animals: nothing equals the art with which they construct their dwellings. They chuse a level piece of ground with a small riv
let running through it. This they form into a
nd, by making a dam across; first, by driving into the ground stakes five or six feet long, placed rows, wattling each row with pliant twigs, and filling the interstices with clay, ramming it down close The side next the water is sloped; the other perpendicular. The bottom is from ten to twelve fee
thick; but the thickness gradually diminishes to the top, which is about two or three. The length o
these dams is sometimes not less than a hundred feet▪
Their houses are made in the water collected by means of the dam, and are placed near the edge of the shore. They are built on piles; are either round or oval; but the tops are vaulted; so that their inside resembles an oven, the top a dome. The walls are two feet thick; made of earth, stones and sticks, most artificially layed together; and the walls within as neatly plaistered as if with a trowel. In each house are two openings; one into the water, the other towards the land. The height of these houses above the water is eight feet. They often make two or three stories in each dwelling, for the convenience of change, in case of floods. Each house contains from two to thirty beavers; and the number of houses in each pond is from ten to twenty-five. Each beaver forms its bed of moss; and each family forms its magazine of winter provision, which consists of bark and boughs of trees. This they lodge under water, and fetch it into their apartments as their wants require.
Lawson
says they are fondest of the
sassafras,
ash, and sweet-gum. Their summer food is leaves, fruits, and sometimes crabs and craw-fish; but they are not fond of fish.
To effect these works, a community of two or three hundred assembles; each bears his share in the labor: some fall by gnawing with their teeth trees of great size, to form beams or piles; others roll the pieces along to the water; others dive, and with their feet scrape holes, in order to place them in; while others exert their efforts to rear them in their proper places: another party is employed in collecting twigs, to wattle the piles with; a third, in collecting earth, stones and clay; a fourth is busied in beating and tempering the mortar; others, in carrying it on their broad tails to proper places, and with the same instrument ram it between the piles, or plaister the inside of their houses. A certain number of smart strokes with their tail is a signal given by the overfeer, for repairing to such or such places, either for mending any defects, or at the approach of an enemy; and the whole society attend to it with the utmost assiduity. Their time of building is early in the summer; for in winter they never stir but to their magazines of provisions, and during that season are very fat. They breed once a year, and bring forth, the latter end of the winter, two or three young at a birth.
Besides these associated beavers, is another sort, which are called
Terriers;
which either want industry or sagacity to form houses like the others.
burrow in the banks of rivers, making their
beneath the freezing depth of the water, and
up for a great number of feet. These also
their winter stock of provision.
Beavers vary in their colors: the finest are black;
the general color is a chesnut brown; more or less dark: some have been found, but very rarely, white. The skins are a prodigious article of trade; being the foundation of the hat manufactory. In 1763 were sold, in a single sale of the
Hudson's Bay
Company, 54,670 skins. They are distinguished by different names.
Coat Beaver
is what has been worn as coverlets by the
Indians. Parchment Beaver,
because the lower side resembles it.
Stage Beaver
is the worst, and is that which the
Indians
kill out of season, on their stages or journies. The valuable drug
Castoreum
The
Russian Castoreum
is so much better than the
American,
that we give two guineas a pound for that, and only 8s. 6d. for the last▪ the first being less waxy and pulverises readier. Notwithstanding we take this drug from
Russia,
we export there vast numbers of Beaver skins. The flesh is reckoned good eating, being preserved, after the bones are taken out, by drying it in the smoke.
M. S. hist. Hudson's Bay.
is taken from the inguinal glands of these animals. The antients had a notion it was lodged in the testicles, and that the animal, when hard pressed, would bite them off, and leave them to its pursuers, as if conscious of what they wanted to destroy him for.
Imitatus
Castora,
qui se Eunuchum ipse facit, cupiens evadere damno Testiculorum.
JUVENAL, xii. 34.
Mussascus
Smith's Virginin,
27.
Musquash,
Josselyn's voy. New England,
86.
Musk rat.
Lawson Carolina,
120.
Castor Zibethicus. C. cauda longa compresso-lanceolata, ped
bus fissis.
Lin. syst.
79.
191. MUSK.
Castor cauda verticaliter plana, digitis omnibus a se invicem separatis.
Brisson quad.
93.
L'Ondatra,
de Buffon,
x. i.
tab.
i.
Rat Musquè,
Charlevoix Nouv. France,
V. 157.
Lescarbot N. Fr.
350.
B. with a thick blunt nose: ears short, and almost hid in the fur: eyes large: toes on each foot separated; those behind fringed on each side with strong hairs, closely set together: tail compressed sideways, and very thin at the edges, covered with small scales, intermixed with a few hairs: color of the head and body a reddish brown: breast and belly, ash-color, tinged with red: the fur very fine: length, from nose to tail, one foot; of the tail, nine inches: in the form of its body, exactly resembles a beaver.
Inhabits
N. America:
breeds 3 or 4 times in a year
M S. hist. Hudson's Bay.
, and brings from 3 to 6 young at a time: during summer, the male and female consort together: at approach of winter, unite in families, and retire into small round aedifices, covered with a dome, formed of herbs and reeds cemented with clay: at the bottom are several pipes, thro' which they pass in search of food; for they do not form magazines like the beavers: during winter, their habitations are covered many feet deep with snow and ice; but they creep out and feed on the roots that lie beneath: they quit their old habitations annually, and build new ones: t
e f
r is soft, and much esteemed: the whole animal, during summer, has a most exquisite musky smell; which it loses in winter: perhaps the scent is derived from the
Calamus Aromaticus,
a favorite food of this animal.
Lescarbot
says they are very good to eat.
192. LONG-NOSED.
Mus aquaticus
Clusii exot.
373.
Worm. Mus.
334.
Muscovy or Musk rat,
Raii syn. quad,
217.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
iv. 373.
Castor moschatus. C. cauda longa compresso-lanceolata pedibu
palmatis,
Lin. syst.
79. Daesma
Faun. suec. No.
28.
Castor cauda verticaliter plana digitis omnibus membranis int
se connexis.
Brisson quad.
92.
B. with a long slender nose, like that of a shrew mouse: no external ears: very small eyes: tail compressed sideways: color of the head and back, dusky, the belly, whitish ash-color: length, from nose to tail, seven inches; tail eight.
Inhabits
Lapland, Russia,
the banks of the rivers
Volga
and the
Yaick:
never wanders far from the sides: is very slow in its pace: makes holes in the cliffs with the entrance far beneath the lowest fall of the water; works upwards, but never to the surface, only high enough to lie beyond the highest flow of the river: feeds on fish: is devoured by the Pikes and
Siluri,
and gives those fish so strong a flavor of musk, as to render them not eatable; has the same scent as the former, especially about the tail; out of which is expressed a sort of musk very much resembling the genuine kind
Schober's Memorabilia Russ. Afiat. in Muller's Samlung Russ.
vii 41, 42.
. The skins are put into chests among cloaths, to drive away moths
Ritchkoff Ore
b. Topogr.
I. 286.
. At
Orenburg,
the skins and tails sell for fifteen or twenty
copecs
per hundred. They are so common near
Nizney Novogorod,
that the peasants bring five hundred a-piece to market, where they are sold for one rubel per hundred. The
German
name for these animals is
Biesem-ratze;
the
Russian, Wychozhol.
XXVIII. PORCUPINE.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Body covered with long, hard and sharp quils.
Upper lip divided.
193 CRESTED.
.
Aristot. hist. An. lib.
i.
c.
6.
Oppian Cyneg.
III. 391.
Hystrix,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
35.
Gesner quad.
563.
Raii syn. quad.
206.
Acanthion cristatus,
Klein quad.
66.
Hystrix orientalis cristata,
Seb. Mus.
I. 79.
tab.
L.
Hystrix cristata. H. palmis t
tradactylis, plantis pentadactylis capite cristato, cauda abbreviat
Lin. syst.
76.
Hasselquist. itin.
200.
Hystrix capite cristato.
Bris
quad.
85.
Le Porc-epic
de Buffon,
xii. 402.
tab.
li. lii.
Faunul. Sinens.
P. with a long crest on the top of the head reclining backwards, formed of stiff bristles: the body covered with long quils; those on the hind part of the body nine inches in length, very sharp at the ends, varied with black and white; between the quils a few hairs: the head, belly and legs, are covered with strong bristles, terminated with soft hair, of a dusky color: the whiskers long: ears like the human: four toes before, five behind: tail short, and covered with quils: length, from nose to tail, two feet; tail, four inches.
Inhabits
India, Persia
and
Palestine,
and all parts of
Africa:
is found wild in
Italy;
but is not originally a native of
Agricola An. Subt.
486.
Europe:
is brought into the markets of
Rome,
where it is eat
Ray's Travels,
I. 311.
Ph. Tr. abridg.
V. 147.
. The
Italian
porcupines have shorter quils and a lesser crest, than those of
Asia
and
Africa:
is an harmless animal: lives on fruits, roots and vegetables: sleeps by day, feeds by night: the report of its darting its quils fabulous: when angry, retires and runs its nose into a corner, erects its spines, and opposes them to its assailant: makes a snorting noise.
These animals produce a
Bezoar;
but, according to
Seba,
only those which inhabit
Java, Sumatra
and
Malacca.
He has given the figure of one under the name of
Porcus aculeatus, seu Hystrix Malaccensis:
it differs little from the
African
and
Indian
kind, and is allowed by him to be the same species
Mus.
I. 81.
tab.
li. If the same species, it varies from the
, having five toes on each foot, pendulous ears, and
nnaus
ranks it with the hedgehogs, under the title of
M
laccensis. E. auribus pendulis.
.
194. LONG-TAILED.
P
cu
aculeatus sylvestris, seu Hystrix orientalis singularis.
Seb. Mus.
I. 84.
tab.
lii.
A
anthion cauda praelonga, acu
pilis horrida, in exitu quasi panniculata.
Klein quad.
67.
Hystrix cauda longissima, aculeis undique obsita, in extremo panniculata.
Brisson quad.
89.
Hystrix macroura. H. pedibus pentadactylis, cauda longissima: aculeis clavatis.
Lin. syst.
77.
P. with long whiskers: short naked ears: large bright eyes: body short and thick, covered with long stiff hairs as sharp as needles, of different colors, according as the rays of light fall on them: feet div
ded into five toes; that which serves as a thumb
urn backwards: the tail is as long as the body, very
nder to the end, which consists of a thick tuft; the bristles appearing as if jointed; are thick in the
ddle, and rise one out of the other like grains of
; are transparent, and of a silvery appearance.
Inhabits the isles of the
Indian Archipelago,
an
lives in the forests.
195. BRASILIAN.
Hoitzlacuatzin, seu Tlacuatzin spinosus, Hystrix no
Hispaniae.
Hernandez Mex.
322.
Cuandu
Brasiliensibus, Lusitanis
Ourico cachiero.
Mar
gra
e Brasil,
233.
Piso Brasil,
99.325.
Iron Pig.
Nieuhoff,
17.
Hystrix Americanus,
Raii syn. quad.
208.
Hystrix prehensilis. H. pedibus tetradactylis, cauda elongata prehensili seminuda.
Lin. syst.
76.
Hystrix novae Hispaniae. H. aculeis apparentibus, cauda brevi
crasso.
Brisson quad.
8
. H.
da longiflima, tenui,
extrema aculeorum expert
, 87
H. Americanus major, 88.
Hystrix longius caudatus,
vioribus aculeis,
Barrere
Aequin.
153.
Hystrix minor leucophaeus, Gouandou.
Ibid.
Chat epineux,
des Marchai
,
III. 303.
P. with a short blunt nose: long white whiskers: beneath the nose a bed of small spines: top of the head, back, sides and base of the tail, covered with spines; the longest on the lower part of the back and tail, are three inches in length, very sharp, white, barred near their points with black; adhere closely to the skin, which is quite naked between them; are shorter and weaker as they approach the belly: on the breast, belly and lower part of the legs, are converted into dark brown bristles: feet divided into four toes: claws very long: on the place of the thumb a great protuberance: tail eighteen inches long, slender and taper towards the end; the last ten inches is almost naked, having only a few hairs on it; has, for that length, a strong prehensile quality.
Inhabits
Mexico
and
Brasil:
lives in the woods: preys not only on fruits, but poultry: sleeps in the day, preys by night: makes a noise with its nostrils
I BRASILIAN PORCUPINE No 195. II QUEBEC MARMOT No 199.
as if out of breath: grunts like a sow
ut Sus
iii. Mar
grave, 233.
: grows very fat: its flesh white, and very good: climbs trees, but very slowly; in descending, twists its tail round the branches, for fear of falling: is no more capable of shooting its quils than the first: may be tamed.
Piso
says there is a greater and lesser kind.
This species is very rarely brought into
Europe.
I had opportunity of describing it from a specimen some time in possession of Mr.
Greenwood;
who was so obliging as to permit me to have a drawing made of it▪ from which a very faithfull figure is here given. M.
de Buffon
Under the name of
Le Coendou,
xii. 421.
tab.
liv.
has made an article of this animal in his work; and M.
Daubenton
describes and figures one so different from this, and so like that of
North America,
that it seems to be the same with the species he describes under the name of
L'Urson;
for he gives both of them four toes before, five behind, and neither of them a tail half so long, and that covered with hairs and quils: each circumstance agreeing with the following species; neither with this.
196. CANADA.
Porcupine from
Hudson's bay. Edw.
52.
Ellis's voy.
42.
Clerk's voy.
I. 177, 191.
Cavia Hudsonis,
Klein quad.
51.
Hystrix dorsata. H. palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, cauda mediocri, dorso solo spinoso.
Lin. syst.
76.
Hystrix aculeis sub pilis ocultis, cauda brevi et crassa,
Brisson quad.
87.
L'Urson,
de Buffon,
xii. 426.
tab.
lv.
P. with short ears, hid in the fur: head, body, legs and upper part of the tail, covered with soft, long, dark brown hair: on the upper part of the head, back, body and tail, numbers of sharp strong quils; the longest on the back, the lest towards the head and sides; the longest three inches; but all are hid in the hair: intermixed, are some stiff straggling hairs, three inches longer than the rest, tipt with dirty white: under side of the tail white: four toes on the fore feet, five behind, each armed with long claws, hollowed on their underside: the form o
the body is exactly that of a beaver; but is not half the size: one, which Mr.
Banks
brought from
New-foundland,
was about the size of a hare, but more compactly made: the tail about six inches long.
Inhabits
N. America,
as high as
Hudson's Bay:
makes its nest under the roots of great trees, and will also climb among the boughs, which the
Indians
cut down when one is in them, and kill the animal by striking it over the nose: are very plentifull near
Hudson's Bay,
and many of the trading
Indians
depend on them for food, esteeming them both wholesome and pleasant: feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, especially juniper: eat snow in w
nter, drink water in summer▪ but avoid going into it: when they cannot avoid their pursuer, will sidle towards him, in order to touch him with the quils, which seem but weak weapons of offence; for, on stroking the hair, they will come out of the skin, sticking to the hand. The
Indians
stick them in their noses and ears, to make holes for the placing their ear-rings and other finery: they also trim the edges of their deer-skins habits with fringes made of the quils, or cover with them their bark-boxes.
XXXI. MARMOT.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Short ears.
Tail covered with hair, and of a middling length; in some very short.
197. ALPINE.
Mus Alpinus,
Plinii, lib.
viii.
c.
37.
Agricola An. Subter.
484.
Gesner quad.
743.
Raii syn. quad.
221.
Bobak, Swissez,
Rzaczinski Polon.
233.
Beauplan Ukraine,
600.
Glis marinota,
Klein quad.
56.
Hist. Mur. Alp.
230.
Murmelthier,
Kramer Austr.
317.
Mus marmota. M. cauda abbreviata subpilosa, auriculis rotundatis, buccis gibbis,
Lin. syst.
81.
Forster Nat. Hist.
VOLGAE.
Ph
lvii. 343.
Glis pilis e fusco et flavican
mixtis vestitus. Glis flavicana, capite rufescente.
Brisson quad.
116, 117.
La Marmott
,
de Buffon,
viii 219.
tab.
xxviii.
Le Bobak,
xiii. 130.
tab.
xviii.
M. with short round ears, hid in the fur: cheeks large: color of the head and upper part of the body, brownish ash, mixt with tawny: legs and lower part of the body reddish: subject to vary in color; the
Bobak,
or
Polish Marmot,
being much more red and of a brighter hue: four toes before, five behind: tail pretty full of hair: length, from nose to tail, about sixteen inches; tail six: body thick.
Inhabits the
Alps, Poland, Ukraine,
and
Chinese Tartary:
feeds on insects, roots and vegetables: while they are at food place a centinel, who gives a whistle on seeing any sign of danger, on which they instantly retire into their holes: form holes under ground with three chambers of the shape of a Y, with two entrances; line them well with moss and hay; retire into them about
Michaelmas,
and stopping up the entrances with earth, continue in a torpid state till
April:
when taken out remain insensible, except brought before a fire, which revives them: they lodge in society from five to a dozen in a chamber: will walk on their hind feet: lift up their meat to their mouth with their fore feet, and eat it sitting up: bring three or four young at a time: are very playfull: when angry, or before a storm, make a most strange noise; a whistle so loud and so acute, as quite to pierce the ear: grow very fat about the backs: are sometimes eaten; but generally taken in order to be shewen, especially by the
Savoyards:
grow very soon tame, and will then eat any thing: are very fond of milk, which they lap, making at the same time a murmuring noise, expressive of their satisfaction: very apt to gnaw any cloaths or linnen they find: will bite very hard.
The inhabitants of
Ukraine
take them in
May
and
June,
by pouring water into the holes, which forces them into nets placed et the entrance.
In
Chinese Tartary
are the propagators of
Rhubarb
Bell's Travels,
I. 337.
which grows among their burrows: the manure they leave about the roots contributes to its increase; and the loose soil they fling up, proves a bed for the ripe seed; which, if scattered among the long grass, perishes without ever being able to reach the ground.
198. MARYLAND.
Bahama Cony,
Catesby Carolina,
II. 79.
Monax,
Catesby Carolina App.
xxviii.
Monax, or Marmotte of
America, Edw.
104.
Glis Marmota, Americanus,
Klein quad.
56.
Glis fuscus. Glis fuscus, rostro
cinereo caerulescente.
Brisson quad.
115.
Mus Monax. M. cauda mediocri pilosa, corpore cinereo, auriculis subrotundis, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Lin. syst.
81.
M. with short rounded ears: black prominent eyes: nose sharper than that of the last; nose and cheeks of a bluish ash-color: back, of a deep brown color; sides and belly paler: tail half the length of the body, covered with pretty long dusky hair: toes divided and armed with sharp claws: four toes before, five behind: feet and legs black: is about the size of a Rabbet.
Inhabits
Virginia
and
Pensilvania:
during winter sleeps under the hollow roots of trees: is found also in the
Bahama
isles: lives on wild fruits and other vegetables: its flesh is very good, tasting like that of a pig: when surprized retreats to holes in the rocks: whether it sleeps, during winter, in the climate of those isles, is not mentioned.
199. QUEBEC.
M. with a blunt nose: short rounded ears: cheeks puffed, and of a grey color: face dusky: nose black: hair on the back grey at bottom, black in the middle, and the tips whitish: belly and legs of an orange color: toes black, naked, and quite divided; four, and the rudiments of another, on the fore feet; five behind: tail short, and of a dusky color: was rather larger than a Rabbet.
Inhabits
Hudson's Bay
and
Canada.
Mr.
Brooks
had one alive a few Years ago; it was very tame, and made a hissing noise: perhaps is the species which the
French
of
Canada
call
Siffleur
La id
, I. 233. enumerates, among the animals of
Canada,
what he ca
Si
,
from the whizzing noise he says they make.
.
200 GERMAN.
Hamester, Cricetus,
Agricola An.
.
486.
Gesner quad. Raii syn. quad.
221.
Meyer An.
I.
tab.
lxxxi. 82.
Skrzeczek, Chomik,
Rzaczinski Polon.
232.
Porcellus frumentarius
Schwenk
l
e Theriotroph.
118.
Kri
tsch, Hamster,
Kramer Austr.
317.
Mus cricetus. M. cauda mediocri, auriculis rotundatis, corpore subtus nigro, lateribus rufescentibus maculis tribus albis.
Lin. syst.
82.
Glis ex cinereo rufus in dorso, in ventre niger, maculis tribus ad latera albis.
Brisson quad.
117.
Le Hamster,
de Buffon,
xiii. 117.
tab.
xiv.xvi.
M. with large rounded ears: full black eyes: color on the head and back, reddish brown: cheeks white: beneath each ear a white spot, another on each shoulder, a third near the hind legs: breast, upper part of the fore legs, and the belly, black: tail short, almost naked: four toes and a fifth claw on the fore feet; five behind: about nine inches long; tail three.
Inhabits
Austria, Silesia,
and many parts of
Germany, Poland,
and
Ukraine:
very destructive to corn; eating great quantities, and carrying still more to its winter's hoard: within its cheeks are two pouches, receptacles for its booty, which it fills till the cheeks seem ready to burst: they live under ground; first form an entrance, burrowing down obliquely: at the end of that passage the male sinks one perpendicular hole; the female several: at the end of these are formed various vaults, either as lodges for themselves and young, or store-houses for their winter food; each young has its different apartment; each sort of grain its different vault; the first they line with straw or grass: these vaults are of different depths, according to the age of the animal; a young
Hamster
makes them scarce a foot deep; an old one sinks them to the depth of four or five; and the whole diameter of the habitation, with all its communications, is sometimes eight or ten feet.
They begin to lay in their provisions in
August;
and will carry grains of corn, corn in the ear, and peas and beans in the pods, which they clean in their holes, and carry the husks carefully out: the pouches above-mentioned are so capacious as to hold a quarter of a pint
English.
As soon as they have finished their work, they stop up the mouth of their passage carefully. In winter, the peasants go what they call a
Hamster-nesting;
and when they discover the re-retreat, dig down till they discover the hoard, and are commonly well paid; for, besides the skin of the animals, which are valuable furs, they find commonly two bushels of good grain in the magazine. These animals are very fierce; will jump at a horse that happens to tread near them, and hang by its nose so that it is difficult to disengage them: they make a noise like the barking of a dog: breed twice or thrice a year, and bring five or six at a time: in some seasons, are so numerous as to occasion a dearth of corn. Pole-cats are their greatest enemies; for they pursue them into their holes and destroy numbers. It is remarkable, that the hair sticks so close to the skin, as not to be plucked off without the utmost difficu
ty
Great part of their history is taken from the account given by
to M.
de Buffon.
.
Agricola
describes another animal under the name of
mela,
which seems only a variety. It is, says he
less; the belly is black; the whole body marked, with yellow, and tawny spots: the tail cinereous and white, the end black
An. S
bter.
486.
.
201. CASA
.
Le S
s
k
de Buffon,
xv. 144, 195,
5.
Mus Marmotta. Sp. 15.
Forster hist. Nat. Volga. Ph. Tr.
lvii. 343.
M. with short round ears: smooth hair of a yellowish brown color, marked with faint round spots of white: above and below the eye a bar of white: face, breast, belly and legs of a pale yellow: four toes before, five behind: tail half the length of the body, covered with short hair of the color of the body: size of a large rat.
Inhabits the banks of the
Volga,
especially near
S
r
t
ff
D
ctor
Kramer,
of
Vienna,
favored me with a speci
; but
believe it was not a native of
Austria,
for
F
na
of that country.
: they burrow, and sit in multitudes near their holes, like rabbets: often sit upright: when alarmed, whistle with a low note: are very fond of salt: numbers taken on board the barges that load with that commodity, at
Solikamsky,
and fall down into the
Volga
below
Casan:
the skins I have seen from thence are far more beautifull than one I received from
Austria,
of a deeper color, and the spots more distinct and bright.
202. LAPLAND.
Lemmar vel Lemmus.
Olai magni de gent. Sept
ntr.
358.
Leem vel Lemmer.
Gesner quad.
731.
Mus norvegicus vulgò Leming
Worm. Mus
321, 325.
Scheffer Lapland,
136.
Pontop. Norway,
II. 30.
Str
m Sondm
r.
154.
Raii syn. quad.
227.
Sable-mice
Ph. Tr. abridg.
II. 875.
Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, ex flavo, rufo et nigro variegatus.
Brisson quad.
100.
Mus Lemmus. M. cauda abbreviata, pedibus pentadactylis, corpore fulvo nigro vario.
Lin. syst.
80.
Fial-Mus, Sabell-Mus.
La
is
Lummick.
Faun. Suec. No.
29.
Le Leming
de Buffon,
xiii. 314.
M. with two very long cutting teeth in each jaw: head pointed: long whiskers; six of the hairs on each side longer and stronger than the rest: eyes small and black: mouth small: upper lip divided: ears small, blunt, and reclining backwards: fore legs very short: four slender toes on the fore feet, covered with hairs; and in the place of the thumb, a sharp claw, like a cock's spur: five toes behind: tail about half an inch long; the body and head about five: the skin very thin: the color of the head and body black, and tawny, disposed in irregular blotches: belly white, tinged with yellow
Described from two of these animals I received (stuft) from
Norway:
They agreed in all respects with
Wormius's
excellent description.
.
Appear in numberless troops at very uncertain periods in
Norway,
and
Lapland:
are the pest and wonder of the country: they march like the army of locusts, so emphatically described by the prophet
Joel:
destroy every root of grass
Linnaeus
adds, that they feed on the
Rein-deer Liverwort,
and
Catkins
of the
Dwarf-birch.
before them, and spread universal desolation: they infect the very ground, and cattle are said to perish which taste of the grass which they have touched: they march by myriads, in regular lines: nothing stops their progress, neither fire, torrents, lake or morass; they bend their course strait forward, with most amazing obstinacy; they swim over the lakes; the greatest rock gives them but a slight check, they go round it, and then resume their march directly on, without the lest deviation: if they meet a peasant, they persist in their course, and jump as high as his knees in defence of their progress: are so fierce as to lay hold of a stick, and suffer themselves to be swung about before they quit their hold: if struck, they turn about and bite, and will make a noise like a dog: are the prey of foxes, lynxes, and ermines, who follow them in great numbers: at length they perish, either thro' want of food, or by destroying one another, or in some great water, or in the sea: they are the dread of the country: in former times spiritual weapons were exerted against them, the priest exorcised, and had a long form of prayer to avert the evil
Worm. Mus.
333. where the whole form is preserved. It was once seriously believed, that these animals were generated in the clouds, and fell in showers upon the ground:
Per tempestates et repentinos imbres e caelo decidant, incompertum unde, an ex remotioribus insulis, et hu
vento delatae, an ex nubibus faeculentis natae deferantur.
Ol
i Magni de Gent. Septentr. 358.
: happily it does not occur frequently, once or twice in twenty years: it seems like a vast colony of emigrants, from a nation over-stocked; a discharge of animals from the great
Northern
hive, that once poured out its myriads of human creatures upon Southern
Europe.
Where the head quarters of these quadrupeds are, is not very certainly known:
Linnaeus
says, the
Norwegian
and
Lapland Alps; Pontoppidan
seems to think, that
Kolens
rock, which divides
Nordland
from
Sueden,
is their native place; but wherever they come from, none return. their course is praedestinated, and they pursue their fate.
203. EARLESS.
Mus Noricus aut Citellus
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Gesner quad.
737.
Raii syn. quad.
220.
Ziesel
Schwenkfelt. Theriotroph.
86.
Mus citeilus. M. cauda abbreviata, corpore cinereo, auriculis nullis.
Lin. syst.
80.
Cuniculus caudatus, auriculi
nullis, cinereus.
Brisson quad.
101.
Le Ziesel,
de Buffon,
xv. 139.
M. without external ears, having only a small orifice on each side the head, for the admittance of sounds: blunt nose: a long, slender body: very short tail: color dark grey, or cinereous brown.
The
Yevrashka,
or
Marmotta Minor
Gmeli
voy. Siberia,
II. 448.
, is the same animal with this, but differs a little in color: the upper part of the body is grey, in some parts reddish speckled with yellow: the feet yellow: the tail bushy, three inches long; above is dusky, speckled with yellow; beneath is red; the end black: length, from nose to tail, one foot: is called by the
Russians,
from the slenderness of its body,
Yevrashka,
i. e. the weesel.
Inhabits
Bohemia, Austria, Hungary,
and
Siberia:
burrows and forms its magazine
Raii syn. quad.
220.
of corn, nuts, &c. for its winter food: sits up like a squirrel when it eats. By
Gmelin's
account, some inhabit the fields in
Siberia,
others penetrate into the grainaries; the first form holes under ground with a double entrance, and sleep during winter in the centre of their lodge: those which inhabit the grainaries, are in motion during the whole cold season; they couple the beginning of
May,
and bring from five to eight young, which they bring up in their burrows and cover with hay: whistle like the marmot: are very irascible, and bite very hard: their furs were once used by the ladies of
Bohemia
to make cloaks.
204. PODOLIA
.
Zits-
an
Le Brun voy. Moscov.
II. 402.
Le Zemni
de Buffon,
xv. 142.
M. with the cutting teeth of the lower jaw half as long again as those of the upper: eyes very minute, and as much hid in the fur as those of a mole: four toes, and a claw instead of the fifth on the fore feet; five on the hind: tail short: color cinereous: size of a squirrel.
Inhabits
Podolia, Ukraine, Volhinia,
and
Persia:
burrows, and forms magazines for winter provision: feeds on corn, fruits, and garden stuff: lives under ground during winter, and is often turned up by the Peasants with their ploughs: bites very hard
The natural history of this animal is borrowed from
Auctuarium His
riae Naturalis Polonia,
p. 325. The following i
Le Br
n's
description of it:
"Un chien courant que J'avois, y prit dans la plaine un
Animal nommè
Zits-jan,
qu'il m'apporta en vie, et un au
e
après, lesquels je fis 'eventr
r, pour les conserver. C'est un
de rat de campagne, de la grosseur d'un écarcuil, qui a
queuë courte, et ie poil et la couleur d'un lapreau, aussi bien
la forme, hors qu'il a la tête plus grosse, et les deux Dents de
la moitié plus longues que celles de dessus. Il a aussi les
devant plus courtes que celles de d
rriere▪ avec quatre grifes▪
plus petite, et cinque à celles de derriere, ressemblant assez à
d'un singe.
.
205. CIRCASSIAN.
M. with ears like those of mice: red sparkling eyes: sharp teeth: body long, and of an equal thickness: chesnut-colored hair, long, especially on the back: has sharp claws: tail long and bushy: fore feet shorter than the hind feet: size of the
German
marmot,
No.
200.
Inhabits the neighborhood of the river
Terek,
which flows out of
Circassia
and falls into the
Caspian
Sea: runs fast up hill, very slowly down: burrows, and lives under ground. Described by Doctor
Schober
Memorabilia Russ. Asiat. in Muller's Samlung Russ.
vii. 124.
.
XXX. SQUIRREL.
With two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Long tail, cloathed with long hair.
206. COMMON.
Sciurus,
Gesner quad.
845.
Raii syn. quad.
214.
Wi
wiorka
Rzaczinski Polon.
225.
Eichhorn
Klein quad.
53.
Sciurus vulgaris. Sc. auriculis apice barbatis, palmis tetradactylis, plantis p
ntadactylis.
Lin. syst.
86. Ikorn, Graskin.
Faun. su
c. No.
37.
Sciurus rufus quandoque griseo admixto.
Brisson quad.
104.
L'Ecureuil
de Buffon,
vii. 258.
tab.
xxxii.
Br. Zool.
I. 93.
Sq. with ears terminated with long tufts of hair: large lively black eyes: head, body, legs and tail, of a bright reddish brown: breast and belly white: hair on each side the tail lies flat. In
Sueden
and
Lapland
Faun. suec.
and
Scheffer Lapl.
135.
, changes in winter into grey. In
Russia
Rzaczinski Polon.
224.
, is sometimes found black. In many parts of
England
is a beautifull variety with milk-white tails.
Inhabits
Europe
and
North America,
the northern and the temperate parts of
Asia;
and a variety is even found as far
south
as the Isle of
Ceylon:
is a neat, lively, active animal: lives always in woods: in the spring, the female is seen pursued from tree to tree by the males, feigning an escape from their embraces: makes its nest: of moss and dried leaves, between the fork of two branches: brings three or four young at a time: has two holes to its nest: stops up that on the side the wind blows, as
Pliny
lib.
viii.
c.
38.
justly remarks: lays in a hoard of winter provision, such as nuts, acorns, &c. in summer, feeds on buds and young shoots: is particularly fond of those of fir, and the young cones: sits up to eat, and uses its fore-feet as hands: covers itself with its tail: leaps to a surprising distance: when disposed to cross a river, a piece of bark is its boat; its tail the sail
Rzaczinski, Klein, S
b
ffer, Linn
s.
.
α. HUDSON BAY SQ. Smaller than the
European,
marked along the middle of the back with a ferruginous line from head to tail: the sides paler: belly of a pale ash-color, mottled with black: tail not so long, or so full of hair, as the common kind; of a ferruginous color, barred with black, and towards the end is a broader band of the same color.
β. WHITE-LEGGED SQ. The head, whole upper part of the body, sides and toes, of a reddish brown: face, nose, under side of the neck, belly, fore-legs, inside of the ears and thighs, white: ears slightly tufted with black: tail long, covered with dusky hairs much shorter than those in the
European
kind.
Br. Mus.
by the catalogue, said to be brought from
Ceylon.
207. C
YLON.
Sciurus
Zeylanicus
pilis in dorso nigricantibus
Rukkaia
dictus a sono.
Raii syn. quad.
215.
Sciurus macrourus, long-tailed Squirrel,
Ind. Zool. tab.
i.
Sq. with ears tufted with black: nose flesh-colored: cheeks, legs and belly of a pale yellow: between the ears a yellow spot: forehead, back, sides, haunches black: cheeks marked with a bifurcated stroke of black: under side red: tail twice as long as the body, of a light grey, and very bushy: the part next the body quite surrounded with hair: on the rest the hairs are separated and lie flat. Is thrice the size of the
European
squirrel.
Inhabits
Ceylon;
is called there
Dandoelana:
also
Roekea
from the noise it makes.
208. BOMBAY.
Sq. with tufted ears: head, back, sides, upper part of the legs and thighs and tail of a dull purple: the lower part of the legs and thighs, and the belly, yellow: end of the tail orange: length, from nose to tail, near sixteen inches; tail seventeen.
Inhabits
Bombay;
described from a stuft skin in Doctor
Hunter's
cabinet.
β. Sq. with a round flesh-colored nose: hair on the upper part of the body of a rusty black: tail a foot and a half long: belly and fore feet grey: soles of the feet flesh-colored. Three times the size of an
European
squirrel.
Described from
Thevenot
Voyages des Indes orientales,
v. 34.
, who says, it was bought at
Moco
from an
Abissinian,
that it was very good-natured, and sportive like a squirrel; would eat any thing except flesh, and would crack the hardest almonds. A variety of one of the above?
209. GREY.
Gray squirrel
Josselyn's
y. Catesby Carolina,
II. 74.
Smith's voy.
27.
Kalm's voy.
95. 310.
Fox squirrel
Lawson's Carolina,
124.
Sciurus cinereus virginianus major
Raii syn. quad.
215.
Sciurus cinereus
Lin. syst.
86.
Sciurus cinereus. Auriculis ex albo flavicantibus,
Brisson quad.
107.
Le Petit-Gris,
de Buffon,
X. 116.
tab.
xxv.
Sq. with plain ears: hair of a dull grey color, mixed with black; and often tinged with dirty yellow: belly and insides of the legs white: tail long, bushy, grey, and striped with black, Size of a half grown rabbet.
Inhabits the woods of
Northern Asia
A large kind of grey squirrel is found about the upper par
s of the river
Obi,
in the district of
Kuznetsk,
and is called
T
le
t
cy
belia,
or the squirrel of the
Tele
tian Tartars:
it is as large again
the common grey squirrels of those parts, and is preferred to them▪ on account of the silvery gl
ss of the skin. Few are sent into
the greatest part being sent into
China,
and sell for 61. or 71.
per thousand.
Muller's Russ. Samlung,
III. 518, 519.
,
N. America, Peru
Chin
hill
s
are small beasts, like squirrels, with wonderf
l
smoothe and soft skins, which they weare as a healthfull thing
comfort the stomacke; they make coverings and rugs of the
of these
Chin
hill
s,
which are found on the
Sierre
of
Peru.
Aco
in
Pur
s': Pilg.
III. 966.
, and
Chili
Ovalle,
in his history of
Chile,
says, that the grey or ash-color'
squirrels, of the vally of
Guas
s,
are valuable for the surs.
Church
C
ll.
Vol. III. 44.
; are very numerous in
N. America,
do incredible damage to the plantations of
Mayz,
run up the stalks, and eat the young ears; descend in vast flocks from the mountains, and join those that inhabit the lower parts; are proscribed by the provinces, and a reward of three pe
ce per head for every one that is killed; such a number was destroyed one year, that
Pensylvania
alone paid in rewards 8000 l. of its currency.
Make their nests in hollow trees with moss, straw, wool, &c. Feed on the mayz in the season, and and on pine cones, acorns, and mast of all kinds. Form holes under ground, and there deposit a large stock of winter provision. Descend from the trees and visit their magazines when in want of meat; are particularly busy at the approach of bad weather; during the cold season keep in their nests for several days together; seldom leap from tree to tree, only
up and down the bodies; their hoards often destroyed by swine; when covered with deep snow, the squirrels often perish for want of food; are not easily shot, nimbly changing their place, when they see the gun levelled; have the actions of the common squirrel; easily tamed; their flesh esteemed very delicate. The furs which are imported under the name of
petit-gris
are valuable, and used as linings to cloaks.
α. LESSER. Upper part of the body and sides mixed with rust color, grey and white; belly white, separated from the sides by a rusty line: lower part of the legs red: sides of the tail whitish, the rest brown mixed with black. Mr.
Knaphan's
collection.
210. BLACK.
Quahtechalotl-thlitic.
Hernandez Mex.
582.
Fernandez Nov. Hisp.
8.
Black squirrel
Catesby Car.
II.
3.
L'Ecureuil noir.
Brisson quad.
10
.
Sciurus niger
Lin. syst.
8
.
Sq. with plain ears: sometimes wholly black, but often marked with white on the nose. the neck, or end of the tail: the tail shorter than that of the former: the body equal.
Inhabits the
N. of Asia
The finest are taken near the lake
Bat
l,
and about
Barguzins
i ostrog,
upon the upper
Angara,
in the district of
Ner
schinsk,
are the best in all
Siberia:
these continue black the whole year; the others grow rusty in summer.
Muller's Russ. Samlung.
III. 518.51
,
N. America,
and
Mexi
.
I should have placed it as a variety of the last species, did not Mr.
Catesby
expressly say, that it breeds and associates in separate troops; is equally numerous with the former; commits as great ravages among the
Mayz;
makes its nest in the same manner, and forms like them, magazines for winter food.
β. Sq. with plain ears: coarse fur mixed with dirty white, and black: throat and inside of the legs and thighs black: tail much shorter than those of squirrels usually are: of a dull yellow color: mixed with black: body of the size of the grey squirrel.
Inhabits
Virginia;
described from Mr.
Knaphan's
collection, who told me that the planters called it the
Cat
squirrel.
I HUDSON'S BAY SQ.
P 280.
II BLACK No 210. III GREY No 209.
211. VARIED.
Q
auhtecollotlquapachtli,
Fernandez Nov. Hisp.
8.
Le Coquallin.
de Buffon,
xiii. 109.
tab.
xiii.
Sq. with plain ears; upper part of the body varied with black, white and brown: the belly tawny
C
lled by the
Indians, Coztiocotequallin,
or yellow belly.
: twice the size of the common squirrel.
Inhabits
Mexico;
lives under ground, wher
it brings forth its young, and lays in a stock of winter food; lives on Mayz: is never to be tamed.
These probably vary in size; I have seen one that seemed to be of this species, but not superior in size to the common squirrel; the colors were brown, orange, and cinereous: the belly orange.
212. FAIR,
Sc
rus
lavus. Sc. auriculis subr
t
ndis, pedibus pentadactylis, corpore luteo.
Lin. syst.
86.
Amaen. Acad.
I. 561.
Sq. with the body and tail of a flaxen color: of a very small size, with plain round ears, and rounded tail.
Inhabits the woods near
Amadabad,
the capital of
Guzarat,
in great abundance, leaping from tree to tree
L'Ecureuil blond.
Della Valla,
p. 84.
.
Linnaeus
says it is an inhabitant of
South America.
213. BRASILIAN.
Sciurus Brasiliensis?
Marcgrave Brasil,
230.
Sciurus coloris ex flavo et fusco mixti taenii
in lateribus albis.
Brisson quad
107.
Sciurus aestuans. Sc. grisens, subtus flavescens,
Lin. syst.
88.
Sq. with plain ears, and rounded tail: head, body, and sides covered with soft dusky hairs, tipt with yellow: tail rounded: the hairs annulated with black and yellow: throat cinereous: inside of the legs, and the belly yellow: the belly divided lengthways with a white line; which begins on the breast: is interrupted for a small space in the middle, and is then continued to the tail: length from nose to tail, eight inches one quarter: tail ten.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana.
Mr.
Vandeck,
captain of a man of war in the
Portuguese
service, who procured them from their settlements in
S. America,
favored me with two.
214 MEXICAN.
Tlalmototli
Fernandez. Nov. Hisp.
.
Sciurus rarissimus ex Nov. Hispania
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xlvii.
Brissson quad.
108.
Sq. of a mouse color: the male marked on the back with seven white lines, which extend along the tail; the female, with only five: the tail of the male divided into four parts at the end; perhaps accidentally: its s
rotum pendulous, like a goat's.
Inhabits
New Spain.
215. PALM.
M ste
Africana
Clus. Exot.
112.
. quad.
216.
p
imarum. Sc. subgriseus
flavicantibus, cauda
nigroque lineata.
Lin. syst.
86.
Sc. palmarum. Sc. Sc. colori
ex rus
et nigro mixti. taeniis in dor
o flavioantibus
Brisson quad.
109.
Le Palmiste,
de Buffon,
X. 126.
tab.
xxvi.
Sq. with plain ears: an obscure pale yellow stripe on the middle of the back, another on each side, a third on each side the belly; the two last very distinct: rest of the hair on the sides, back and head, black and red, very closely mixed; that on the thighs and legs more red: belly, pale yellow: hair on the tail does not lie flat, but encircles it; is coarse, and of a dirty yellow, barred with black. Authors describe this kind with only three stripes: this had five, so possibly they vary.
β. BAR
ARY. Sciurus getulus
anopus
.
77.
Gesner quad.
847.
Sc. getulus. Sc. fuscus striis
albis longitudinaiibus
Lin. syst.
87.
Klein quad.
84.
Brisson quad.
10
.
Barbarian squirrel.
Edw.
198.
Le Barbaresque
de Buffon,
X. 126.
tab.
xxvii.
Sq. with full black eyes and white orbits: head, body, feet and tail, cinereous, inclining to red: lightest on the legs: sides marked lengthways with two white stripes: belly white: tail bushy, marked regularly with shades of black, one beneath the other: size of the common squirrel.
Both these squirrels inhabit
Barbary
and other hot countries: live in trees; especially
Palms,
from which one takes its name.
216. GROUND.
Mouse squirrel
Josselyn's voy.
86.
Ground squirrel
Lawson Carolina,
124.
Cat
sby Carolina,
II. 75.
Edw.
181.
Kalm.
I. 322.
tab.
i.
Sciurus Listeri.
Raii syn. quad.
216.
Sciurus minor virgatus
Nov. Com. Petrop.
V. 344.
Boern-doeskie
Le Brun. voy. Moscov.
II. 432.
Sciurus striatus. Sc. flavus stri
quinque fuscis fongitudinalibus
Lin. syst.
87.
Klein. quad.
53.
Sciurus Carolinensis,
Brisson quad
Le Suisse
de Buffon,
X. 126.
tab.
xxviii.
Charlevoix Nouv. France,
V. 198.
Sq. with plain ears: ridge of the back marked with a black streak: each side with a pale yellow stripe, bounded above and below with a line of black: head, body and tail, of a reddish brown; the tail the darkest: breast and belly white: nose and feet pale red: eyes full.
Inhabits the North of
Asia;
but found in the greatest abundance in the forests of
North America:
they never run up trees except pursued, and find no other means of escaping: they burrow, and form their habitations under ground with two entrances, that they may get access to the one, in case the other is stopped up. Their retreats are formed with great skill, in form of a long gallery, with branches on each side, each of which terminates in an enlarged chamber, as a magazine to store their winter provision in; in one they lodge the acorns, in another the
mayz,
in a third the hickery nuts, and in the last, their favorite food the
chinquapin
chesnut. They very seldom stir out during winter, at lest as long as their provisions last; but if that fails, they will dig into cellars where apples are kept, or barns where
mayz
is stored, and do a great deal of mischief; but at that time the cat destroys great numbers, and is as great an enemy to them as to mice.
During the
mayz
harvest, these squirrels are very busy in biting off the ears, and filling their mouths so full with the corn, that their cheeks are quite distended. It is observable, that they give great preference to certain food; for if, after filling their mouths with rye, they happen to meet with wheat, they fling away the first, that they may indulge in the last. They are very wild, bite severely, and are scarcely ever tamed: the skins are of little use; but are sometimes brought over to line cloaks.
217. FAT.
Glis
Gesner quad.
550.
Raii syn. quad.
229.
Glis vulgaris
Klein quad.
56.
Glis
obscurè cinereus, in
ex
cinerescente
Brisson quad.
113.
Sciurus Glis. Sc. canus subtus albidus
Lin. syst.
87.
Le Loir
de Buffon,
viii, 158.
tab.
xxiv.
Sq. with thin naked ears: body covered with soft ash-colored hair: belly whitish: tail full of long hair: from nose to tail, near six inches; tail four and a half: thicker in the body than the squirrel.
Inhabits
France
and the South of
Europe.
The late Doctor
Kramer
favored me with one from
Austria.
Lives in trees, and leaps from bough to bough, feeds on fruits and acorns: lodges in the hollows of trees: remains in a torpid state during winter, and grows very fat,
Tota mihi dormitur hyems, et pinguior illo
Tempore sum, quo me nil nisi somnus alit
M
rtial Epig. Lib.
xiii.
Ep.
59.
.
Was esteemed a great delicacy by the
Romans,
who had their
Gliraria
Varr
de re rustica, lib.
iii.
places constructed to keep and feed them in. I think that the
Italians
at present eat them.
218. GARDEN.
Mus avellanarum major
Gesner quad.
735.
Greater Dormouse, or Sleeper,
Raii syn. quad.
219.
Glis supra obscurè cinereus, infra ex albo cinerescens, macula ad oculos nigra
Brisson quad.
114.
Mus quercinus. M. cauda elongata pilosa, macula nigra sub oculos.
Lin. syst.
84.
Le Lerot
de Buffon,
viii. 181.
tab.
xxv.
Sq. with the eyes surrounded with a large spot of black, reaching to the base of the ears, and another behind the ears: head and whole body of a tawny color: the throat and whole under-side of the body white, tinged with yellow: the tail long: the hairs at the beginning very short, at the end bushy: length, from nose to tail, not five inches; the tail four.
Inhabits
France
and the South of
Europe:
infests gardens, and is very destructive to fruits of all kind: is particularly fond of peaches: lodges in holes in the walls: brings five or six young at a time: like the former, remains torpid during winter: has a strong smell, like a rat.
219. DORMOUSE.
Mus ayellanarum minor, the Dormouse or Sleeper,
Raii syn. quad.
220.
Rothe Wald Mauss
Kramer Austria,
317.
Glis supra rufus, infra albicans
Brisson quad.
Mus avellanarius. M. cauda elongata pilosa, corpore rufo, gula albicante, pollicibus posticis muticis,
Lin. syst.
83.
Faun. Suec.
No. 35.
Le Muscardin
de Buffon,
viii. 193.
tab.
xxvi.
Dormouse
Edw.
266.
Br. Zool.
I. 95.
Sq. with round naked ears: full black eyes: body of a tawny red: throat white: size of a mouse, but plumper: tail two inches and a half long, and pretty hairy, especially towards the end.
Inhabits
Europe:
lives in thick hedges: makes its nest in the hollow of a low tree, or in a thick bush near the bottom, of grass, moss, or dead leaves: brings three or four young at a time: seldom appears far from its retreat: forms magazines of nuts: eats its food sitting up, like a squirrel: at approach of winter, retires and rolls itself up, lying torpid: sometimes in a warm day revives, takes a little food, and relapses into its former state.
A. with membranes from fore leg to hind leg.
220. SAILING.
Sciurus Sagitta. Sc. hypochondriis prolixis volitans, cauda plano-pinnata lanceolata.
Lin. syst.
88.
Sciurus petaurista
Pallas Miscel. Zool.
54.
tab.
vi.
Sciurus maximus volans, feu felis volans. Sc. castanei coloris, in parte corporis superiore, in inferiore vero eximié flavescentis; cute ab anticis cruribus ad postica membranae in modum extensa volans,
Brisson quad.
112.
Mus. Roy. Society.
Where there is the skin of one in fine preservation.
.
Sq. with a small rounded head: cloven upper lip: small blunt ears: two small warts at the outmost corner of each eye, with hairs growing out of them: neck short: four toes on the fore feet; and instead of a thumb, a slender bone, two inches and a half long, lodged under the lateral membrane, serving to stretch it out: from thence to the hind legs extends the membrane, which is broad, and a continuation of the skin of the sides and belly: five toes on the hind feet, and on all the toes sharp compressed bent claws: tail covered with long hairs disposed horizontally: color of the head, body and tail, a bright bay; in some parts inclining to orange: breast and belly of a yellowish white: length, from nose to tail, eighteen inches; tail fifteen.
Inhabits
Java
Hamilton's voy.
II. 131.
, and others of the
Indian
islands: leaps from tree to tree as if it flew: will catch hold of the boughs
Sir Edward Michelbourne's voy. in Purchas's Pilgrim.
I. 134.
with the tail: differs in size: that described by
Linnaeus
was the size of our squirrel:
SAILING SQUIRREL No 220.
that killed by Sir
Edward Michelbourne,
in one of the
Indian
isles was greater than a hare.
Nieuhoff,
p. 354, describes this species under the name of the Flying Cat, and says the back is black: he has given two very good figures of it; one in his frontispiece, the other in the page he describes it in.
221. FLYING.
Mus Ponticus vel Scythicus
Gesner quad.
743.
A
apanick
Smith's Virginia,
27.
voy.
86.
de Laet,
88.
Sciurus americanus volans
Raii syn. quad.
215.
Sciurus petaurista volans,
Klein quad.
54.
P
y
ng squirrel
Phil. Trans. abridg.
.
6.
tab.
v.
Lawson's Carolina,
124.
Catesby Carolina,
II. 76, 77.
Edw.
191.
Kalm.
I. 321.
tab.
i.
du Pratz,
II. 69.
Sciurus volans. Sc. hypochondriis prolixis volitans, cauda rotundata.
Lin. syst.
88.
Faun. suec. No.
38.
Sciurus volans
Brisson quad.
110, iii.
No.
12, 13.
La Poulatouche,
de Buffon,
X. 95.
Sq. with round naked ears: full black eyes: a lateral membrane from fore to hind legs: tail with long hairs disposed horizontally, longest in the middle: color above, a brownish ash: beneath, white, tinged with yellow: much less than the common squirrel.
Inhabits
Finland, Lapland, Poland, Russia, North America,
and
New Spain
Where it is called
Quimichpatlan. Fernandez. Nov. Hisp.
8.
: lives in hollow trees:
eeps in the day: during the night very lively: is gregarious, numbers being found in one tree: leaps from bough to bough sometimes at the distance of t
n yards: this action improperly called
flying,
for the animal cannot go in any other direction than forward; and even then cannot keep an even line, but sinks considerably before it can reach the place it aims at: sensible of this, the squirrel mounts the higher, in proportion to the distance it wishes to reach: when it would leap it stretches out the fore-legs, and extending the membranes, becomes specifically lighter than it would otherwise be; and thus is enabled to spring further than other squirrels that have not this apparatus. When numbers leap at a time, they seem like leaves blown off by the wind. Their food the same as the other
American
squirrels: are easily tamed: bring three or four young at a time.
β. HOODED. Sciurus virginianus volans.
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xliv.
Brisson quad.
III.
Mus volans.
Lin. syst.
85.
Sq. with the lateral membrane beginning at the chin and ears, and extending like the former from fore to hind leg: reddish above; cinereous, t
nged with yellow, beneath.
Inhabits
Virginia,
according to
Seba;
the only person who had seen it: is perhaps a meer variety.
Linnaeus's
synonyms from
Ray
and
Edwards
erroneous.
I CASAN MARMOT No . 201. II LAPLAND MARMOT No . 202. III GERBOA No . 222.
XXXI. JERBOA.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Two very short fore legs: two very long hind legs, resembling those of cloven-footed water-fowl.
Very long tail, tufted at the end.
222. AEGYPTIAN.
Theophr. opusc.
295.
A
lian hist. an. lib.
xv.
c.
26.
M
s hipes
Plinii, lib.
x.
c.
65.
, or Yerbôa,
Shaw's Travels,
248.
Texeira's Travels,
21.
Ge
bua
Edw.
219.
Plaisted's journal,
59.
Mus jaculus. M. cauda elongata floccosa, palmis subpentadactylis, femoribus longissimis, brachiis brevis
imis.
Lin. syst.
85.
Hasselquist itin.
198.
Le Jerbo
de Buffon,
xiii. 141.
J. with thin erect and broad ears: full and dark eyes: long whiskers: fore legs an inch long; five toes on each; the inner, or thumb, scarce apparent; but that, as well as the rest, furnished with a sharp claw: hind legs two inches and a quarter long, thin covered with short hair, and exactly resembling those of a bird; three toes on each, covered above and below with hair; the middle toe the longest, on each a pretty long sharp claw: length, from nose to tail, seven inces and one quarter; tail ten inches, terminated with a thick black tuft of hair; the tip white; the rest of the tail covered with very short coarse hair: the upper part of the body thin, or compressed sideways: the part about the rump and loins large: the head, back, sides and thighs, covered with long hair, ash-colored at the bottom, pale tawny at the ends: breast and belly whitish: the hair long and soft.
Inhabits
Aegypt, Barbary, Palestine,
the deserts between
Balsora
and
Aleppo:
as singular in its motions as in its form: always stands on its hind feet; the fore feet performing the office of hands: runs fast; and when pursued, jumps five or six feet from the ground: burrows like rabbets: keeps close in the day, lively during night: feeds on vegetables: has great strength in its fore feet. Two that were living last winter in
London,
burrowed almost through the brick wall of the room they were in; came out of their hole at night for food, and when caught were much fatter and sleeker than when confined to their box: eaten by the
Arabs
Pr. A
pia. A
ypt,
I. 232. The
Arabs
call it the Lamb of the
thinks this animal the
Sap
of
a
st deal of learning on the sub
ect.
, lib.
iii.
c.
33.
p.
1001.
.
The species described by Mr.
Edwards
seems only to be a variety of this, with a black band cross the upper part of the thighs. Doctor
Shaw
mentions a spur placed about an inch above the toes of the hind feet; which was wanting in these, as well as in Mr.
Edwards's.
223. SIBERIAN.
Cuniculus pumilio saliens cauda longissima.
Nov. Com. Petrop.
V. 351.
tab.
ix.
fig.
1.
Cuniculus pumilio saliens, cauda anomola longissima.
Brisson quad.
103.
Flying hare.
Strahlenberg's
ist. Russ.
370.
J. with very long transparent narrow ears: long whiskers: five toes on the fore feet, three on the hind feet pointing forward, and a fourth behind, about an inch above the heel: color of the upper part of the body tawny; lower whitish: in form of the body, legs and tail, agrees with the last.
Inhabits
Siberia
Found also in
Circassia,
and near the river
Terek,
which borders on that country. Vide
Olearius's Travels,
415, and
Schober's Memorabilia Russ. Asiat.
in
Muller's Samlung Russ.
vii. 124.
where it is called
Alagtaga:
like the former, very active: digs holes in the ground with vast agility with its fore feet: tears the roots with its teeth, and flings back the earth with its hind feet; if pursued, and finds it cannot escape by leaping, attempts to make a new hole: the burrows, in some places, so thick, as to be dangerous to travellers, the horses perpetually falling in them: provides against winter: cuts grass, and leaves it in heaps a foot square to dry, and afterwards carries it into the burrow.
Mus longipes, M. cauda elongata vestita, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, femoribus longissimis.
Lin. syst.
84.
Mus cauda longa vestita, pedibue posticis longitudine corporis, flavis
Mus. Ad. Tr.
9.
224. TORRID.
J. with naked oval ears: long whiskers: four toes on the fore feet: the hind feet the length of the body, thick, strong, and thinly haired: five toes on each foot: scarce any neck: tail the length of the body, with very little hair on it: color of the upper part of the body yellow; the lower white: size of a common mouse.
Inhabits, according to
Linnaeus,
the torrid zone
Habitat in torridis regionibus.
: mentioned by no other writer.
225. INDIAN.
Le Tarsier
de Buffon,
xiii. 87.
tab.
ix.
J. with a slender nose bilobated at the end: eyes large and prominent: ears erect, broad, naked, semitransparent, an inch and an half long: between them on the top of the head a tuft of long hairs: two slender cutting teeth and two canine teeth in each jaw, which is peculiar to this species: long hairs each side the nose and on the upper eyebrow: four long slender toes and a distinct thumb like the ape kind, on each foot: the lower part of the end of each toe tuberous: the claws sharp pointed; but, except on the two interior toes of the hind feet, are attached to the skin: the thumbs of the hind feet broad and greatly dilated at their ends: hairs on the legs and feet short, white and thinly scattered: tail almost naked, on the greater part round and scaly like that of a rat; but grows hairy towards the end which is tufted: penis pendulous: scrotum and testicles of a vast size in proportion to the animal.
Length from nose to tail near six inches: to the hind toes eleven and a half; tail nine and a half.
Hair soft, but not curled, of an ash color mixed with tawny.
Inhabits
India:
described from two specimens in the Cabinet of Dr.
Hunter.
XXXII. RAT.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before; five behind.
Very slender taper tail; naked, or very slightly haired.
226. BLACK.
Mus domesticus major quem vulgo Ratt
m vo
ant.
Gesner quad.
731.
Raii syn. quad.
217.
Mus rat
us, Mus cistrinarius.
Klein quad.
57.
Ratze.
Kramer Austr.
316.
Mus cauda longissima obscurè cinerea.
Brisson quad.
118.
Mus Rattus. M. cauda elongata subnuda, palmis tetradactylis cum unguiculo pollicari, plantis pentadactylis
Lin. syst.
Ratta
Faun. suec.
No. 33.
Br. Zool.
I. 97.
Le Rat
de Buffon,
vii. 278.
tab.
xxxvi.
R. of a deep iron grey color, nearly black: belly cinereous: legs dusky, almost naked: a claw, in the place of a fifth toe, on the fore feet: length, from nose to tail, seven inches; tail near eight.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe
of late, the numbers much lessened, and in many places extirpated by the next species: very destructive to corn, furniture, young poultry, rabbets and pigeons: will gnaw the extremities of infants when asleep: breeds often in a year: brings six or seven young at a time: makes its nest, in a hole near a chimney, of wool, bits of cloth, or straw: will destroy and devour one another: its greatest enemy is the weesel. First introduced into
America
by the
Europeans;
into
S. America
Garcilasso de la Vega,
384.
, about the year 1544, in the time of the Viceroy
Blasco Nunnez.
Is now the pest of all that continent.
227. BROWN.
Mus cauda longissima, supra dilutè fulvus, infra albicans. Le Rat de Bois.
Brisson quad.
120.
Le Surmulot.
de Buffon,
viii. 206
tab.
xxvii.
Norway rat.
Br. Zool.
I. 99.
R. with the head, back and sides, of a light brown color, mixed with tawny and ash-color: breast and belly dirty white: feet naked, and of a dirty flesh-color: fore feet furnished with four toes, and a claw instead of the fifth: length, from nose to tail, nine inches; tail the same: weight eleven ounces: is stronger made than the last.
Inhabits most parts of
Europe;
but was a stranger to that continent 'till the present century: came into
Great Britain
about forty years ago: not known in the neighborhood of
Paris
half that time. The same animal with what is called in the
East-Indies
a
Bandicote,
a large rat, which burrows under ground; so probably the species was brought from thence in some of the
Indian
ships
This may be the species found in
Guinea,
called by
Barbot,
214, Field Rats; which, he says, are as big at cats.
Bosman
calls them wild rats.
Barbot
also mentions another, as long, but slender
than the former; which the
Negroes
cat, and call
Boul
,
which do great damage to thei
corn.
· has reached
Prussia,
but not the opposite side of the
Baltic;
for
Linnaeus
takes no notice of it.
Burrows like the water rat on the sides of ponds and ditches: swims well, and dives readily: lives on grain and fruits, and will destroy rabbets, poultry and game: encreases fast; brings from fourteen to eighteen young at a time: is very bold and fierce; will turn when close pursued, and fasten on the stick or hand of those who offer to strike it: has destroyed the common black rat in most places.
228. WATER.
Le Rat d'Eau,
Belon Aquat.
30.
. xx
i.
aquatiiis
Agricola An. Subter.
4
8.
Gesner quad.
732.
Raii syn. quad
217.
Klein quad.
57.
Wa
er-maus
Kramer Austr.
316.
M
s Amphibius. M. cauda elongata pilosa plantis palmatis.
Lin. syst.
82.
Faun. suec.
No. 32.
M. cauda longa pilis supra ex nigro et flavescente mixtis, infra cinereis vestitus.
Brisson quad.
124.
Le Rat d'Eau
de Buffon,
vii. 348.
tab.
xliii.
R. with a thick blunt nose: ears hid in the fur: eyes small: teeth yellow: on each foot five toes; inner toe of the fore foot very small; the first joint very flexible: head and body covered with long hairs, black mixed with a few ferruginous hairs: belly of an iron grey: tail covered with short black hairs; the tip whitish: weight nine ounces: length, from nose to tail, seven inches; tail only five: shape of the head and body more compact than the former species
It has some resemblance to the Beaver, which induced
Linnaeus,
in the first edition of his
Fauna Suecica,
to style it
Castor cauda lineari
.
Inhabits
Europe
and
North America
Lawson hist. Carolina,
122. He also mentions another, which
the
Marsh
Rat, being more hairy than the common rat;
apparently is the same with this. Those of
Canada
vary to
and white. Vide
de Buffon,
xiv. 401. xv. 146.
: burrows in the banks of rivers, ponds and wet ditches: feeds on small fish and the fry of greater, on frogs, insects and roots: is itself the prey of pike: swims and dives admirably, though it is not web-footed, as Mr.
Ray
supposed, and
Linnaeus
copied after him: brings six young at a time. This animal and the Otter eat in
France
on
maigre
days.
229. MOUSE.
Mus domesticus communis seu minor.
Gesner quad.
714.
Raii syn. quad.
218.
Mus minor, musculus vulgaris.
Klein quad.
Mauss.
Kramer Austr.
316.
Mus musculus. M. cauda elongata, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Lin. syst.
83. Mus▪
Faun. suec.
No. 34.
Mus cauda longi
ima, obscurè cinereus, ventre subalbescente.
Brisson quad.
119.
La
de Buffon.
vii. 309.
tab.
lix.
Br. Zool.
I. 105.
Br. Zool.
. tab.
cii.
An animal that needs no description: when found white is very beautifull, the full bright eye appearing to great advantage amidst the snowy fur.
Inhabits all parts of the world, except the
Arctic:
follows mankind.
230. FIELD.
Mus agrestis minor.
Gesner quad.
733.
Mus doraesticus medius
Raii syn. quad.
218.
Mauss mit weissen bauch.
Kramer Austr.
317.
Mus cauda longa supra e fusco flavescens, infra ex albo cinerescens.
Brisson quad.
123.
Mus sylvaticus. M. cauda longa, palmis tetradactylis, plantis p
ntadactylis, corpore griseo pilis nigris abdomine albo.
Lin. syst.
84.
Faun. Suec.
No. 36.
Le Mulot
de Busson,
vii. 325.
tab.
xli.
Long-tailed field-mouse
Br. Zool
I. 103.
R. with full and black eyes: head, back and sides, of a yellowish brown, mixed with some dusky hairs: breast of an ochre color: belly white: length, from the tip of the nose to the tail, four inches and a half; tail four inches, slightly covered with hair.
Inhabits
Europe:
found only in fields and gardens: feeds on nuts, acorns and corn: forms great magazines of winter provision: hogs, tempted by the smell, do much damage in the fields, by rooting up the hoards: makes a nest for its young very near the surface, and often in a thick tuft of grass: brings from seven to ten at a time: called, in some parts of
England, Bean mouse,
from the havoke it makes among the beans when just sown.
α. AMERICAN. R. with very long whiskers, some white, others black: ears large, naked and open: from the head to the tail, along the middle of the back, a broad dark stripe, ferruginous and dusky: the cheeks, space beneath the ears, and sides, quite to the tail, orange-colored: underside, from nose to tail, of a snowy whiteness: feet white: hind legs longer than those of the
European
kind: tail dusky above, whitish beneath.
New York.
231. HARVEST.
The less long-tailed field-mouse
Br. Zool.
II.
App.
498.
R. with eyes less prominent than those of the former: ears prominent, of a full ferruginous color above, white beneath: a strait line along the sides divides the colors: tail a little hairy: length, from nose to tail, two inches and a half: tail two inches: weight one-sixth of an ounce.
Inhabits
Hampshire;
where it appears in greatest numbers during harvest: never enters houses; but is carried into the ricks of corn in the sheaves; and often hundreds are killed on breaking up the ricks: during winter, shelters itself under ground: burrows very deep, and forms a warm bed of dead grass: makes its nest for its young above ground, between the straws of standing corn; it is of a round shape, and composed of blades of corn: brings about eight young at a time.
232. ORIENTAL.
Mus orientalis.
Seb. Mus.
II. 22.
tab.
xxi.
fig.
2.
M. cauda mediocri subnuda, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, corporis striis punctatis.
Lin. syst.
84.
M. cauda longa, striis corpori
longitudinalibus et punctis albis.
Mus. Ad. Fred.
10.
Mus cauda longa, rufus. lineis in dorso albicantibus, margaritarum aemulis.
Brisson quad.
124.
R. with round naked ears: of a grey color: the back and sides elegantly marked with twelve rows of small pearl-colored spots, extending from the head to the rump: tail the length of the body: in size, half that of a common mouse.
Inhabits
India.
In the same country and in
Guinea
is another very small species, which smells of musk. The
Portuguese
living in
India
call it
Cheroso,
and say its bite is venomous.
Boullaye la Gouz.
256.
Barbot's Guinea,
214.
233. SHORT-TAILED.
Mus agrestis capite grandi bracaiurus
Raii syn. quad.
218.
Mus terrestris. M. cauda medio
i
bpilosa, palmis subtetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, au
culis, vellere brevioribus
Lin. syst.
82. Molle
Faun. suec. No.
1.
The species, No. 30.
Faun. suec.
described by the style of
Mus
a
breviata, corpore nigro fusco, abdomine cinerescente,
seems the
with this.
.
Mus cauda brevi, pilis e nigricante et sordidè luteo mixtis in dorso, et saturatè cinereis in ventre vestitis.
Brisson quad.
125.
Le Campagnol
de Buffon,
vii. 369.
tab.
xlvii.
The short-tailed Field-mouse
Br. Zool.
104.
Erdzeisl.
Kramer Austr.
316.
R. with a large head: blunt nose: ears short, and hid in the fur: eyes prominent: tail short: color of the head and upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with black: belly deep ash-color: length, from nose to tail, six inches: tail only one and a half, thinly covered with hair, terminated by a small tuft.
Inhabits
Europe:
also great abundance in
New-foundland,
where it does much mischief in the gardens: in
England,
seldom infests gardens: makes its nest in moist meadows: brings eight young at a time: has a strong affection for them: resides under ground: lives on nuts, acorns and corn.
234. GREGARIOUS.
Mus gregarius. M. cauda corpore triplo breviore subpilosa, corpore griseo, subtus pedibusque albis.
Lin. syst.
84.
R. with a small mouth and blunt nose: ears naked, and appearing above the fur: hair on the upper part of the body black at the roots and tips, ferruginous in the middle: throat, belly and feet, whitish: tail thrice as short as the body, covered with thin white hairs; the end black and ash-color: is a little larger than the common mouse.
Inhabits
Germany
and
Sueden:
eats sitting up: burrows, and lives under ground.
XXXIII. SHREW.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw pointing forward.
Long slender nose: small ears.
Five toes on each foot.
235. FAETID.
.
Aelian hist. An. lib.
vi.
c.
22.
.
Dioscorid. lib.
ii.
c.
42.
Mus Araneus
Agricola An. Subter.
485.
Gesner quad.
747.
Mus araneus, mus caecus.
Gesner
.
116.
Mus araneus, Shrew, Shrew-mouse, or hardy Shrew.
Raii syn. quad.
233.
Mus araneus rostro productiore Spitsmaus
Klein quad.
57.
Kramer Austr.
317.
Sorex araneus. S. cauda mediocri, corpore subtus albido.
Lin. syst.
74. Nabbmus
Faun. suec.
No. 24.
Mus araneus supra ex fusco rufus infra albicans.
Brisson quad.
126.
La Musaraigne.
de Buffon,
viii. 57.
tab.
x.
Shrew mouse
Br. Zool.
I. 112.
Shr. with short rounded ears: eyes small, and almost hid in the fur: nose long and slender, upper part the longest: head and upper part of the body of a brownish red: belly of a dirty white: length, from nose to tail, two inches and a half; tail one and a half.
Inhabits
Europe:
lives in old walls, heaps of stones, or holes in the earth: is frequently near hay-ricks, dunghills, and necessary-houses: lives on corn, insects, and any filth: is often observed rooting in ordure, like a hog: from its food, or the places it frequents, has a disagreeable smell: cats will kill, but not eat it: brings four or five young at a time. The antients believed it was injurious to cattle, an error now detected. There seems to be an annual mortality of these animals in
August,
numbers being then found dead in the paths.
236. WATER.
Mus araneus dorso nigro, ventreque albo.
Merret Pinax.
167.
Sorex fodiens
Pallas
Doctor
Pallas
favored me with several prints of this animal in 1765, but never published them: he discovered it near
Berlin:
it is called there
Graeber,
or The Digger.
.
La Musaraigne d'Eau
de Buffon,
viii. 64.
tab.
xi.
Water Shrew-mouse
Br. Zool. lustr. tab.
cii.
Sh. with a long slender nose: very minute ears very small eyes, hid in the fur: color of the head and upper part of the body black: throat, breast and belly, of a light ash-color: beneath the tail
triangular dusky spot: much larger than the last length, from nose to tail, three inches three quarters▪ tail two inches.
Inhabits
Europe:
long since known in
England,
but lost till
May
1768, when it was discovered in the fens near
Revesly Abby, Lincolnshire:
burrows in the banks near the water: is called by the Fen-men the
Blind Mouse.
237 MINUTE.
Sorex minutus. S. rostro longissimo
Lin. syst.
73.
Sh. with a head near as big as the body: very slender nose: broad short naked ears: whiskers reaching to the eyes: eyes small, and capable of being drawn in: hair very fine and shining; grey above, white beneath: no tail: the lest of quadrupeds, according to
Linnaeus.
Inhabits
Siberia:
lives in a nest made of
lichens,
in some moist place beneath the roots of trees: lives on feeds: digs: runs swiftly: has the voice of a bat.
238. MURINE.
S. murinus. S. cauda mediocri, corpore fusco, pedibus caudaque cinereis.
Lin. syst.
74.
Sh. with a long nose, hollowed beneath: very long hairs about the nostrils: ears rounded, and rather naked: of an ash-color: body of the size of a common mouse: tail a little shorter than the body, and not so hairy.
Inhabits
Java.
239. BRASILIAN.
Mus araneus figura muris
Marcgrave Brasil,
229.
La musaraigne
de Brasil, de Buffon,
xv. 160.
Sh. with a sharp nose and teeth: pendulous scrotum: of a dusky color, marked along the back with three broad black strokes: length, from nose to tail, five inches; tail two.
Inhabits
Brasil:
does not fear the cat: neither does that animal hunt after it.
240. MEXICAN.
Tucan.
Fernandez Nov. Hisp.
7.
Le Tucan
de Buffon,
xv. 159.
Sh. with a sharp nose: small round ears: without sight: two long fore teeth above and below: thick, fat and fleshy body: short legs, so that the belly almost touches the ground: long crooked claws: tawny hair: short tail: length, from nose to tail, nine inches.
Inhabits
Mexico:
burrows, and makes such a number of cavities, that travellers can scarce tread with safety: if it gets out of its hole, does not know how to return, but begins to dig another: grows very fat, and is eatable: feeds on roots, kidney-beans, and other seeds. M.
de Buffon
thinks it a mole; but by the ears, it should be classed here.
XXXIV. MOLE.
Long nose: upper jaw much longer than the lower. No ears.
Fore feet very broad, with scarce any apparent legs before: hind feet small.
241. EUROPEAN.
Talpa
Agricola An. Subter.
490.
Gesner quad.
931.
Klein quad.
60.
Talpa, the mole, mold-warp, or want.
Raii syn. quad.
236.
Kret.
Rzaczinski Polon.
236.
Scheer, Scheer-mauss, Maulwurf.
Kramer Austr.
314.
Talp
Europaeus. T. caudata, pedibus pentadactylis.
Lin. syst.
73.
Mullvad, Surk.
Faun. suec. No.
23.
Br. Zool.
I. 108.
Talpa caudata, nigricans pedibus anticis et posticis pentadactylis.
Brisson quad.
203.
La Taupe
de Buffon,
viii. 81.
tab.
xii.
M. with very minute eyes, hid in the fur: long snout: six cutting teeth in the upper, eight in the lower jaw, and two canine in each: no external ears, only an orifice: fore part of the body thick and muscular; hind part taper: fore feet placed obliquely, broad, and like hands: five toes, each terminated by strong claws: hind feet very small, with five toes to each: tail short: skin very tough, so as scarce to be cut through: hair short, close set, softer than the finest velvet; usually black, sometimes spotted
Spotted Mole,
Edw.
268.
with white; sometimes quite white: length five inches three quarters; tail one.
Inhabits
Europe:
lives under ground: burrows with vast rapidity with its fore feet; flings the earth back with its hind feet: has the sense of smelling exquisite, which directs it to its food, worms, insects and roots: does vast damage in gardens, by flinging up the soil and loosening the roots of plants: is most active before rain, and in winter before a
haw, worms being then in motion: breeds in the
ing: brings four or five young at a time: makes
of moss, a little beneath the surface of the ground, under the greatest hillock: raises no
in dry weather, being then obliged to pene
deep after its prey: makes a great scream
taken.
Palma christi
and white
hellebore,
into a paste, and laid in their holes, destroys them. None in
Ireland.
β. YELLOW. M. in form resembling the
European;
but larger, being six inches two-tenths long; the tall one inch: hair soft, silky and glossy, of a yellowish brown color at the ends; dark grey at the roots: brightest about the head; darkest about the rump: belly of a deep cinereous brown: feet and tail white.
Inhabits
N. America.
Described from a skin in which the jaws were taken out.
242. SIBERIAN.
Talpa sibericus versicolor,
Aspalax
dictus.
Seb. Mus.
I. 51.
tab.
xxxii.
fig.
4, 5.
Klein quad.
60.
Talpa asiatica. T. ecaudata, palmis tridactylis.
Lin. syst.
73.
Talpa ecaudata; ex viridi aurea, pedibus anticis tridactylis, posticis tetradactylis
Brisson quad.
206.
La Taupe dorèe.
de Buffon,
xv. 145.
M. with a very short nose: no ears: three toes on the fore feet, on the outmost toe a very large claw; four toes on the hind feet: body of an equal thickness: rump quite round: no tail: of a beautifull green and gold color, variable with the light.
Inhabits
Siberia.
243. RADIATED.
Sore
cristatus. S. naribus carunculatis, cauda breviore
Lin. syst.
73.
M. with small but broad fore legs; five long white claws on each: nose long; the edges beset with radiated tendrils: hair on the body dusky, very short, fine and compact; on the nose longer: the hind legs scaly: five toes on each foot: length, from nose to tail, three inches three quarters: tail slender, round and taper, one inch three-tenths long.
Inhabits
N. America.
Forms subterraneous passages in different directions in uncultivated fields; raises walks about two inches high and a palm broad: the holes often give way and let in the walkers: feeds on roots: has great strength in its legs.
244. LONG-TAILED.
M. with the fore feet pretty broad, hind feet very scaly, with a few short hairs on them: the claws on the fore feet like those of the common mole; on the hind very long and slender: hair on the nose and and body soft, long, and of a rusty brown color: tail covered with short hair; the length two inches; that of nose and body four inches six-tenths.
Inhabits
N. America.
245. BROWN.
Sorex aquaticus. S. plantis palmatis, palmis caudaque breviore albis.
Lin. syst.
74.
M. with a slender nose: upper jaw much longer than the lower; two cutting teeth in the upper, four in the lower, the two middle of which are very small: no canine teeth: fore feet very broad: nails long: hind feet small; five claws on each: hair very soft and glossy, brown at the ends, deep grey at the bottom: tail and feet white: length, from nose to tail, five inches and a half: tail very slender, not an inch long.
Inhabits
N. America:
called there the Brown Mole: sent from
New York
by Mr.
A. Blackburne,
with β. Yellow Mole and No. 243 and 244. The black and shining purple
Virginian
mole, described by
Seba
P. 51.
tab.
xxxii.
, as the same with the common kind, was not among those that gentleman favored us with.
Linnaeus
places this and our radiated mole in his class of SOREX, or SHREW, on account of the difference of the teeth; but as these animals possess the stronger characters of the MOLE, such as form of nose and body, shape of feet, and even the manners, we think them better adapted to this genus than to the preceding.
246. RED.
Talpa rubra americana,
Seb. Mus.
I. 51.
tab.
xxxii.
fig.
2.
M. of cinereous red color: three toes on the fore feet, four on the hind: form of the body and tail like the
European
kind.
Inhabits
America.
XXXV. HEDGE-HOG.
Five toes on each foot.
Body covered with strong short spines.
247. COMMON.
Erinaceus
Agricola An. Subter.
481.
Echinus terrestris
Gesner quad.
368.
Echinus sc. Erinaceus terrestris.
Urchin, or Hedge-hog,
Raii syn. quad.
231.
Jez
Rzaczinski Polon.
233.
Acanthion vulgaris nostras.
Klein quad.
66.
Igel.
Kramer Austr.
314.
Erinaceus Europeus. E. auriculis rotundatis naribus cristatis.
Lin. syst.
75. Igelkott.
Faun. suec. No.
22.
Br. Zool.
I. 106.
Erinaceus auriculis erectis.
Brisson quad.
128.
Seb. Mus.
I. 78.
tab.
xlix.
L'Herisson
de Buffon,
viii. 28.
tab.
vi.
H. with a long nose: nostrils bordered on each side with a loose flap: ears rounded, broad and naked: eyes small: legs short, naked and dusky: inner toe the shortest: claws weak: upper part of the face, the sides and rump, covered with strong coarse hair of a yellowish and cinereous color; the back, with strong sharp spines of a whitish color, with a bar of black through their middle: tail an inch long: length, from nose to tail, ten inches.
Inhabits
Europe, Siberia
Seb. Mus.
I. 79.
Seba
describes one from
Siberia,
that differs so little from this, as not to form a new species.
,
Madagascar
Flacourt voy. Madagascar,
152.
: is in motion during night; keeps retired in the day: feeds on roots, fruits, worms and insects: erroneously charged with sucking cows and hurting their udders: resides in small thickets, in hedges, and at the bottom of ditches covered with bushes; lies well wrapped up in moss, grass, or leaves, and during winter rolls itself up and sleeps out that dreary season:
I RADIATED MOLE No . 243. II LONG-TAILED M. No : 244. III HEDGE HOG No . 247.
a mild and helpless animal; on approach of an enemy, rolls itself into the form of a ball, and is then invulnerable.
248. ASIATIC.
Le Tendrac, et Le Tanrec,
de Buffon,
xii. 438.
H. with a long slender nose: short rounded ears: short legs: the upper part of the body covered with short spines, white, marked cross the middle with rust color: the face, throat, belly, buttocks and legs, thinly covered with whitish fine but hard hair: tail very short, covered with spines: about the nose some hairs above two inches long: size of a mole. This is the species M.
de Buffon
calls
Le Tendrac.
The other, or the
Tanrec,
is rather larger: covered with spines only on the top and hind part of the head, the top and sides of the neck, and the shoulders; the longest were on the upper part of the neck, and stood erect: the rest of the body was covered with yellowish bristles, among which were intermixed some that were black, and much longer than the others. Each of these animals, which are varieties of the same species, had five toes on each foot.
Inhabit the isles of
India,
and that of
Madagascar:
are, when of their full growth, of the size of
Dutch voy. East Indies,
203. Those in the cabinet of the
French
King were much smaller; probably young.
Rabbets: grunt like hogs: grow very fat: multiply greatly: frequent
Ca
che voy. Madagascar,
53.
Flacourt hist. Madagascar,
152.
shallow pieces of fresh or salt water: they burrow on land: lie torpid during six months, during which time their old hair falls off. Their flesh is eaten by the
Indians,
but is very flabby and insipid.
249. GUIANA.
American hedge-hog.
Bancroft Guiana,
144.
Erinaceus inauris. E. auriculis nullis,
Lin. syst.
75.
Brisson quad.
131.
Erinaceus americanus albus.
Seb. Mus.
I. 78.
tab.
xlix.
fig.
3.
H. without external ears, having only two orifices for hearing: has a short thick head: back and sides covered with short spines of an ash-color tinged with yellow: face, belly, legs and tail, covered with soft whitish hair: above the eyes, of a chesnut color; back part and sides of the head of a deeper color: length, from nose to tail, eight inches: tail short: claws long and crooked.
Inhabits
Guiana.
SLOTH No . 250.
Div. II. Sect. IV. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS: without cutting teeth.
XXXVI. SLOTH.
Without cutting teeth in either jaw.
With canine teeth and grinders.
Fore legs much longer than the hind.
Long claws.
250. THREETOED.
Arctopithecus
Gesner quad.
869.
Icon quad.
96.
Ignavus sive per
, Agilis.
Clus. exot.
110.372.
Ai, sive ignavus
Marcgrave Brasil,
221.
Sloth,
Raii syn. quad.
245.
Edw.
310.
Ignavus americanus, risum fletu miscens.
Klein quad.
43.
Tardigradus pedibus anticis et posticis tridactylis
Brisson quad.
21.
Ai, sive Tardigradus gracilis americanus
Seb. Mus.
xxxiii.
fig.
2.
Ouaikarè, Paresseux.
Barrere France Aequin.
154.
Bradypus tridactylus. B. pedibus tridactylis cauda brevi.
Lin. syst.
50.
L'Ai
de Buffon,
xiii. 34.
tab.
v. v
;
Br. Mus.
Sl. with a blunt black nose, a little lengthened: very small external ears: eyes small, black and heavy; from the corner of each a dusky line: color of the face and throat a dirty white: hair on the limbs and body long and very uneven, of a cinereous brown color: tail short, a meer stump: legs thick, long, and aukwardly placed: face naked: three toes and three very long claws on each foot. Length of that in the
British Museum,
twelve inches; but it grows to the size of a middle-sixed fox
Nieuhoff,
18.
.
Inhabits most parts of the eastern side of
South America:
the most sluggish and most slow of all animals; seems to move with the utmost pain; makes a great progress if it can go a quarter of a league in a day
Gumilla Orenoque,
II. 13.
: ascends trees, in which it generally lives, with much difficulty: its food is fruit, or the leaves of trees; if it cannot find fruit on the ground, looks out for a tree well loaded, and with great pains climbs up: to save the trouble of descending, flings off the fruit, and forming itself into a ball, drops from the branches; continues at the foot till it has devoured all; nor ever stirs, till compelled by hunger
Ulloa's voy.
I. 103.
: its motion is attended with a most moving and plaintive cry, which at once produces pity and disgust; is its only defence; for every beast of prey is so affected by the noise, as to quit it with horror
Ibid.
: its note, according to
Kircher,
is an ascending and descending
hexachord
Kircher's Musurgia,
as quoted by Mr.
Stilling fleet,
in his miscellaneous tracts,
p.
100.
, which it utters only by night: its look is so piteous as to move compassion; it is also accompanied with tears, that dissuade every body from injuring so wretched a being: its abstinence from food is remarkably powerfull; one that had fastened itself by its feet to a pole, and was so suspended cross two beams, remained forty days without meat, drink or sleep
Kircher.
: the strength in its feet is so great, that whatsoever it seizes on cannot possibly be freed from its claws. A dog was let loose at the above-mentioned animal, when it was taken from the pole; after some time the
Sloth
layed hold of the dog with its feet, and held him four days, till he perished with hunger
Kircher.
.
251. TWO-TOED.
Tardigradus Ceilonicus faemina.
Seb. Mys.
I.
tab.
xxxiv.
Bradypus didactylus. Br. manibus didactylis cauda nulla
Lin. syst.
51.
Tardigradus pedibus anticis didactylis, posticis tridactylis.
Brisson quad.
22.
L'Unau.
de Buffon,
xiii. 34.
tab.
I.
Br. Mus.
Sl. with a round head: short projecting nose: ears like the human, lying flat to the head: two long strong claws on the fore feet, three on the hind: hair on the body long and rough; on some parts curled and woolly: in some, of a pale red above, cinereous below; in others, of a yellowish white below, cinereous brown above. Length of that in the
British Museum
eleven inches: I believe a young one; no tail.
Inhabits
S. America
and the isle of
Ceylon.
The last is strenuously denied by M.
de Buffon,
who has fixed the residence of this genus to
America
only: but, besides the authority of
Seba,
who expressly says his specimen was brought from
Ceylon,
a gentleman, long resident in
India,
and much distinguished in the literary world, has informed me he has seen this animal brought from the
Paliacat
mountains that lie in sight of
Madrass;
which satisfies me that it is common to both continents.
There is reason to think that it is met with also in
Guinea,
or at le
t some species of this genus; for
Barbot
and
Bosman
describe an animal by the name of
Potto,
to which they give the attributes of the former, and describe as being grey when young, red, and covered with a sort of hair as thick set as flocks of wool. Both these writers were sensible men, and tho' not naturalists, were too observant of the animals of
Guinea
to mistake one whose characters are so strongly marked as those of the Sloth
Bosman,
237.
Barbot,
212.
.
XXXVII. ARMADILLO.
Without either cutting teeth or canine teeth.
Head and upper part of the body guarded by a cru
tac
ous covering; the middle with pliant bands, form
o of various segments, reaching from the back to the edges of the belly.
252. THREE-BANDED.
Tatu apara
Marcgrave Brasil,
232.
Raii syn. quad.
234.
Armadillo seu Tatu genus alterum
lus. Exot.
109.
Klein. quad.
8.
Tatu seu armadillo orientalis.
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xxxviii.
fig.
2, 3.
Dasypus tricinctus. D. cingulis tribus, pedibus pentadactylis.
Lin. syst.
53.
Cataphractus scutis duobus cingulis tribus.
Brisson quad.
24.
L'Apar ou le Tatou a trois bandes.
de Buffon,
X. 206.
A. with short but broad rounded ears: the crust on the head, back and rump, divided into elegant pentangular tuberculated segments: three bands in the middle: five toes on each foot: short tail.
The whole genus inhabits
S. America:
the manners of all much the same: burrows under ground; the smaller species in moist places, the larger in dry, and at a distance from the sea; keeps in its hole in the day, rambles out at night; when overtaken, rolls itself into the form of a ball, which it does by means of the pliant bands on its middle, and thus becomes invulnerable; when surprized, runs to its hole, and thinks itself secure if it can hide its head and some part of its body. The
Indians
take it by the tail, when the animal fixes its claws in the earth so strongly that there is no moving it till the
Indian
tickles it with a stick: is hunted with little dogs, who give notice to their master of its haunts by barking, who digs it out; to take it out incautiously is very dangerous, on account of the snakes that commonly lurk in the burrows: feeds on potatoes, melons and roots, and does great damage to plantations: drinks much: grows very fat, and is reckoned very delicious eating when young; but when old, has a musky disagreeable taste: is very numerous, breeds every month, and brings four at a time: is very inoffensive
The authorities for the natural history.
Marcgrave,
231.
Dampier,
II. 61.
Gumilla Orenoque,
III. 223 to 226.
Nieuhoff,
19.
Bancroft's Guiana,
145.
Rochefort Antilles,
I. 286.
.
253. SIX-BANDED.
Tatou
Belon obs.
211.
Portraits,
106.
Tatu et Tatu paba
Brasil:
Armadillo
Hispanis, Lusitanis,
Encuberto
Marcgrave Brasil,
131.
Cataphractus scutis duobus, cingulis sex
Brisson quad.
25.
Dasypus sex cinctus. D. cingulis senis, pedibus pentadactylis
Lin. syst.
54.
L'Encourbert, ou Le Tatou a
bandes.
de Buffon,
X. 209.
tab
xlii.
A. with the crust of the head, shoulders and rump, formed of angular pieces: the bands on the back six; between which, also on the neck and belly, are a few scattered hairs: tail not the length of the body, very thick at the base, tapering to a point: five toes on each foot.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana.
254. EIGHT-BANDED.
Ayotochtli?
Hernandez Mex.
314.
Tatuete
Brasiliensibus,
Verdadeiro
Lusitanis Marcgrave Brasil,
231.
Clus. exot.
330.
Cataphractus scutis duobus cingulis octo.
Brisson quad.
26.
Erinaceus loricatus cingulis septenis palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Amaen. Acad.
I. 560.
Dasypus septem cinctus
Lin. syst.
54.
Le Tatuete, ou Tatou a huit bandes,
de Buffon,
X. 212.
A. with upright ears, two inches long: small black eyes: eight bands on the sides: four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind: length, from nose to tail, about ten inches; tail nine.
Inhabits
Brasil.
Reckoned more delicious eating than the others.
255. NINE-BANDED.
Armadillo
Worm. Mus.
335.
Tatu porcinus, Schildverkel.
Klein quad.
48.
Pig-headed Armadillo
Grew's rarities,
18.
Raii syn. quad.
233.
Tatu sive Armadillo Americanus
Seb. Mus. tab.
xxix.
fig.
1.
D
syrus novem cinctus. D. cingulis novem, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis
Lin. syst.
54.
Cataphractus scutis duobus, cingulis novem.
Brisson quad.
27.
Le Cachichame, ou Tatou a neuf bandes
de Buffon,
X. 215.
tab.
xxxvii.
American Armadillo
Phil. Trans.
LIV. 57.
tab.
vii.
A. with long ear: crust on the shoulders and rump marked with hexangular figures: nine bands on the sides, distinguished by transverse cuneiform marks: breast and belly covered with long hairs: four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind: tail long and taper: length of the whole animal three feet.
Inhabits
South America.
One was brought a few years ago to
England,
from the
Mosquito
shore, and lived here some time: it was fed with raw beef and milk, but refused our grains and fruit
This corroborates what
Marcgrave
says of one of these animals,
Cuniculos, aves mortuas aliaque devorant;
which is very extraordinary in quadrupeds which want both cutting and canine teeth.
.
256. TWELVE BANDED.
Tatu sive Armadillo Africanus
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xxx.
fig.
3, 4.
Le Kabassou, ou Tatou a douze bandes
de Buffon,
X. 218.
tab.
xl.
Cataphractus scutis duobus,
ingulis duodecim
Brisson quad.
27.
A. with broad upright ears: the crust on the shoulders marked with oblong pieces; that of the rump hexangular: twelve bands on the sides: five toes, with very large claws, on the fore feet; five lesser on the hind: tail shorter than the body: some hairs scattered over the body.
M.
de Buffon
P.
256.
tab.
xli.
mentions another of twelve bands, with a tail covered with rhomboid figures, which he is doubtfull whether to refer to this species. It is the largest I ever heard of, being from nose to tail two feet ten inches long; the tail about one foot eight: by the figure, (for I never saw the animal) it varies greatly from the other.
257. EIGHTEEN-BANDED.
Weesle-headed Armadillo,
Grew's rarities,
19.
Tatu Mustelinus
Raii syn. quad.
235.
Dasypus unicinctus. D. tegmine tripartito, pedibus pentadactylis.
Lin. syst.
53.
Cataphractus scuto unico, cingulis octode
im
Brisson quad.
23.
Le Cirquinçon, ou Tatou a dixhuit bandes
de Buffon,
X. 220.
tab.
xlii.
A. with a very slender head: small erect ears: the crust on the shoulders and rump consisting of square pieces: eighteen bands on the sides: five toes on each foot: length, from nose to tail, about fifteen inches; tail five and a half.
Inhabits
South America.
Div. II. Sect. V. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS, without teeth.
XXXVIII. MANIS.
Back, sides, and upper part of the tail, covered with large strong scales.
Small mouth. long tongue: no teeth.
258. LONG-TAILED.
Lacertus peregrinus squamosus,
C
us. exot.
374.
Raii syn. quad.
27
.
S
ly Lizard,
Grew's rarities,
46.
tetradactyla. M. pedibus tetradactylis,
Lin. syst.
53.
Pholidotus pedibus anticis et posticistetradactylis, squamis mucronatis, cauda longissima,
Brisquad.
19.
Le Phatagin
de Buffon,
X. 180.
tab.
xxxiv.
Ash. Mus.
M. with a slender nose; that and the head smooth: body, legs and tail, guarded by large sharp-pointed striated scales: the throat and belly covered with hair short legs: four claws on each foot, one of which is very small: tail a little taper, but ends blu
t: length, from nose to tail, fourteen inches and a
al
: tail three feet four inches and a half.
Inhabits
Guinea?
These animals approach so nearly the genus of Lizards, as to be the links in the chain of beings which connect the proper quadrupeds with the reptile class.
259. SHORT-TAILED.
Lacertus squamosus,
Bontius Java,
60.
Pet. Gaz. tab.
xx.
fig.
11.
Armadillus squamatus major,
Ceilan
cus,
seu Diabolus
Tajovanicus
dictus
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
liii. liv.
Klein quad.
47.
Pholidotus pedibus anticis et posticis pentadactylis, squamis subrotundis.
Brisson quad.
18.
Manis pentadactyla,
Lin. syst.
52.
Le Pangolin
de Buffon,
X. 180.
tab.
xxxiv.
Ash. Mus.
M. with back, sides and legs, covered with blunt scales, with bristles between each: five toes on each foot: tail not longer than the body: ears not unlike the human: chin, belly and inside of the legs, hairy.
Inhabits the islands of
India,
and that of
Formosa.
The
Indians
call it
Pangoelling;
and the
Chinese, Chin Chion Seick
Daihman in Act. Stockh.
1749.265.
. Feeds on lizards and insects: turns up the ground with its nose: walks with its claws bent under its feet: grows very fat: is esteemed very delicate eating: makes no noise, only a snorting.
Perhaps is a native of
Guinea:
the
Quogelo
of the
Negroes;
which
Des Marchais
Voyage du des Marchais,
I. 200.
Barbot,
114.
says grows to the length of eight feet, of which the tail is four: lives in woods and marshy places: feeds on ants, which it takes by laying its long tongue cross their paths, that member being covered with a sticky
saliva,
so the insects that attempt to pass over it cannot extricate themselves: walks very slowly: would be the prey of every ravenous beast, had it not the power of rolling itself up, and opposing to its adversary a formidable row of erected scales. In vain does the Leopard attack it with its vast claws, for at last it is obliged to leave it in safety
Is said to destroy the
Elephant
by twisting itself round the trunk, and compressing that tender organ with its hard scales.
. The
Negroes
kill these animals for the sake of the flesh, which they reckon excellent.
LEST ANT EATER No : 262.
XXXIX. ANT-EATER.
Body covered with hair.
Small mouth: long cylindric tongue.
No teeth.
260. GREAT.
Tam
nd
a-guacu,
Marcgrave
.
225.
Tam
ndua guacu sive major,
Piso
,
3
0.
Pismire-
ater,
Nieuhoff,
19.
T
mandua major cauda panniculata
arrere France Aequin.
162.
Mange-
ourmis
des Marchais,
III. 307.
Great Ant-Bear,
Raii syn. quad.
241.
Myrmecophaga rostro longissimo, pedibus anticis tetradactylis, posticis pentadactylis, cauda longisfimis pilis vestita.
Brisson quad.
15.
Myrmecophaga jubata. M. palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis,
Lin. syst.
52.
Klein quad.
45.
tab.
v.
Le Tamanoir,
de Buffon,
x. 141.
tab.
xxix.
Br. Mus.
A. E. with a long slender nose: small black eyes: short round ears: slender tongue, two feet and a half long, which lies double in the mouth: legs slender: four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind: the two middle claws on the fore feet very large, strong and hooked: the hair on the upper part of the body is half a foot long, black mixed with grey: from the neck cross the shoulders to the sides is a black line bounded above with white: the fore legs are whitish, marked above the feet with a black spot: the tail is cloathed with very coarse black hairs a foot long: length, from nose to tail, about three feet ten inches; the tail two and a half.
Inhabits
Brasil
and
Guiana:
runs slowly: lives on ants; as soon as it discovers their nests, overturns them, or digs them up with its feet; then thrusts its long tongue into their retreats, and penetrating all the passages of the nest, withdraws it into its mouth loaded with prey: is fearfull of rain, and protects itself against wet by covering its body with its long tail. The flesh has a strong disagreeable taste, but is eaten by the
Indians.
Notwithstanding this animal wants teeth, it is fierce and dangerous; nothing that gets within its fore feet can disengage itself. The very Panthers of
America
Gumilla Orenoque,
III. 232.
are often unequal in the combat; for if the Ant-eater once has opportunity of embracing them, it fixes its talons in their sides, and both fall together, and both perish; for such is the obstinacy and stupidity of this animal, that it will not extricate itself even from a dead adversary
Piso Brasil,
320.
: sleeps in the day; preys by night.
261. MIDDLE.
Tamandua-i,
Marcgrave Brasil,
225.
Raii syn. quad.
242.
Tamandua minor,
Piso Brasil,
320.
Barrere France Aequin.
162.
Tamandua-guacu,
Nieuhoff,
19.
Myrmecophaga rostro longissimo, pedibus anticis tetradactylis, posticis pentadactylis, cauda
erè nuda,
Brisson quad.
16.
Myrmecophaga tetradactyla,
Lin. syst.
52.
Zooph. Gronov. No.
2.
Le Tamandua,
de Buffon,
x. 144.
A. E. with a long slender nose, bending a little down: small black mouth and eyes: small upright ears: bottoms of the fore feet round; four claws on each, like those of the former; five on the hind feet: hair shining and hard, of a pale yellow color: along the middle of the back, and on the hind legs, dusky: each side the neck is a black line, that crosses the shoulders and meets at the lower end of the back: the tail is covered with longer hair than the back, is taper and bald at the end: length, from nose to tail, one foot seven inches; the tail ten inches.
Inhabits the same country with the last: its manners much the same: when it drinks, part spurts out of the nostrils: climbs trees, and lays hold of the branches with its tail.
262. LEST.
Tamandua minor flavejcens; Ouatiriouaou,
Barrere France Aequin.
163.
Tamandua sive Coati Americana alba.
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
xxxvii.
Myrmecophaga rostro brevi, pedibus anticis didactylis, posticis tetradactylis,
Brisson quad.
17.
Myrmecophaga didactyla. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tetradactylis, cauda villosa,
Lin. syst.
51.
Zooph. Gronov. No.
1.
Little Ant-eater,
Edw.
220.
Le Fourmillir,
de Buffon,
x. 144.
tab.
xxx.
A. E. with a conic nose, bending a little down: ears small, and hid in the fur: two hooked claws on the fore feet, the exterior much the largest; four on the hind feet: head, body, limbs, and upper part and sides of the tail, covered with long soft silky hair, or rather wool, of a yellowish brown color: from nose to tail seven inches and a half; tail eight and a half; the last four inches of which, on the under-side, naked: the tail is thick at the base, and tapers to a point.
Inhabits
Guiana:
climbs trees, in quest of a species of ants which build their nests among the branches: has the same prehensile power with its tail as the former.
There is a fourth species found at the
Cape of Good Hope
and in
Ceylon;
but being described from a meer faetus
Pallas Miscel. Zool.
64.
, we shall avoid giving a transcript of Dr.
Pallas's
account of it, but wait for further information. We shall only say, that it has four toes on the fore feet and pendulous ears, which distinguishes it from other kinds.
Kolben
Hist. Cape,
118. Where they are called
Earth-Hogs.
describes their manners particularly, and says they have long heads and tongues, and are toothless; and that they sometimes weigh 100 lb.
As quoted by Dr.
Pallas;
I suppose from the
Dutch
edition.
That if they fasten their claws in the ground, the strongest man cannot pull them away: that they thrust out their clammy tongue into the ants nest, and draw it into their mouth covered with insects. Mr.
Strachan,
in his account of
Ceylon
Phil. Trans. abridg.
V. 180.
, gives the same account of what the natives call the
Talgoi,
or Ant-Bear: it is not therefore to be doubted, but that these animals are common to the old and new continents.
Div. III. PINNATED QUADRUPEDS: having fin-like feet: fore legs buried deep in the skin: hind legs pointing quite backwards.
XL. WALRUS.
With two great tusks in the upper jaw, pointing downwards.
Four grinders on both sides, above and below.
No cutting teeth.
Five palmated toes on each foot.
263. ARCTIC.
Rosmarus,
Gesner Pisc.
11.
Klein quad.
92.
Walrus, Mors, Rosmarus,
Wor
. Mus.
289.
Raii syn. quad.
191.
Sea-horse, or Morse,
Marten's Spitzberg,
107, 182.
Egede Gre
nland,
82.
Sea-Cow,
Crantz Greenl.
I. 125.
Odobenus. La vache marine,
Brisson quad.
30.
Trichechus Rosmarus. T. dentibus laniariis superioribus exsertis,
Lin. syst.
49.
Le Morse,
de Buffon,
xiii. 358▪
tab.
liv.
Br. Mus. Ash. Mus.
W. with a round head: small mouth: very thick lips, covered above and below with pellucid bristles as thick as a straw: small fiery eyes: two small orifices instead of ears: short neck: body thick in the middle, tapering towards the tail: skin thick, wrinkled, with short brownish hairs thinly dispersed: legs short; five toes on each, all connected by webs, and small nails on each: the hind feet very broad; each leg loosely articulated: the hind legs generally extended on a line with the body: tail very short: penis long: length, from nose to tail, sometimes eighteen feet, and ten or twelve round in the thickest part: the teeth have been sometimes found of the weight
Teeth of this size are only found on the coast of the
Icy
Sea where the animals are seldom molested, and have time to attai
their full growth.
Hist. Kamtschatka,
120.
of 20 lb. each.
Inhabit the coast of
Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla Hudson's Bay,
and the gulph of
St. Laurence;
and th
Icy
Sea, as far as Cape
Tschuktschi:
are gregarious in some places appear in herds of hundreds: are shy animals, and avoid places which are much haunte
by mankind
In 1608, the crew of an
English
vessel killed on
Cherry
Isle abov
900
Walruses
in seven hours time; for they lay in heaps, like hog huddled one upon another.
Marten's Spitzberg.
181, 182.
: are very fierce; if wounded in the water, they attempt to sink the boat, either by rising under it, or by striking their great teeth into th
sides; roar very loud, and will follow the boat till i
gets out of sight: numbers of them are often see
sleeping on an island of ice; if awoke, fling themselves with great impetuosity into the sea; a
which time it is dangerous to approach the ice, least they should tumble into the boat and overset it: d
not go upon the land till the coast is clear of ice▪ At particular times, they land in amazing numbers the moment the first gets on shore, so as to lie dry it will not stir till another comes and forces it forward by beating it with its great teeth; this is served in the same manner by the next, and so i
succession till the whole is landed, continuing tumbling over one another, and forcing the foremost for the sake of quiet, to remove further up. The method of killing them on the
Magdalene
isles, in the gulph of St.
Laurence,
as I am informed, is thus:
CHACE.
The Hunters watch their landing, and as soon as they find a sufficient number for what they call a
cut,
go on shore, each armed with a spear sharp on one side like a knife, with which they cut their throats: great care must be taken not to stand in the way of those which attempt to get again to sea, which they do with great agility by tumbling headlong; for they would crush any body to death by their vast weight. They are killed for the sake of their oil, one
Walrus
producing about half a tun. The knowlege of this chace is of great antiquity;
Octher,
the
Norwegian,
about the year 890, made a report of it to King
Alfred,
having, as he says, made the voyage beyond
Norway,
for
the more commoditie of fishing of
horse-whales,
which have in their teeth
nes of great price and excellencie, whereof he brought s
me at his returne unto the King
Ha
ayt's coll. Voy.
I. 5.
. In fact, it was, in the
northern
world, in early times, the substitute to ivory, being very white and very hard. Their skins,
Octher
says, were good to cut into cables. I do not know whether we make any uses of the skin; but M.
de Buffon
says, he has seen braces for coaches made of it, which were both strong and elastic.
They bring one, or at most two young
Barentz voy.
4.
at a time: feed on sea herbs and fish; also on shells, which they dig out of the sand with their teeth: are
also to make use of their teeth to ascend rocks
pieces of ice, fastening them to the cracks, and drawing their bodies up by that means. Besides mankind, they seem to have no other enemy than the white Bear, with whom they have terrible combats; but generally come off victorious, by means of their great teeth.
264. INDIAN.
Le Dugon
de Buffon,
XIII. 374.
tab.
lvi.
W. with two short canine teeth, or tusks, placed in the upper jaw pretty close to each other: in the upper jaw four grinders on each side, placed at a distance from the tusks; in the lower, three on each side.
Inhabits the
Cape
of
Good Hope
and the
Philippine
isles. The head described above being supposed to belong to an animal resembling a
Walrus,
found in the seas of
Africa
and
India,
as appears from some citations from travellers, too unsatisfactory to merit repetition. It is said by one, that it goes upon land to feed on the green moss, and that it is called in the
Philippines,
the
Dugung
De Buffon,
xlii. 377.
the note▪
.
XLI. SEAL.
Cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five palmated toes on each foot.
Body th
ck at the shoulders, tapering towards the tail.
265. COMMON.
Arist. hist. An. lib.
vi.
c.
12.
Oppian Halient.
V. 376.
Vitulus maris mediterranei—et o
ani
Rondeletii,
453.458.
Le Veau marin ou loup de mer
P
lon Poissons.
25.
P
oc
Gesner Pisc.
830.
Worm. Mus.
289.
Klein quad.
93.
Brisson quad.
162.
Seal. Seoile, or Sea Calf, Phoca sive vitulus marinus.
Raii syn. quad.
189.
Phil. Trans. abridg. Vol.
XLVII. 120.
tab.
vi.
fig.
3.
Kassigiak,
Crantz hist. Greenl.
I. 123.
Phoca vitulina. Ph. capite laevi inauriculato.
Lin. syst.
56. Sial▪
Faun. suec. No.
4.
Le Phoque
de Buffon,
xiii. 333.
tab.
xlv.
Seal
Br. Zool.
I. 71.
Br. Zool. illustr.
xlviii.
S. with large black eyes: large whiskers: oblong nostrils: flat head and nose: tongue forked at the end: two canine teeth in each jaw: six cutting teeth in the upper jaw; four in the lower: no external ears: body covered with thick short hair: short tail: toes furnished with strong sharp claws: usual length from five to six feet: color very various, dusky, brinded, or spotted with white or yellow.
Inhabit most quarters of the Globe, but in greatest multitudes towards the North and the South; swarm
the
Arctic
circle, and the lower parts of
South America
Damp
r
says, that they are seen by thousands on the isle of
andez;
that the young bleat like lambs; that none are
South Sea, north
of the
equator,
till
lat.
21. that he never
aw any in the
West Indies,
except in the
bay
of
Campeac
y;
nor yet
the
East Indies.
I. 88, 89.
in both oceans. Found in the
Caspian
Travels,
I. 49.
Sea, in the lake
Aral,
and lake
The same, 280.
Baikal,
which are fresh waters. In the last, are covered with silvery hairs: bring two young at a time, which for some short space are white and woolly; bring forth in
autumn,
and suckle their young in caverns, or in rocks, till they are six or seven weeks old, when they take to sea: cannot continue long under water; are therefore very frequendy obliged to rise to take breath, and often float on the waves. In summer, sleep on rocks, or on sand-banks: if surprized, precipitate into the sea; or if at any distance, scramble along and fling up the sand and gravel with great force with their hind feet, making a piteous moaning: if overtaken, will make a vigorous defence with their feet and teeth: a slight blow on the nose kills them, otherwise will bear numbers of wounds.
Swim with vast strength and swiftness; frolick greatly in their element, and will sport without fear about ships
On a ship's approaching the isle of
Lobos,
near the river
Plata,
it is met by snoals of seals, who will hang by their sore feet to the sides of the vessel, staring at the crew; then drop off, and pass and repass the vessel for a considerable time.
Muratori Hist. Paraguay,
229.
and boats; never go any great distance from land: feed on all sorts of fish: are themselves good food, and often eaten by voyagers: killed for the sake of the oil made from their fat; a young seal will yield eight gallons: their skins very useful in making waistcoats, covers for trunks, and other conveniences: those of the lake
Baikal
are sold to the
Chinese,
who dye them, and sell them to the
Mongals
Muller's Russ. Samlung.
III. 559.
to face their fur-coats: are the wealth of the
Greenlanders,
supplying them with every necessary of life.
266. GREAT.
Sea Calf,
Phil. Trans.
IX. 74.
tab.
v.
Le grand Phoque
de Buffon,
xiii. 345.
Utsuk?
Crantz Greenl.
I. 125.
S. resembling the common, but grow to the length of twelve
A gentleman of my acquaintance shot one of that size in the North of
Scotland.
feet: that described in the
Phil. Trans.
was seven feet and a half long, yet so young as to have scarce any teeth; the common seal is at full growth when it has attained the length of six.
Inhabits the coast of
Scotland,
and the South of
Greenland:
the skin is thick, and is used by the
Greenlanders
to cut thongs out of for their Seal fishery. Perhaps is the same with the great
Kamtschatkan
Seal, called by the
Russians, Lachtach,
weighing 800 lb.
Muller's Voy. Kamtschatka,
60.
267. ROUGH.
Neitsck.
Crantz Greenl.
I. 124.
S. with rough bristly hair, intermixed like that of a hog; of a pale brown color.
Inhabits
Greenland:
the natives make garments of its skin, turning the hairy side inmost. Perhaps what our
Newfoundland
Seal-hunters call
Square Phipper;
whose coat, they say, is like that of a water dog, and weighs sometimes 500 lb.
268. HOODED.
Clap-myss.
Egede Greenl.
84.
Neitserioak,
Crantz Greenl.
I. 124.
S. with a strong folded skin on the forehead, which it can fling over its eyes and nose, to defend them against stones and sand in stormy weather: its hair white, with a thick coat of thick black wool under, which makes it appear of a fine grey.
Inhabits only the South of
Greenland,
and
Newfoundland:
in the last is called the
Hooded Seal:
the hunters say they cannot kill it till they remove the integument on the head.
269. HARP.
Blacksided Seal,
Egede Greenl. plate
iii.
Attarsoak,
Crantz Greenl.
I. 124.
S. with a pointed head and thick body, of a whitish grey color, marked on the sides with two black crescents, the horns pointing upwards towards each other; does not attain this mark till the fifth year; till that period, changes its color annually, and is distinguished by the
Greenlanders
by different names each year.
Inhabits
Greenland
and
Newfoundland:
is the most valuable kind; the skin the thickest and best, and its produce of oil the greatest: grows to the length of nine feet. Our Fishers call this the
Harp,
or
Heart
Seal, and style the marks on the sides the saddle. There is a blackish variety, which they say is a young harp, called
Bedlemer
In the lake
Baikal
is a large kind with yellow hair and a large chesnut-colored mark on the hind part of the back, covering almost a third part of the body. Perhaps a variety of this species.
.
270. LITTLE.
Le petit Phoque
de Buffon,
xiii. 341.
tab.
liii.
S. with the four middle cutting teeth of the upper jaw bifurcated; the two middle of the lower jaw slightly trifurcated: a rudiment of an ear: the webs of the feet extending far beyond the toes and nails: hair soft, smooth, and longer than in the common Seal: color dusky on the head and back; beneath, brownish: length, from two to three feet.
Inhabits the sea near the isle of
Juan Fernandez
Ulloa
says the first species of seal found near that isle is not above a yard long, II. 226.
; and our seal-hunters affirm, that they often observe, on the coast of
Newfoundland,
a small species not exceeding two feet, or two feet and a half, in length. M.
de Buffon
says the specimen in the cabinet of the
French
King came from
India;
but from the authority of
Dampier,
and of modern voyagers to the
East Indies,
who have assured me they never saw any seals
A gentleman, the most curious and greatest navigator of the
Indian
seas now living, informed me, that he not only never met with any seals in those seas, but even none nearer than the isles of
Call
pag
s,
a little north of the line, on the coast of
America.
there, I suspect he was imposed on.
271. URSINE.
Ursus marinus
Steller. Nov. Com. Petrop.
II. 331.
tab.
xv.
Sea Cat,
Hist. Kamtschatka,
123.
Muller's Exped.
59.
Phoca Ursina. Ph. capite auriculato.
Lin. syst.
55.
L'Ours marin
Brisson quad.
166.
There are three marine animals, which keep a particular situation, and seem divided between the N. E. of
Asia,
and N. W. of
America,
in the narrow seas between those vast continents. These are what are called the
Sea Lion
and
Sea Bear,
and the
Manati
The
Sea
ear
seems a local animal: the
Sea Lion
is not seen again nearer than the isle of
Juan Fernandez,
233 deg. 40 min. south of the
quator,
and the
Manati
is quite unknown in every other part of the Pacific Ocean.
. They inhabit, from
June
to
September,
the isles that are scattered in the seas between
Kamtschatka
and
America,
in order to copulate, and bring forth their young in full security. The accurate and indefatigable naturalist
Steller
was the first who gave an exact description of them; he and his companions, in the
Russian
expedition of 1742, were in all probability the first
Europeans
who gave them any disturbance in those their retreats. In
September,
these animals quit their stations, vastly emaciated; some return to the
Asiatic,
others to the
American
shores; but like the Sea Otters, are confined in those seas between lat. 50 and 56.
The
Ursine
Seal, a name we substitute for the Sea Bear, leads, during the three months in summer, a most indolent life: it arrives at the islands vastly fat; but during that time they are scarce ever in motion, confine themselves for whole weeks to one spot, sleep a great part of the time, eat nothing, and, except the employment the females have in suckling their young, are totally inactive: they live in families; each male has from eight to fifty females, whom he guards with the jealousy of an eastern monarch; and though they lie by thousands on the shores, each family keeps itself separate from the rest, and sometimes, with the young and unmarried ones, amount to a hundred and twenty. The old animals, which are destitute of females, or deserted by them, live apart, and are excessively splenetic, peevish and quarrelsome: are excessively fierce, and so attached to their old haunts, that they would die sooner than quit them. They are monstrously fat, and have a most hircine smell. If another approaches their station, they are rouzed from their indolence and instantly snap at it, and a battle ensues; in the conflict, they perhaps intrude on the seat of another: this gives new cause of offence, so in the end the discord becomes universal, and is spread thro' the whole shore.
The other males are also very irascible: the causes of their disputes are generally these. The first and the most terrible is, when an attempt is made by another to seduce one of their mistresses, or a young female of the family. This insult produces a combat, and the conqueror is immediately followed by the whole seraglio, who are sure of deserting the unhappy vanquished. The second reason of a quarrel is, when one invades the seat of another: the third arises from their interfering in the disputes of others. These battles are very violent; the wounds they receive are very deep, and resemble the cuts of a sabre. At the end of a fight they fling themselves into the sea, to wash away the blood.
The males are very fond of their young; but very tyrannical towards the females: if any body attempts to take their cub, the male stands on the defensive, while the female makes off with the young in her mouth; should she drop it, the former instantly quits his enemy, falls on her, and beats her against the stones, till he leaves her for dead. As soon as she recovers, she comes in the most suppliant manner to the male, crawls to his feet, and washes them with her tears: he, in the mean time, stalks about in the most insulting manner; but in case the young one is carried off, he melts into the deepest affliction, and shews all signs of deep concern. It is probable that he feels his misfortune the more sensisibly, as the female generally brings but one at a time; never more than two.
They swim very swiftly, at the rate of seven miles an hour. If wounded, will seize on the boat, and carry it along with vast impetuosity, and oftentimes fink it. They can continue a long time under water. When they want to climb the rocks they fasten with the fore paws, and so draw themselves up. They are very tenacious of life, and will live for a fortnight after receiving such wounds as would immediately destroy any other animal.
DESCR.
The male of this species is vastly superior in size to the female. The bodies of each are of a conic form, very thick before, and taper to the tail. The length of a large one is eight feet; the greatest circumference five feet; near the tail, twenty inches. The weight 800 lb. The nose projects like that of a pug dog, but the head rises suddenly: nostrils oval, and divided by a
septum:
the lips thick; their inside red and serrated: whiskers long and white.
The teeth lock into each other when the mouth is closed: in the upper jaw are four cutting teeth, each bifurcated; on both sides is a small sharp canine tooth bending inwards; near that another, larger: the grinders resemble canine teeth, and are six in number in each jaw: in the lower jaw are also four cutting teeth and two canine: but only four grinders in each jaw: in all, thirty-six teeth.
Tongue bifid: eyes large and prominent: iris black, pupil smaragdine: the eyes may be covered at pleasure with a fleshy membrane: the ears are small, sharp-pointed; hairy without, smooth and polished within.
The length of the fore-legs is twenty-four inches, like those of other quadrupeds, not immersed in the body like those of seals: the feet are formed with toes as those of other animals, but are covered with a naked skin, so that externally they seem a shapeless mass, and have only the rudiments of nails to five latent toes: the hind legs are twenty-two inches long, are fixed to the body quite behind, like those of seals, but are capable of being brought forward, so that the animal makes use of them to scratch its head: these feet are divided into five toes, each divided by a great web, and are a foot broad: the tail is only two inches long.
The hair is long and rough; beneath which is a soft down, of a bay color: on the neck of the old males the hair is erect, and a little longer than the rest. The general color of these animals is black, but the hairs of the old ones are tipt with grey. The females are cinereous. The skins of the young, cut out of the bellies of their dams, are very useful for cloathing, and cost about 3s. 4d. each; the skin of an old one, 4s.
The fat and flesh of the old males is very nauseous; but the flesh of the females resembles lamb, and the young ones roasted are as good as sucking pigs.
272. LEONINE.
Sea Lion,
Dampier's voy.
I. 90. IV. 15.
Roger's voy.
136.
Anson's voy.
122.
Leo marinus
russis
Siwutcha,
Steller Nov. Com. Petrop.
II. 361.
Hist. Kamtschatka,
120.
Muller's exped.
60.
Phoca leonina. Ph. capite anticè cristato,
Lin. syst.
55.
Le Lion marin,
Brisson quad.
167.
de Buffon,
xiii. 351.
S. (the male) with an arched projecting snout, hanging five or six inches below the lower jaw: the feet short and dusky; five toes on each, furnished with nails: the hind feet have the appearance of great laciniated fins: large eyes: great whiskers: hair on the body short, and of a dun color; that on the neck a little longer: the skin very thick: length of an old male twenty feet; greatest circumference, fifteen.
Female.
Nose blunt, tuberous at the top: nostrils wide: mouth breaking very little into the jaws; two small cutting teeth below, two small and two larger above; two canine teeth, remote from the preceding; five grinders in each jaw; all the teeth conic: eyes oblique and small: auricles none: fore legs twenty inches long: toes furnished with flat oblong nails: hind parts, instead oi legs, divided into two great bifurcated fins: no tail: the whole covered with short rust-colored hair: length, from nose to the end of the fins, four yards: greatest circumference two yards and a half
Described from a well-preserved specimen in the
Museum
of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
.
Inhabits the seas between
Kamtschatka
and
America;
in the last, not higher than
lat.
56
N.
are not found again nearer than the isle of
Juan Fernandez,
S.
lat.
33—40. Are seen in great numbers, in
June
and
July,
the breeding season, on the islands, which they resort to for the purpose of suckling their young on shore. Couple in
August
and
September,
and bring two at a time. The male shew little attachment to its young, but the female is excessively fond of it: the former will
The female, during that time, is very fierce. One of Lord
Anson's
sailors was killed by the en
aged dam of a whelp he had robbed her of.
Anson's voy.
124.
suffer it to be killed before his face without shewing any resentment. Towards evening, both male and female swim a little way to sea, the last with the young on its back, which the male will push off, as if to teach it to swim.
They arrive on the breeding islands very fat and full of blood: when they are in motion they seem like a great skin full of oil, from the tremulous movement of the blubber, which has been found to be a foot thick. The
Spaniards
therefore call them
Lobos de Aceyte
Ulloa's voy.
II. 227.
, or wolves of oil. One has been known to yield a but of oil; and so full of blood, that what has run out of a single animal
Anson's voy.
123.
has filled two hogsheads. The flesh is eatable; Lord
Anson's
people eat it under the denomination of beef, to distinguish it from that of seal, which they called lamb.
The old animals have a tremendous appearance, yet are excessively timid, except at the breeding season, when they seem to lose their apprehensions, and are less disturbed at the sight of man. At other times, they hurry into the water; or, if awakened out of their sleep by a loud noise, or by blows, fall into vast confusion, tumble down, and tremble in every part, thro' fear: but if once they find it impossible to escape
Hist. Kamtschatka,
121.
, grow desperate, roar dreadfully, and attack their enemy with great fury. The
Kamtschatkans
either kill them in their sleep with launces, or shoot them with poisoned arrows. They cut the skin into cords, or make shoes of it: they esteem the blubber and flesh very palatable; but the feet makes a jelly, which the
Kamtschatkans
think a great delicacy.
These animals associate in families like the former, but not in such great numbers: the males shew equal jealousy about their mistresses, and have bloody combats on their accounts: oftimes there is one of superior courage to the rest, and procures by dint of valour a greater number of females than the others. In the
Kamtschatkan
seas, they generally chuse some insulated rock for their station, where they roar so loud as to be heard at two miles distance: the young bleat like sheep. They are of a very lethargic disposition, fond of wallowing in miry places, and will lie like swine on one another, grunting like those animals, and sometimes snorting like horses in full vigor. They are very inactive on land: to prevent a surprize, each herd places a sentinel, who gives certain signals of the appearance of danger: during the breeding season they
Hist. Kamtschatka,
123.
Woode
ogers's voy.
137.
abstain from food, and before that is elapsed become very lean: at other times, they feed on seals, sea-otters, and fish
Hist. Kamtschatka,
123.
.
XLII. MANATI.
Pinniform fore-legs: hind parts ending in a tail horizontally flat.
273. MANATI.
Manati
Hernandez Mex.
323
De Laet.
6.
Manatus
Rondeletius,
490.
Gesner Pisc.
213.
Clus exot.
132.
Raii syn. quad.
193.
Klein quad.
94.
Steller Nov. Com. Petrop.
II. 294.
Le Lamentin,
Brisson quad.
164
de Buffon,
xiii. 277.
tab.
57.
Trichechus
Arted.
gen. 79.
Sy
109.
Trichechus manatus,
Lin. syst
49.
This animal, in nature, so nearly approaches the cetaceous tribe, that it is meerly in conformity to the systematic writers, that I continue it in this class: it scarce deserves the name of a biped; what are called feet are little more than pectoral fins; they serve only for swimming; they are never used to assist the animal in walking, or landing; for it never goes ashore, nor ever attempts to climb the rocks, like the
walrus
and
seal.
It brings forth in the water, and, like the whale, suckles its young in that element: like the whale, it has no voice; and like that animal, has an horizontal broad tail, without even the rudiments of hind feet.
Inhabits the shores of
Kamtschatka,
and of the opposite coast of
America,
and of the intervening islands. Is found again on that of
Mindanao
Dampier's voy.
I. 321.
, one of the
Philippine
islands, and on the coast of
New Holland
The same, 33.
; on that of the isle of
France
Voy. de la Caille,
229.
, and on that of
Senegal
Adanson's voy.
259.
; on the
Mosquito
shore, in the river of
Orenoque,
and the lakes formed by it; and lastly, in the river of
Amazons
Dampier
saw them in quantity on the
Mosquito
shore, I. 33.
Gumella,
in the river
Orenoque,
II. 43, and
Condamine,
p. 77, in that of
Amazons.
It is brought from the last in great quantities, salted, to
Cayenne. Churchill's coll. voy.
V. 562, 563.
; but in no other part of the
Atlantic
Ocean.
They live perpetually in the water, and frequent the edges of the shores; and in calm weather swim in great droves near the mouths of rivers: in the time of flood they come so near the land that a person may stroke them with his hand: if hurt, they swim out to sea; but presently return again. They live in families, one near another; each consists of a male, a female, a half-grown young one, and a very small one. The females oblige the young to swim before them, while the other old ones surround, and, as it were, guard them on all sides. The affection between the male and female is very great; for if she is attacked he will defend her to the utmost, and if she is killed will follow her corps to the very shore, and swim for some days near the place it has been landed at.
They copulate in the spring, in the same manner as the human kind, especially in calm weather, towards the evening. The female swims gently about; the male pursues; till tired with wantoning she flings herself on her back, and admits his embraces
The
Leonine
and
Ursine
seals copulate in the same manner, only, after sporting in the sea for some time, they come on shore for that purpose.
.
Steller
thinks they go with young above a year: it is certain that they bring but one young at a time, which they suckle by two teats placed between the breast.
They are vastly voracious and gluttonous, and feed not only on the
fuci
that grow in the sea, but such as are flung on the edges of the shore. When they are filled they fall asleep on their backs. During their meals, they are so intent on their food, that any one may go among them and chuse which he likes best.
Peter Martyr
gives an instance of one that lived in a lake of
Hispaniola
for five and twenty years, and was so tame as to come to the edge of the shore on being called; and would even perform the part of a ferry, and carry several people at a time on its back to the opposite shore
As quoted by
Purchas,
V. 888.
.
Their back and their sides are generally above water, and as their skin is filled with a species of louse peculiar to them, numbers of gulls are continually perching on their backs and picking out the insects.
They continue in the
Kamtschatkan
and
American
seas the whole year; but in winter are very lean, so that you may count their ribs. They are taken by harpoons fastened to a strong cord, and after they are struck it requires the united force of thirty men to draw them on shore. Sometimes when they are transfixed they will lay hold of the rocks with their paws, and stick so fast as to leave the skin behind before they can be forced off. When a
Manati
is struck its companions swim to its assistance; some will attempt to overturn the boat by getting under it; others will press down the rope, in order to break it; and others will strike at the harpoon with their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they often succeed in. They have not any voice, but make a noise by hard breathing, like the snorting of a horse.
DESCR.
They are of an enormous size; some are 28 feet long, and 8000 lb.
Those of the
West Indies,
and other hot climates, do not exceed 1200 lb. in weight, and few arrive at that size. Probably they are
suffered to live their full time in those countries, being perpe
ally persecuted by the
Mosquito
and other
Indians,
who are very
exterous in striking them. Vide
Dampier,
I. 35, 36.
in weight. The head, in proportion to the bulk of the animal, is small, oblong, and almost square: the nostrils are filled with short bristles: the gape, or
rictus,
is small: the lips are double: near the junction of the two jaws the mouth is full of white tubular bristles, which serve the same use as the laminae in whales, to prevent the food running out with the water: the lips are also full of bristles, which serve instead of teeth to cut the strong roots of the sea plants, which floating ashore are a sign of the vicinity of these animals. In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat white bones, one in each jaw; one above, another below, with undulated surfaces, which serve instead of grinders.
The eyes are extremely small, not larger than those of a sheep: the iris black: it is destitute of ears, having only two orifices, so small that a quill will scarce enter them: the tongue is pointed, and but small: the neck is thick, and its junction with the head scarce distinguishable; and the last always hangs down: the circumference of the body near the shoulders is twelve feet, about the belly twenty, near the tail only four feet eight: the head thirty-one inches: the neck near seven feet: and from these measurements may be collected the deformity of this animal: near the shoulders are two feet, or rather sins, which are only two feet two inches long, and have neither fingers nor nails; beneath are concave, and covered with hard bristles: the tail is thick, strong, and horizontal, ending in a stiff black fin, and like, the substance of whalebone, and much split in the fore part; the end slightly divided.
The skin is very thick, black, and full of inequalities, like the bark of oak, and so hard as scarce to be cut with an ax, and has no hair on it: beneath the skin is a thick blubber, which taste like oil of almonds. The flesh is coarser than beef, and will not soon putrify. The young ones taste like v
l. The skin used for shoes, and for covering the sides of boats.
Besides these, Mr.
Steller
saw on the coast of
Hist. Kamtschatka,
136.
another very singular animal, which he
Sea Ape:
it was five feet long▪ the head like
; ears sharp and erect; eyes large; on both
of beard; the form of its body thick and
thick
t near the head, tapering to the tail,
urcated, the upper lobe the longest;
covered with thick hair, grey on the back, red on the belly.
Steller
could discover neither feet nor paws. It was full of frolick, and played a thousand monky tricks; sometimes swimming on one side, sometimes on the other side of the ship, looking at it with great amazement. It would come so near the ship that it might be touched with a pole; but if any body stirred, would immediately retire. It often raised one-third of its body above the water, and stand erect for a considerable time; then suddenly dart under the ship, and appear in the same attitude on the other side; and would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently bring up a sea plant not unlike the bottle gourd, which it would toss about and catch again in its mouth, playing numberless fantastic tricks with it.
BELUGA.
Another obscure animal of this class is the
Beluga
Beluga,
or white fish, from the color of its skin: must be distinguished from a species of sturgeon of the same name, taken in the
Wolga, Don,
&c.
, found in the gulph of
Ochotsk,
or the sea between
Kamtschatka
and
Tartary;
in that between
Kamtschatka
and
America,
opposite to the river
Anadir,
and in the frozen sea near the mouth of the
Jenesei.
It is 15 or 20 feet long, and three or four thick: it agrees with the seal in its feet and tail: its teeth are like a cow's: on the neck are two holes, through which it spouts water: there is hair on the body, but so thin that the white skin appears thro' it: lives on fish: is gregarious: carries its young on its back: shuns shallow places; seldom goes near the shore, or up rivers: yet the celebrated
Witsch,
in his book called
Norden op Tartarye,
says that it goes and returns with the tide up and down the rivers
Mesen
and
Jesma;
where the fishermen take them in nets of ropes and kill them with spears, and each yields two vats and a half of train oil; so that if the capture is lucky a ship of 200 tuns may be loaded in two tides
Muller's Kamtschatkan expedition. German ed. p.
253.
Purchas's Pilgrims,
III. 549.
.
Div. IV. WINGED QUADRUPEDS.
XLIII. BAT.
With long extended toes to the fore feet, connected by thin broad membranes, extending to the hind legs.
* Without tails.
274. TERNATE.
Vespertilio ingens
Clus exot.
94.
Canis volans ternatanus orientalis
Seb. Mus.
I. 91.
tab.
lvii.
Vespertilio vampyrus. V. ecaudatus, naso simplici, membrana inter femora divisa.
Lin. syst.
46.
La Roussette and la Rougette,
de Buffon,
x. 55.
tab.
xiv. xvii.
Pteropus rufus aut niger auriculis brevibus acutiusculis,
Brisson quad.
153, and 154,
No.
2.
Great Bat,
Edw.
180.
Br. Mus. Ash. Mus.
B. with large canine teeth: four cutting teeth above, the same below: sharp black nose: large naked ears: the tongue is pointed, terminated by sharp aculeated
papillae:
exterior toe detached from the membrane: the claw strong, and hooked: five toes on the hind feet: talons very crooked, strong, and compressed sideways: no tail: the membrane divided behind quite to the rump: head of a dark ferruginous color: on the neck, shoulders, and underside, of a much lighter and brighter red: on the back the hair shorter, dusky and smooth: the membranes of the wings dusky: varies in color; some entirely of a reddish brown; others dusky. This now described was one foot long: its extent from tip to tip of the wings four feet; but they are found vastly larger.
These monsters inhabit
Guinea, Madagascar,
an
all the islands from thence to the remotest in the
Indian
ocean. They fly in flocks, and perfectly obscure the air with their numbers: they begin thei
flight from one neighboring island to another immediately on sun-set, and return in clouds from th
time it is light till sun-rise
Dampier's voy.
I. 381.
. They live on fruits▪ and are so fond of the juice of the
palm
tree, that they will intoxicate themselves with it till they drop on the ground
Museum Hafniae. Pars.
I.
Sect.
2.
No.
18.
. It is most likely, from the size of their teeth, they are carnivorous. Mr.
Edwards
relates, that they will dip into the sea for fish. They swarm like bees, hanging by one another from the trees in great clusters
Argensola Philip. isles,
158.
des Marchais,
II. 261.
. The
Indians
eat them, and declare the flesh to be very good: they grow excessively fat at certain times of the year. The
French,
who live in the Isle
de Bourbon,
boil them in their
Bouillon,
to give it a relish
Voy. de la Caille,
233.
. The
Negroes
have them in abhorrence
des Marchais,
ibid.
. Many are of an enormous size:
Beckman
Voy. to Borneo,
39.
measured one, whole extent from tip to tip of the wing was five feet four inches; and
Dampier
I. 381.
another, which extended further than he could reach with stretched-out arms. Their bodies are from the size of a pullet to that of a dove: their cry is dreadfull; their smell rank; their bite, resistance and fierceness great when taken.
The antients had some knowlege of these animals.
Herodotus
.
Lib.
iii.
mentions certain winged wild beasts, like bats, that molested the
Arabs,
who collected the
Cassia
to such a degree that they were obliged to cover their bodies and faces, all but their eyes, with skins. It is very probable, as M.
de Buffon
remarks, it was from such relations the Poets formed their fictions of
Harpies.
Linnaeus
gives this species the title of
Vampyre,
conjecturing it to be the kind which draws blood from people in their sleep. M.
de Buffon
denies it, ascribing that faculty to a species only found in
S. America:
but there is reason to imagine, that this thirst after blood is not confined to the bats of one continent, nor to one species; for
Bontius
and
Nieuhoff
inform us, that they of
Java
Bontius India,
70.
Nieuhoff,
255. These writers say that this kind is as big as a pigeon. I suspect that the species just descrbed is common to
India
and
S. America;
Mr.
Greenwood,
painter, long resident at
Surinam,
informing me that there is in that colony a
fox-colored
bat, whose extent of wings is above four feet.
seldom fail attacking those who lie with their feet uncovered, whenever they can get access; and
Gumilla
Hist. Orenoque,
III. 100.
, after mentioning a greater and lesser species, found on the banks of the
Orenoque,
declares them to be equally greedy after human blood. Persons thus attacked have been known to be near passing from a sound sleep into eternity. The Bat is so dexterous a bleeder as to insinuate its aculeated tongue into a vein without being perceived, and then suck the blood till it is satiated; all the while fanning with its wings, and agitating the air, in that hot climate, in so pleasing a manner, as to fling the sufferer into a still sounder sleep
Ulloa's voy.
I. 61.
. It is therefore very unsafe to rest either in the open air, or to leave open any entrance to these dangerous animals: but they do not confine themselves to human blood; for M.
Condamine
Voy. S. America,
85.
says, that in certain parts of
America
they have destroyed all the great cattle introduced there by the missionaries.
β. LESSER. B. with head like a grehound: large teeth like the former: ears long, broad, and naked: whole body covered with soft short hair of a straw color: shaped like the other in all respects: length, eight inches three quarters; extent, two feet two inches. Place unknown to the gentleman who favored me with it.
275 SPECTRE.
Andira-guacu, vespertilio cornutus,
Piso Brasil,
190.
Marcgrave Brasil,
213.
Canis volans maxima aurita saem. ex Nov. Hispania.
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
lvii.
Vespertilio spectrum. V. ecaudatus, naso infundibuliformi Lanceolato.
Lin. syst.
46.
Klein quad.
62.
Pteropus auriculis longis, patulis, naso membrana antrorsum inflexa aucto.
Brisson quad.
154.
Le Vampire,
de Buffon,
X. 55.
B. with a long nose: large teeth: long, broad and upright ears: at the end of the nose a long conic erect membrane, bending at the end, and flexible: hair on the body cinereous, and pretty long: wings full of ramified fibres: the membrane extends from hind leg to hind leg: no tail; but from the rump
I BAT. Β.
P. 362.
II NEW YORK B. No : 283.
extend three tendons, terminating at the edge of the membrane. By
Seba's
figure the extent of the wings are two feet two inches; from the end of the nose to the rump seven inches and an half.
Inhabits
South America:
lives in the palm trees: grows very fat: called
Vampyre
by M.
de Buffon,
who supposes it to be the species that sucks human blood: but neither
Piso,
or any other writers who mention the fact, give the lest description of the kind.
276. JAVELIN.
Vespertilio americanus vulgaris,
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
lv.
fig.
2.
Vespertilio. V. ecaudatus, naso foliato acuminato.
Lin. syst.
47.
V. murini coloris pedibus anticis tetradactylis, posticis pentadactylis.
Brisson quad.
161.
La chauve souris ser de Lance,
de Buffon.
xiii. 226.
tab.
xxxiii.
B. with large pointed ears: an erect membrane at the end of the nose in form of the head of an antient javelin, having on each side two upright processes: no tail: fur cinereous: size of a common bat.
Inhabits the warm parts of
America.
277. LEAF.
Vespertilio, rostro appendice auriculae forma donata.
Sloane Jam.
II. 330.
Small bat.
Edw.
201.
fig.
I.
La Feuille
de Buffon,
xiii. 227.
Vespertilio soricinus,
Pallas Miscel.
48.
tab.
v.
This seems to be one of the blood-sucking species, the tongue being furnished with aculeated
papillae,
and is twice the length of the nose; so is well adapted for that purpose.
B. with small rounded ears: membrane on the nose of the form of an ovated leaf: no tail: a web between the hind legs: fur of a mouse color, tinged with red: size of the last.
Inhabits
Jamaica, Surinam,
and
Senegal:
in the first lives in caves in woods, which are found full of its dung, productive of salt-petre: feeds on the prickly pear.
278. CORDATED.
Glis volans Ternatanus
Seb. Mus.
I.
tab.
lvi.
fig.
1.
Vespertilio spasina. V. ecaudatus naso foliato obcordato
Lin. syst.
47.
B. with very broad and long ears: at the end of the nose a heart-shaped membrane: no tail: a web between the hind legs: color of the face a very light red; that of the body still paler.
Inhabits
Ceylon,
and the isle of
Ternate,
one of the
Moluccas.
** With tails.
279. PERUVIAN.
Chauve-souris de la Valleé d'Ylo.
Feuilleé obs. Peru,
1714.
p.
623.
B. with a head like a pug-dog: large strait-pointed ears: two canine teeth, and two small cutting teeth between each, in each jaw: tail enclosed in the membrane, which joins to each hind leg, and is also supported by two long cartilaginous ligaments involved in the membrane: color of the fur iron grey: body equal to that of a middle-sized Rat: extent of wings two feet five inches.
β. With a large head and hanging lips, like the chops of a mastiff: nose bilobated: upper lip divided: strait, long, and narrow ears, sharp-pointed: teeth like the former: tail short; a few joints of it stand cut of the membrane, which extends far beyond it; is angular, and ends in a point: claws on the hind feet large, hooked, and compressed sideways: membranes of the wings dusky, very thin: fur on the head and back brown; on the belly, cinereous: length, from the nose to the end of the membrane, above five inches; extent of wings, twenty.
Inhabits
Peru
and the
Mosquito
shore: the last was given me by
John Ellis,
Esq
F. R. S. It differed from the former in size, being less; in all
respects agreed.
Linnaeus,
carried away by love of system, places this, on account of its having only two cutting teeth in each jaw, among the
Glires,
next to the squirrels, under the name of
Noctilio Americanus.
But such is the variety in the number and disposition of the teeth in the animals of this genus, that he might form almost as many genera out of it as there are species. But as the Bats have other such striking characters, it is unnecessary to have recourse to the more latent marks to form its definition. The same may be said of several other animals.
280. BULLDOG.
Autre Chauve-souris,
de Buffon,
x. 84, 87.
tab.
xix.
fig.
1, 2.
B. with broad round ears, the edges touching each other in front: nose thick: lips pendulous: upper part of the body of a deep ash-color; the lower paler: tail long; the five last joints quite disengaged from the membrane: length above two inches; extent nine and a half.
Inhabits the
West Indies.
281 SENEGAL.
Chauvre-souris etrangere
de Buffon,
X. 82.
tab.
xvii.
B. with a long head: nose a little pointed: ears short, and pointed: head and body a tawny brown mixed with ash-color: belly paler: two last joints of the tail extend beyond the membrane: length, from nose to rump, above four inches; extent 21.
Inhabits
Senegal.
282. BEARDED.
Autre Chauvre-souris
de Buffon,
X. 92.
tab.
xx.
fig.
3.
B. with the nostrils open for a great way up the nose: hair on the forehead and under the chin very long: ears long and narrow: upper part of the head and body of a reddish brown; the lower of a dirty white tinged with yellow: tail included in the membrane. A small species.
283. NEW YORK.
B. with a head shaped like that of a mouse: top of the nose a little bifid: ears short, broad, and rounded: no cutting teeth; two canine in each jaw: tail very long, inclosed in the membrane, which is of a conic shape: head, body, and the whole upper side of the membrane, which incloses the tail, covered with long very soft hair of a bright tawny color; lightest on on the head and beginning of the back; the belly paler: at the base of each wing a white spot: wings thin, naked and dusky: bones of the hind legs very slender: length, from nose to tail, ten inches and a half; tail one inch eight-tenths; extent of wings ten and a half.
Inhabits
North America.
Communicated by Mr.
As
ton Blackburne
The Rev. Mr.
Clayton
mentions another species of
North America
B
t; large, with great ears, and long straggling hairs.
Phil.
. abridg.
III. 594.
.
284 STRIPED.
Autre Chauve-souris
de Buffon,
X. 92.
tab.
xx. fig. 3.
Zooph. Gronov. No.
25.
B. with a small short nose: ears short, broad and pointing forward: body brown: wings striped with black, and sometimes with tawny and brown: length, from nose to the end of the tail, two inches: varies in color, the upper part of the body being sometimes of a clear reddish brown, the lower whitish.
Inhabits
Ceylon;
called there,
Kiriwoula
Pallas Miscel.
49.
.
285 MOLUCCA.
Vespertilio Cephalotes
Pallas Spicil. Zool. fasc.
III. 10.
tab.
1.
B. with a large head: thick nose: small ears: tubular nostrils, terminating outwards in form of a screw: upper lip divided: tongue covered with papillae and minute spines: claw, or thumb, joined to the wing by a membrane: first ray of the wing terminated by a claw: end of the tail reaches beyond the membrane: color of the head and back greyish ash-color; the belly dull white: length, from nose to rump, three inches three quarters; extent of wings about fifteen.
Inhabits the
Molucca
isles. Described first by that very able naturalist Doctor
Pallas.
286. HORSESHOE.
La Chauve-souris fer a Cheval,
de Buffon,
viii. 131, 132.
tab.
xvii. xx.
B. with a membrane at the end of the nose in form of a horse-shoe: ears large, broad at their base, and sharp-pointed, inclining backward: wants the little or internal ear: color of the upper part of the body deep cinereous; of the lower, whitish. There is a greater and lesser variety; the greater is above three inches and a half long from the nose to the tip of the tail: its extent above fourteen. This and all the following have the tail inclosed in the membrane.
Inhabits
Burgundy;
and has lately been discovered in
Kent.
This and the four next were first discovered by M.
de Buffon,
whose names I retain.
287. NOCTULE.
La Noctule,
de Buffon,
viii. 128.
tab.
xviii.
Great Bat,
Br. Zool. illustr. tab.
ciii.
B. with the nose slightly bilobated: ears small and rounded: on the chin a minute
verruca:
hair a reddish ash-color: length to the rump two inches eight-tenths; tail one seven-tenths; extent of wings thirteen.
Inhabits
Great Britain
and
France:
flies high in search of food, not skimming near the ground. A gentleman informed me of the following fact, relating to those animals, which he was witness to: That he saw taken under the eaves of
Queen's College, Cambridge,
in one night, one hundred and eighty-five; the second night sixty-three; the third night two; and that each that was measured ha
fifteen inches extent of wings
No notice was taken of the species; but, by the size, it could be neither of the common kinds. I never saw but one specimen of the
Noctule,
which was caught during winter in
Flintshire.
.
288. SEROTINE.
La Serotine
de Buffon,
viii. 129.
tab.
xviii.
B. with a longish nose: ears short, but broad at the base: hair on the upper part of the body brown mixed with ferruginous; the belly of a paler color: length from nose to rump two inches and a half.
Inhabits
France.
289. PIPISTRELLE.
La Pipistrelle,
de Buffon,
viii. 129.
tab.
xix.
fig.
2.
B. with a small nose: the upper lip swelling out a little on each side: the ears broad: the forehead covered with long hair: color of the upper part of the body a yellowish brown; the lower part dusky: the lips yellow. The lest of Bats; not an inch and a quarter long to the rump: extent of wings six and a half.
Inhabits
France.
290. BARBASTELLE.
La Barbastelle,
de Buffon,
viii. 130.
tab.
xix.
fig.
1.
B. with a sunk forehead: long and broad ears: the lower part of the inner sides touching each other conceal the face and head when looked at in front: the nose short, the end flatted: cheeks full: the upper part of the body of a dusky brown; the lower ash-colored and brown: its length to the rump about two inches; its extent ten and a half.
Inhabits
France.
291. COMMON.
Arist. hist. an. lib.
I.
c.
5.
Vespertilio,
Plinii, lib.
x.
c.
61.
Gesner quad.
766.
Agricola Anim. Subter.
483.
Bat, Flitter-mouse,
Raii syn. quad.
243.
Rear-mouse,
Charlton Ex.
80.
Vespertilio major. Speck-maus, Fleder-maus,
Klein quad.
61.
Vespertilio murinus. V. caudatus naso oreque simplici, auribus capite minoribus,
Lin. syst.
47.
Laderlap, Fladermus,
Faun. suec. No.
2.
La grande Chauve-souris de notre pais,
Brisson quad.
158.
de Buffon,
viii. 113.
tab.
xvi.
Short-eared Bat,
Br. Zool.
I. 114.
Edw.
201.
B. with short ears: mouse-colored fur tinged with red: length two inches and a half; extent of wings nine.
Inhabits
Europe:
common in
England.
292. LONG-EARED.
Souris Chauve, Ratte-penade,
Belon oys.
147.
Vespertilio auritus. V. naso oreque simplici, auriculis duplicatis, capite majoribus,
Lin. syst.
47.
Faun. suec. No.
3.
Klein quad.
61.
La petite Chauve-souris de notre pais,
Brisson quad.
160.
L'Oreillar,
de Buffon,
viii. 118.
tab.
xvii.
Long-eared Bat,
Edw.
201.
Br. Zool.
I. 116.
Br. Zool. illustr. tab.
ciii.
B. with ears above an inch long, thin, and almost pellucid: body and tail only one inch three quarters long. This and all other Bats, except the
Ternate
and the
Horse-shoe,
have a lesser or internal ear, serving as a valve to close the greater when the animal is asleep.
Inhabits
Europe,
and is found in
Great Britain.
Bats appear abroad in this country early in the spring; sometimes are tempted by a warm day to sally out in winter; fly in the evenings; live on moths and other nocturnal insects; skim along the water in quest of gnats; fly by jerks, not with the regular motion of birds, for which the antients mistake them; frequent glades and shady places; will go into larders, and gnaw any meat they find: bring two young at a time, which they suckle at their breast: retire at the end of summer into caves, the eaves of houses, and into ruined buildings, in vast multitudes, where they generally remain torpid, suspended by the hind legs, enveloped in their wings: are the prey of owls: their voice weak.
Ovid
takes notice both of that and the origin of the
latin
name:
Minimam pro corpore vocem
Emittunt; peraguntque leves stridore querelas.
Tectaque, non sylvas celebrant: lucemque perosae
Nocte volant: seroque trahunt a vespere nomen.
INDEX.
A
ANTELOPES,
their general history, Page 22
Species of, Page 24
ANT-EATER, or Ant-Bear, Page 331
APES,
their general hist. Page 94
Species of, Page 96
Sea, Page 356
ARMADILLO, Page 523
Ass, Page 3
Wild,
ibid
Axis, Page 51
Greater, Page 52
B
BADGER, Page 201
Baboons, Page 103
BATS, Page 359
BEAR, Page 190
Polar, Page 192
BEAVER, Page 255
Its wondrous oeconomy,
ibid
Sea,
vide
Sea Otter.
Beaver-Eater, Page 197
Bezoar, Page 26
Bison, Page 4
Buck, Page 48
Buffalo,
Indian, Page 7
When introduced into
Europe, ibid
American, Page 8
Dwarf, Page 9
Bull, Page 4
Bull-Dog, Page 147
C
CAMEL,
Arabian, Page 60
Bactrian, Page 63
Peruvian, or Llama, Page 64
The only native beast of burden in
America, ibid
Camelopard, Page 20
Castoreun,
Page 258
CAT,
Common, Page 183
Wild,
ibid
Tiger, Page 182
Mountain, Page 185
Civet, Page 234
Angora, Page 184
CAVY, various species of, Page 243
Chamois, Page 17
Chimpanzee, Page 96
Civet, Page 234
In this Index very few of the species are enumerated, that having been amply done under the Index of Genera; to which the Reader is referred, the genera being here printed in capitals for that purpose, under which he will find all the species belonging to each.
D
DOGS,
the different varieties, Page 241
Wild,
ibid
DEER, Page 40
Rein, Page 46
Fallow, Page 48
Mexican, Page 54
Porcine, Page 52
Grey, Page 55
Moose, Page 40
Virginian, Page 51
Dormouse, Common, Page 291
Dromedary, Page 60
E
ELEPHANT, Page 85
Teeth, Page 87
American, Page 91
Elk, Page 40
Ermine, Page 212
F
Ferret, Page 214
Fisher, Page 223
Fitchet, Page 213
Flitter-Mouse, Page 371
Foumart, Page 213
Fox, Page 152
Cross,
ibid
Brant, Page 153
Corsak, Page 154
Arctic, Page 155
Grey, Page 157
Silvery,
ibid
G
Gazel,
vide
Antelope.
Genet, Page 236
GIRAFFE, Page 20
Glutton, Page 196
GOAT,
Wild, or Ibex, Page 13
Domestic, Page 14
Angora, Page 15
Syrian, or long-eared,
ibid
African, Page 16
Siberian, Page 18
Grehound, Page 146
Guanaco, Page 64
H
HARE, Page 248
Alpine, Page 249
Baikal, Page 253
Hart, Page 49
HEDGE-HOG, Page 316
HIPPOPOTAME, Page 78
HOG, Page 68
HORSE, Page 1
Sea,
vide
Hippopotame.
Hound, Page 144
HYAENA, Page 161
Spotted, Page 162
J
Jackal, Page 138
Ichneumon, destroyer of serpents, Page 226
L
Lamentin, Page 351
Lemming, Page 274
Leopard, Page 172
Llama, Page 64
Lynx, Page 186
Bay, Page 187
Lion, Page 164
M
Macaquo, Page 111
Mammouth's bones, Page 90
Man of the Wood. Page 96
MANATI, Page 351
Mandril, Page 104
Man-Tiger, Page 102
Martin, Page 215
Pine, Page 216
MARMOTS, Page 268
Minx, Page 239
MONKIES, Page 107
MOLES, Page 311
Maucaucos, Page 135
Mongooz, Page 136
Moose, Page 41
Mouse, Page 302
MORSE, Page 335
Mule, Page 3
Musimon, Page 18
MUSK,
Animal, Page 56
Rat, Page 259
N
Norway Rat, Page 300
O
OPOSSUM, Page 204
Orang Outang, Page 96
OTTER, Page 238
Once, Page 275
Ox, Page 4
P
Pacos, Page 66
Panther, Page 170
American, Page 172
Brown, Page 179
Pecary, Page 72
Pig, Guinea, Page 243
Pole-cat, Page 213
American, Page 232
PORCUPINE, Page 262
Incapable of darting its quils, Page 263
Potto, Page 139
Puma, Page 167, 179
Pymies, what, Page 98
Q
Quick-hatch, Page 195
Quojas Morrou, Page 96
R
Rabbet, Page 251
Raccoon, Page 199
RAT, Page 299
Norway, Page 300
Water, Page 301
Rein Deer, Page 46
RHINOCEROS, Page 75
Roebuck, Page 53
S
Sable, Page 217
Satyrs, Page 98
SEAL, Page 339
Sea Bear, Page 344
Calf, Page 339
Cow, Page 335
Horse,
ibid
Lion, Page 348
SHEEP, Page 10
SHREW Mouse, Page 307
Siyah Ghush, Page 189
SLOTH, Page 319
SQUIRREL, Page 279
Stag, Page 49
Stoat, Page 212
Strepsiceros, Page 11
Succotyro, Page 93
T
Tiger, Page 167
Hunting, Page 174
U
Unicorn, Page 77
Urchin, Page 316
V
Vicunna, Page 67
W
WALRUS, Page 335
Warree, Page 72
Water Elephant, Page 78
Hog, Page 83
WEESEL, Page 211
Wolf, Page 149
Wolverene, Page 195
Z
Zebra, Page 2
Zibet, Page 235
INDEX OF Classical Names, Foreign Names, AND THE Names of QUADRUPEDS, IN THE WORKS of M. DE BUFFON.
A
ABBADA, Page 75
Addax, Page 32
Adil, Page 58
Adimain, Page 12
Adive, Page 158
Agouti, Page 245
Ahu. Page 35
Aï, Page 319
Aigrette, Page 116
Akouchi, Page 246
Alagtaga, Page 297
Alce, Page 40
Algazel, Page 26
Allo-camelus, Page 64
Allouate, Page 123
Ane, Page 2
Anta, Page 82
Antilope, Page 32
Apar, Page 325
Aperea, Page 244
Arabata, Page 123
Argali, Page 18
, Page 190
Armadillo, Page 325
Aurochs, Page 4
Axis, Page 51
B
Babiroussa, Page 73
Babouin, Page 107
Barbaresque, Page 287
Barbastelle, Page 170
Behemoth, Page 81
Bekker el Wash, Page 9
Belette, Page 211
Belier, Page 10
Beluga, Page 357
Bievre, Page 255
Bison d'Amerique, Page 8
Blaireau, Page 201
Bobak, Page 268
Boeuf, Page 4
Bonnet Chinois, Page 117
Bouquetin, Page 13
Bouc, Page 14
d'Angora, Page 15
d'Afrique, Page 16
de Juda,
ibid
Brebis, Page 10
Bubalus, Le Bubale, Page 37
Buffle, Page 7
, Page 37
, Page 7
C
Cabiai, Page 83
Cabiainora,
ibid
Cachicame, Page 325
Cagui, Page 130, 132
Caitaia, Page 128
Callitriche, Page 113
Callitrix,
ibid
Camelus, Page 60
Campagnol, Page 305
Caprea, Page 53
Capreolus,
ibid
Capricorne, Page 16
Capybara, Page 83
Caracal, Page 189
Carcajou, Page 195
Cariacou, Page 54
Caribou, Page 4
Carigueibeiu, Page 24
Castor, Page 25
Cavia, Page 24
Cay, Page 1
Cayopollin, Page 20
Cemas, Page 3
Cerf, Page 4
Chacal, Page 15
Chameau, Page 6
Chamois, Page 17
Chat, Page 183
d'Angora, Page 184
d'Espagne,
ibid
Chat-pard, Page 185
Chaus
Plinii,
Page 186
Chauve-souris, Page 371
Cheval, Page 1
Chevre, Page 14
Chevreuil, Page 53
Chevrotain de Guinea, Page 28
des Indes, Page 59
Chien, Page 241
Chinchè, Page 233
Cirquinçon, Page 327
Citillus, Page 276
Civette, Page 234
Coaita, Page 124
Coase, Page 230
Coati, Page 229
Cochon, Page 68
d'Inde, Page 243
Coundou, Page 264
Coudous, Page 26
Condoma, Page 31
Conepate, Page 232
Coquallin, Page 285
Corine, Page 37
Couguar, Page 179
Cricetus, Page 271
Cuniculus, Page 251
Cynocephalus, Page 100, 107
D
Daim, Page 48
Dama, Page 30
Daman Israel, Page 296
Dant, Page 9
Desman
De Buffon,
x. 1.
tab.
11.
, Page 260
Dorcas, Page 33
Douc, Page 119
Dromedaire, Page 60
Dubbah, Page 161
Dugon, Page 338
E
Echinus Terrestris, Page 316
Ecureuil, Page 279
Elan, Page 40
Elephant, Page 85
Encourbert, Page 324
Exquima, Page 112
F
Fer a Cheval, Page 369
Fiber, Page 255
Fossane, Page 237
Fouine, Page 215
Fourmiller, Page 333
Furet, Page 214
Furo,
ibid
G
Galera, Page 225
Gazelle, Page 33
Genette, Page 236
Gerbo, Page 295
Gibbon, Page 99, 100
Giraffe, Page 20
Glis, Page 289
Glutton, Page 197
Grimme, Page 27
Guareba, Page 122
Guepard
De Buffon,
xiii. 254. The same with the Hunting Leopard,
No.
125.
,
Guevei, Page 28
Guib, Page 27
Gulo, Page 196
H
Hamster, Page 271
Herisson, Page 316
Hermine, Page 212
Hippelaphus, Page 50
Hippopotamus, Page 78
Hyaena, Page 161
Hystrix, Page 262
J
Jaguar, Page 176
Jaguarete, Page 180
Ibex, Page 13
Ichneumon, Page 226
Jevraschka, Page 276
Jerbo, Page 295
Jocko, Page 96
, Page 78
Isatis, Page 155
K
Kabassou, Page 326
Kevel, Page 34
Kob, Page 39
Koba, Page 38
, Page 118
L
Lama, Page 64
Lamentin, Page 351
Lant, Page 9
Lapin, Page 251
d'Angora, Page 252
Latax, Page 239
Lemmar, Lemming, Page 274
Leo, Page 164
Leopard, Page 172
Lepus, Page 248
Lerot, Page 290
Lievre, Page 248
Lion, Page 164
Loir, Page 289
Loris, Page 135
Loup, Page 149
de Mexique, Page 151
Loutre, Page 238
Lupus, Page 149
Lutra, Page 238
Lynx, Page 186
,
ibid
M
Maçame, Page 54
Macaque, Page 111
Machlis, Page 40
Magot. Page 100
Maimon, Page 105
Malbrouck
De Buffon,
xiv. 224.
tab.
xxix. A variety of our
Egret,
No. 81.
, Page 116
Mandril, Page 103
Manati, Page 351
Mangabey, Page 114
Mangouste, Page 226
Manicou, Page 204
Margay, Page 182
Marikina, Page 133
Marmose, Page 207
Marmotte, Page 269
Marte, Page 216
Mazames, Page 54
Meles, Page 201
Memimna, Page 59
Mico, Page 134
Mococo, Page 137
Monax, Page 270
Mone, Page 118
Mongouz, Page 136
Morse, Page 335
Mouffettes
M.
de Buffon
's generic name for the Polecats which exhale so pestilential a vapour.
, Page 230
Moufflon, Page 18
Moustac, Page 114
Mulet, Page 3
Mulot, Page 302
Mus Alpinus, Page 269
Mus Araneus, Page 307
Mus Ponticus, Page 312
Musc, Page 56
Muscardin, Page 291
Musmon, Page 18
Mustela, Page 211
N
Nagor, Page 30
Nanguer,
ibid
Nilgaux, Page 26
Noctule, Page 369
O
Ocelot, Page 177
Once, Page 175
Ondatra, Page 259
Oreillar, Page 371
Orignal, Page 40
Ouanderou, Page 105
Ouarine,
vide
Alloate,
Ouistiti, Page 132
Ours, Page 190
Ours blanc de mer, Page 192
P
Paca, Page 244
Pacasse, Page 26
Paco, Page 66
Palmiste, Page 287
Pangolin, Page 329
Panthera, Page 170
Papio, Page 103
, Page 170, 175
Pardus, Page 170
Paresseux, Page 319
Pasan, Page 25
Patas, Page 116
Pecari, Page 72
Pekan, Page 224
Perouasca, Page 233
Petit Gris, Page 282
Phalanger, Page 209
Phatagin, Page 328
Philandre, Page 210
Phoca, Page 339
Phoque,
ibid
Piloris, Page 247
Pinche, Page 13
Pipistrelle, Page 370
, Pitheque, Page 98
Platyceros, Page 48
Polatouche, Page 293
Pongo, Page 96
Porc-epic, Page 262
Puma, Page 167, 179
Putois, Page 213
Putorius,
ibid
Q
Quoaita, Page 124
R
Rat, Page 299
d'Eau, Page 301
Raton, Page 199
Renard, Page 152
Renne, Page 46
Rhinoceros, Page 75
Riche
The Silver-haired Rabbet.
,
Roselet, Page 212
Rougette, Page 359
Roussette,
ibid
Rupicapra, Page 17
S
Sagouin, Page 130
Sai, Page 127
Saiga, Page 35
Saimiri, Page 128
Sajou, Page 126
Saki, Page 130
Sanglier, Page 68
de Capvert, Page 70
Sapajou, Page 122
Saracovienne, Page 241
Sarigue, Page 204
, Page 218
Serotine, Page 370
Serval, Page 186
Souslik, Page 273
Souris, Page 302
Strepsiceros, Page 11
Suisse, Ecureuil, Page 288
Surikate, Page 228
Surmulot, Page 300
T
Tajacu, Page 72
Taisson, Page 201
Talapoin, Page 115
Talpa, Page 311
Tamandua, Page 331
Tamarin, Page 131
Tanrec, Page 317
Tapir, Page 82
Tapeti, Page 252
Tarandus, Page 46
Tarsier, Page 298
Tartarin, Page 107
Tatous, Page 523
Taupe, Page 311
Taupe dorèe, Page 313
Taureau, Page 4
Tayra, Page 38
Temamaçama, Page 54
Tendrac, Page 317
Thous, Page 160
Tolai, Page 253
Tragelaphus, Page 50
Tucan, Page 309
Tzeiran, Page 35
V
Vache Marine, Page 335
de Tartarie, Page 5
Vampire, Page 362
Vansire, Page 224
Vari, Page 138
Varia, Page 170
Vespertilio, Page 359
Vigogne, Page 66
Vison, Page 224
Viverra, Page 214
, Page 161
Unau, Page 321
Urson, Page 266
Ursus, Page 190
Urus, Page 4
, Page 73
, Page 262
X
, Page 102
Y
Ysard, Page 17
Z
Zebre, Page 2
Zemni, Page 277
Zibeline, Page 217
Zibet, Page 235
Zizel,
Zorille
De Buffon,
xiii. 302.
tab.
xli.
, Page 233
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