A DISSERTATION ON THE ARMORIAL ENSIGNS OF THE COUNTY OF
MIDDLESEX,
AND OF THE ABBEY AND CITY OF
WESTMINSTER.
BY SIR JOHN HAWKINS, KNT. CHAIRMAN of the QUARTER and GENERAL SESSIONS of the PEACE, and of OYER and TERMINER for the same COUNTY.
M. DCC. LXXX.
Dissertation on the armorial Ensigns of the County of
Middlesex,
and of the Abbey and City of
Westminster,
by
Sir John Hawkins.
IT has lately been agitated, as a question involving in it some circumstances respecting the history and antiquities of this kingdom, whether there are any armorial ensigns, or heraldical device, appropriated to the county of Middlesex: A question of somewhat the more importance, as the determination thereof will either justify or condemn the assumption of three
sabres
or
falchions,
for so I must at present term them, as the impress, or cognizance of that county, and the consequent displaying them on the colours of the western regiment of the military corps, maintained by the same.
And here it is first to be observed, that, in the great west window of Westminster Abbey, there are five compartments, the first whereof, viz. that on the south side contains the device above-mentioned, under a regal crown, or rather a circle with points. This, though by some mistaken for the arms of King Alfred, it may be presumed refers to Sebert, king of the East Saxons, for this reason, that he was the founder of the church and convent; and that in the time of the heptarchy the same was the armorial ensign of the kingdom of the East Saxons, as may be seen, together with the arms of the other kingdoms, in Speed's Chronicle, and also in Heylin's Help to English History, edit. 1773, page 7, with the addition of the terms of blazonry.
It may perhaps be thought, that the three sabres were the family arms of Sebert; and the family of Seber, who now bear them, attempt to justify their claim by this supposition: but the fact is otherwise, it being pretty evident, that till of very late times the arms borne by our princes were not their own, if they had any, but those of the kingdom for the time being: even the cross and martlets, which are reputed to be Edward the Confessor's arms, were not peculiar to him or his family. Egbert, the first monarch of England, took the cross as the arms of the kingdom; Alfred added thereto four martlets, and Edward the Confessor made them five, by the addition of one at the base point; and as to the arms in question, it seems that they were borne by Erkenwyne, the first of the East Saxon kings, and his successors.
The arms of France and England in a quarterly bearing, the device of Edward III. who imitated therein the quartering of the arms of Castile and Leon, was also the bearing of his successors, as kings of England, and were
Semée F
eur de Lys;
that is to say, the field sown or powdered with fleurs de lys
So Cotgrave in
voce semée;
and see them thus represented in the arms of England
n Westminster-hall, at the foot of the arched beams that form the roof; also on the tomb of Edward III. in Westminster Abbey; or to go no farther, the heads and monuments by Vertue, in Rapin's History, from Edward III. to Henry V. inclusive.
, until Charles VI. of France reduced them to three, when our Henry V. did the like: Camden's Remains, 293. and so they continued.
It is now time to enquire after the true appellation of those warlike weapons that compose the East Saxon device; and upon consulting the authors undermentioned, I find that that curved weapon, which I have called a sabre or falchion, was anciently termed a
Sach,
and there can be little doubt, but that from the constant use of it in battle the Saxons at large derived their name.
The following are the sentiments of sundry learned etymologists on the subject:
Camden, among other opinions touching the denomination, mentions that of its derivation from the word
Saxa,
which he says gave occasion to the following rhyme of Engelhusius.
Quippe brevis gladius, apud illos Saxa vocatur,
Unde sibi Saxo nomen traxisse putatur.
The Saxon people did, as most believe,
Their name from Saxa, a short sword, receive.
Introduction to Camden's Britannia, by Bp. Gibson. Edition 1753. col. 156.
Bishop Gibson, the editor of Camden, seems to prefer this etymology to the others adduced by his author; and especially to reject that opinion of Michael Neander, that the Saxons came from the Sacae or Sassones of Asia, in opposition whereto he cites a passage from Bishop Stillingfleet's Origines Brit. p. 305, 306, in these words:
"However, this original of the Saxons from the Sacae of Asia may be thought too far fetched, unless there were some fair historical account how the Saxons came to be propagated by those Sacae; and no such account being given, it may seem to be little more than a possibility. Nor may that other original from the short swords, called Sachs, seem altogether vain, when it is considered that the Quirites had their name from Quiris, a short spear; and the Scythians from Scytten, to shoot with a bow. Tacitus also, speaking of some of the northern Germans, saith, that the common badges they wear are round shields and short swords; and the arms of Saxony to this day, as Pontanus observes, are two short swords across."
Junius, in his Etymologicon Anglicanum, Voce Sachs, is more express to the purpose, making it to signify Cultrum, a knife; Pugio, a dagger, or poniard; and Gladius, a sword: More particularly he asserts, that the SAKS was a kind of sword, the blade and hilt whereof were nearly of equal length, that it had only one sharp edge, and was not unlike a knife for cutting meat; and adds, that in his time the Danes used the word Sass for a pair of shears. He denies, that the nation of the Saxons derived its name from the Latin, Saxum, as being a hardy, stony race, as he says has been asserted by some upon the authority of Isidore, Lib. IX. Orig. c. 2. On the contrary, he maintains, that it came from those knives which the Germans call Sachs. It farther appears from this author, in
loc. cit.
that the word Sachs has sometimes been rendered by the Latin appellative Sica, a short sword or poniard, and he conjectures that the French Scie, a saw, may be derived therefrom.
Sir Henry Spelman, in his Glossary, Voce Saxones, cites two lines from Roswitha de Gest. Odonum, which seem to favor the derivation of Saxones from Saxum. Nevertheless, he concurs with Junius; and to add weight to his conjecture, in the next article, viz. Saxo, renders the term by Brevis Gladius, and gives from Gothofredus Viterbiensis the following verses:
Pax ubi congeritur sub fraude Macedo veretur,
Ne malè frustretur si totus inermis habetur,
Unde brevis gladios clam tulit arte secus;
Ipse brevis gladius apud illos Saxo vocatur,
Unde sibi Saxo nomen peperisse notatur,
His quoque cultellis vita redempta fuit.
Verstegan, though a writer of somewhat less authority than any of those above cited, is nevertheless worth consulting on the subject; and the rather, as he elucidates it by the relation of sundry curious particulars, which he sums up in a positive assertion, that the Saxons had their name from this crooked, or scythe-like kind of sword, adding, that he was confirmed in this his opinion by a conversation he once had with Justus Lipsi
s on the subject, who concurred with him therein. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, p. 23.
In modern heraldical language, it seems, that the weapon above described is termed a Seax. Vide Blount's Glossographia, in Vocibus Saxons et Seax. Phillips's Dict. in Articulo. Verstegan, p. 21. et seq 142. Farther, Heylin thus blazons the arms of the East Saxons,
Gules. three seaxes Argent, pommels, Or;
adding, that this was a weapon of the Saxons which they wore under their coats, when they slew the Britons on Salisbury Plain. Help to English History, page 11.
The particular circumstances of this slaughter are related both by William of Malmesbury and Geoffry of Monmouth; from the former of these, as being of the two a writer of the best authority, it may be supposed that Hollinshed took that account of it which is given in his history, Vol. I. p. 117, and is here inserted:
"When Hengist had knowledge of the huge host of the Brytains that was comming against him, he required to come to a communication with Vortigerne, which request was graunted, so that it was concluded, that on May-day a certain number of Britains, and as many of the Saxons, should meete togither upon the Plaine of Salisburie.
Hengist having devised a newe kind of treason, when the daye of theyr appoynted meet
ng was come, caused every one of his allowed number secretely to put into his hose a long knyfe (where it was ordeined that no man should bryng any weapon with him at all) and that at the verie instant when this watchworde shoulde be vttered by him, Nempt [i e. take] your sexes, then should every of them plucke out his knife, and slea the Brytayne that cha
nced to be next to him, except the same shoulde bee Vortigerne, whom he willed to be apprehended, but not slaine.
At the day assigned, the king, with his appointed number of Brytaynes, nothing mistrust
ng lesse than any such manner of unfaythfull dealing, came to the place in order before prescribed, without armour or weapon, where hee found readie Hengist with his Saxons, the which receyued the king with amiable countenance, in moste louing sort: but after they were entred a little into communication, Hengist meaning to accomplish hys deuysed purpose, gave the watchworde, immediately whereupon the Saxons drewe out theyr knyves, and sodainly fell on the Brytaynes, and slue them as sheepe being fallen within the daunger of woolves."
It seems that this kind of weapon was in use also with the Spartans, for Plutarch relates, that one of that nation being jested with for wearing a sword so short, readily answered, that it was sufficiently long to reach the heart of an enemy.
It must be confessed that the foregoing testimonies of the Etymologists, do in strictness prove no more than that the device of the three Seaxes was a proper and apposite designation of the Saxon people in general, as pointing to a particular circumstance in their martial oeconomy; and, seeing that each of the other six kingdoms that made up the heptarchy, had as good a claim to this bearing as the latter, it may be a matter of wonder that the propriety of it did not recommend it to those who had the first election.
To this it may be answered, that the question now under discussion is not, to whom the device now spoken of most properly belonged, but who were the people that first adopted it. This is an enquiry touching a fact, which besides that it is above ascertained, may thus be accounted for. The kingdom of Kent was the first founded, and the principal of the Heptarchy, and for the cognizance thereof, Hengist, who led the Saxons into Britain, displayed on his banner a white horse, in Saxon, Hengst, in allusion to his name, and which is even now the bearing of the house of Saxony. Ella, the first king of the South Saxons, had taken six martlets, Cuthred of the West Saxons, a griffin. The East Saxon kingdom was next in the order of erection; and for that Erkenwyne made choice of the device of three Seaxes
See the arms of the several kingdoms of the heptarchy in the annexed plate No. I. et seq. to No. IX. Upon which it is to be observed, that No. VI. and VII. are the arms of Bernicia and Deira, two several provinces of Northumbria, until Oswin, king of the former, having subdued Deira, and become sole monarch of Northumbria, took for the arms thereof,
Azure, a cross between four lions rampant, Or,
as represented by No. VIII. Of the province of Deira, from whence Durham, quasi Deirham, mention is made by Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History, in which, taking occasion to speak of the conversion of the Saxons to christianity, he relates, that certain captive children being exposed to sale in the market-place of Rome, Gregory, afterwards Pope, the first of, that name, questioned them touching their country, and being answered that they were Angli, he resembled them to angels; and enquiring from what province they came, and receiving for answer Deira, he replied in a quibble, less witty than benevolent, that they should be freed de Dei ira, from the wrath of God, soon after which Augustine came hither, charged with a mission to teach and p
opagate the christian faith.
than which as being a generical, etymological symbol, including in the very name thereof that of the nation which assumed it, a more apposite one could hardly have been suggested.
It is presumed, that the authorities here cited are abundantly sufficient to prove, that the three Seaxes blazoned in the colours above described, were the proper armorial device of the kingdom of the East Saxons; and when it is considered, that the same consisted of the counties of Essex and Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire, and that Westminster, situated in Middlesex, was the seat of its kings, one of whom was the founder of the abbey there; and farther, that this county, from the dissolution of the heptarchy down to this time, has been the principal residence of the English monarchs, and the fountain both of justice and legislature; when these circumstances, I say, are considered, the propriety of assuming, as the martial designation of the county of Middlesex, the device of that territory of which it made so great and respectable a part, will hardly admit of a question.
Of the A
ms of the A
bey and City of Westminster.
THE arms of Edward the Confessor are in general appropriated to the abbey of Westminster, and are thus blazoned,
Azure, a Cross fleuré,
or as some term it,
pat
nce, between five Mart
ets Or.
Carved over the north entrance into the abbey they have the appearance of No. X. in the annexed Plate. Upon which it may be observed, that they are precisely the same with those of Sebert, king of the East Saxons, in Norden's Speculum Britanniae, page 32. Nevertheless the arms of the abbey, as they appear on the tomb of Abbot Flaccet, or Fascet, in the chapel of St. Erasmus, and also among the arms of the mitred abbies in Bishop Tanner's Notitia Monastica are,
Azure, a crosier or pastoral staff and a mitre in chief,
and so are they represented in the plate of Westminster Abbey in Newcourt's Repertorium, and in a rude manner in Leland's Collectanea, vol. I. page 100. Vide No. XI.
The college arms on the wall over the great table in the college hall, and those in a shield near it, containing the college arms
party per pale,
with the arms of the dean, bishop Wilcocks, and also in another like the latter in the great west window of the church, are the
cross and martlets,
and above them, or in chief, those of France and England
quarterly between two roses, gules,
agreeing with the description thereof by Sir George Buck, who, in his Treatise of the Foundations of all the Colleges, &c. in and about London, printed at the end of Stow's Chronicle, chap. 5. says, That the ancient arms of the abbey of Westminster were,
partie per fesse endente Or and Azure, a crosier erect and a miter in chief;
but that the new arms of the college are partly the arms of Edward the Confessor, and partly those of England
in a chief Or, between two red roses.
Vide No. XII.
The roses, as they are red, clearly allude to that badge or cognizance of the house of Lancaster, which with another, viz the
Portcullis,
is to be seen on the gates, and almost in every corner both within and without, of the chapel of Henry VII. Fuller asserts, that the addition of the chief above given, was an augmentation of the ancient conventual seal, plainly relating to the enlargement of the church by the erection of Henry the Seventh's chapel, Church Hist. Book VI. Page 322, and accordingly they are represented on the rods of the vergers, the covers of the common prayer and musical service-books; and such at this time are the arms of the college as they appear at the seet of Saint Peter on the reverse of the common seal of the Dean and Chapter affixed to their leases and other corporate instruments.
The arms of the city of Westminster differ from those of the college, and are variously represented. In the great west window of the Abbey, in the extreme compartment toward the north, and also in a window on the south side of the Broadway chapel, Westminster, they appear as in No. XIII.
But in the compartment over the seat of the chairman in the Guildhall, Westminster, the arms of Edward the Confessor take the place in the chief of the arms of England, the roses occupying the extremities, as is seen in No. XIV.
The
Portcullis
seems to have been a favourite device of Henry VII. as importing his descent from the house of Lancaster
He seems also to have been equally desirous of declaring by symbols his relation to the house of York; for besides the white rose conjoined with the red in the gates of his chapel▪ and elsewhere in and about that sumptuous edifice, there occurs the device of a Falcon in a Fetter-lock, which was the badge or cognizance of Edmund of Langley, duke of York. Camd. Rem. 452.
; the original assumption whereof is thus to be accounted for: John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, had a concubine named Catherine Swinford; and being entitled by descent to the castle of Beaufort in the province of Anjou, and residing there at certain times, Catherine, within the walls of it, was delivered of a son named John, who together with others of his children by her was legitimated by a statute of 20th Richard II. 1396, and surnamed named d
Beaufort, soon after which the said John was created earl of Somerset. In reference to the place and circumstances of their birth, these children assumed for their badge or cognizance a
Portcullis,
a frequent symbol with the heralds, of a castle or fortress, and the same is at this day the crest of the duke of Beaufort
Henry de Beaufort, duke of Somerset, the grandson of the above John de Beaufort, and whose father, Anno 1443, was created duke of Somerset, dying without lawful issue, temp. Edward IV. left issue by Joan Hill a son named Charles, who assumed the name of Somerset, and was created earl of Worcester, from whom descended Henry Somerset, marquis of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beaufort. Heyl. Help to English History, Page 165. Collins's Peerage, Duke of Beaufort.
, who claims a descent from the above John de Beaufort. See Sir Richard Baker's Chron. 136, and Collins's Peerage, in Somerset duke of Beaufort.
Henry VII. as appears by his pedigree in Rapin, was descended from the above son of John of Gaunt; wherefore and because that son had
osen the
Portcullis
for his device, and his immediate descendants had adopted it, it seems that the augmentation of the arms would have been more explicit and correspondent with his own intention, had the chief contained a Portcullis between the Roses as it does in the shield over the monument of bishop Wilcocks, in which the arms of the Bishop as Dean are impaled with his own paternal arms
The arms on bishop Wilcocks's monument are blazoned quarterly, the shield containing in the first quarter the episcopal arms of Rochester, in the second his paternal coat, in the third the three crowns as Dean of the Order of the Bath, and in the fourth the arms of Edward the Confessor, with a Portcullis between two Roses in Chief.
, but whether with any sufficient warrant we are to seek.
As touching the arms in the great west window it is to be noted, that there are five compartments, containing as follows, viz. I. Arms of king Sebert, the founder of the abbey. II. Arms of England and France, temp. Elizabeth, the foundress of the college. III. Arms of Great-Britain and France, temp. George II. in whose reign the towers were built. IV. The c
l
e
e arms impaled with those of bishop Wilcocks, who, being dean of Westminster, was very active in procuring grants of public money for the repair of the fabric, and the erection of the towers, as may be collected from the inscription and the bass relief on his monument. V. The arms of the city of Westminster.
15th Nov.
1780.
J.H.
I
Kent
II
South Saxons
III
West Saxons
IV
East Saxons
V
East Angles
VI
Bernicia
VII
Deira
VIII
Northumbria
IX.
Mercia
X
Edw. Confessor
XI
Westmr . Abbey
XII
Westmr . College
XIII
Westmr . City
XIV.
Westmr . City