Appendix A INDEX. OF THE Various Matter contained in this Work.

The Roman character denotes the volume, the Arabic number the page.

• ABDOMINAL Fiſh, has the ventral nearer the tail than the pectoral fins, vi. 304
• Abſtemious life, its great benefit, ii. 200
• Abſtinence, religiouſly obſerved long after the Refor⯑mation—queen Elizabeth's injunctions upon this head—a heavenly inſtitution, from its benefit to individuals and advantage to ſociety, ii. 131—remarkable inſtance of it in the ſloth, iv. 347
• Acanthopterigii, a name of the prickly-finned fiſh, vi. 303
• Achilles, a Roman tribune, called the ſecond of that name; and why, ii. 117
• Acorn, its ſhell filled by an immovable animal, viii. 162—a ſhell-fiſh, vii. 64
• Adriatic, its empire claimed by the republic of Ve⯑nice, i. 232
• Aelian, his account of the dreadful cavern, called the Gulf of Pluto, i. 61—has ſeen an elephant write Latin characters on a board, his keeper ſhewing him the figure of each letter, iv. 261
• Aetna, volcano in Sicily—remarkable eruption in 1537, i. 89—account of it—the burning ſeen at [] Malta, i. 90—the quantity of matter diſcharged, ſuppoſed to exceed twenty times the original bulk of the mountain, i. 102—walls built of materials thrown up by it, i. 103
• Aeolipila, an inſtrument to produce artificial wind—its deſcription, and the manner of generating vio⯑lent blaſts, i. 337
• Africa, its ſandy ſtorms, i. 363—deſtroy villages and armies, i. 366—ſeveral animals with four ſtomachs in Europe, have but two in Africa, ii. 317—the zebra a native of Africa, ii. 390—has the largeſt and ſmalleſt of the cow kind, iii. 14—the ferret originally from Africa, iv. 22—its ani⯑mals very fierce, and its ſavages moſt brutal—they ſuppoſe monkies obſtinately dumb to avoid labour, iv. 231—the elephant a native of Africa—the ſavage inhabitants attempt not to ſubdue this creature, and wiſh only to eſcape its fury; thus it retains liberty in Africa—the natives are greatly degenerated, iv. 267
• Age, the mountains of Scotland, Wales, Auvergne, and Switzerland, furniſh more inſtances of old age, than the plains of Holland, Flanders, Ger⯑many, or Poland, ii. 202—the age of trees known by the number of their circles, vi. 176—two me⯑thods for determining the age of fiſhes, vi. 176—the undoubted great age of ſome fiſhes, vi. 177
• Agouti, an animal found in great abundance in South America, and by ſome called the rabbit of that continent; it reſembles the rabbit, yet is diffe⯑rent from ours, and peculiar to the new world,—its deſcription, iv. 49—its ordinary food—it has the hair and voraciouſneſs of a hog—eats greedily and hides the remainder—burrows in hollow trees—its manner of feeding, and walk⯑ing—ſight and hearing—its fleſh, how dreſſed, iv. 50—how hunted and forced out of its hole—it turns in its own defence upon the hunters—its bite, and cry—how tamed, iv. 51—bears two young at each litter; breeds at leaſt twice a year; [] carries its young about like a cat; and lodges them in a tree, where they ſoon become able to provide for themſelves, iv. 52
• Agricola, has ſeen hats made of mole ſkins, moſt beau⯑tiful, iv. 98
• Agriculture, the number of hands employed in the manufacture of ſilk, turned to agriculture, would encreaſe the quantity of corn to more than an equivalent for the diminution of national wealth in purchaſing wrought ſilk from other countries, vi. 284
• Ai, a name of the ſloth—its deſcription, iv. 344
• Aicurous, a great parrot—its ſagacity and docility, v. 277
• Aigues-mortes, town in France, a port in the time of St. Louis; now removed more than four miles from the ſea, i. 277
• Air, the only active agent in earthquakes, i. 105—Amonton's calculation of a moderate degree of heat ſufficient to give the air amazing powers of expanſion, i. 106—too fine for our ſight, is very obvious to our touch—its elaſticity—a cubic foot of air weighs more than an ounce, i. 299—four thouſand pound weight of air carried at one time more than at another, and why; i. 303—the air contained in a nut-ſhell, may be dilated into un⯑known dimenſions—the air contained in a houſe, may be compreſſed into a cavity equal to the eye of a needle—the encreaſing elaſticity of compreſſ⯑ed air augmented by heat, would when expanded be ſufficient for the exploſion of a world, i. 304—one of the moſt compounded bodies in nature, i. 311—ſcarce any ſubſtance reſiſting its corroding qualities, i. 312—factitious air produced in great quantities from vegetable, animal, or mineral ſub⯑ſtances—proves a greater enemy to animals than a vacuum—a bird encloſed in artificial air, from raiſins, died in a quarter of a minute—a frog in⯑cluded in artificial air—a ſnail put into the receiv⯑er, with air of paſte, died in four minutes, i. 318 [] and 319—to be wholeſome, ſhould not be of one kind, but a compound of ſeveral ſubſtances, i. 320—how air contributes to the ſupport of our lives—a diſpute upon it, i. 331, 332—gives life and body to flame, i. 333—kindles fire into flame, moderates the rays of light, and diſſipates their violence,—conveyance of ſound—all the pleaſure received from converſation, or from mu⯑ſic, depends entirely upon the air—odours are dif⯑fuſed by the air, i. 334—a hand upon the mouth of a veſſel from which the air has been exhauſted, is violently ſucked inwards, and why, i. 300 and 301—the mouth of ſuch veſſel inverted being im⯑merſed, the water will riſe into the empty ſpace, and fill the glaſs, i. 301—the manner in which this is done—water never aſcends higher than thirty-two feet—our ordinary load of air amounts nearly to forty thouſand pounds, i. 302—vegetables, or the bodies of animals left to putrefy, produce air in a very copious manner, i. 337—it finds ad⯑miſſion into wine or other fermented liquors, and moſt eaſily into ſpirits of wine—mountains, mi⯑nerals, vegetables, animals, and fires, contribute to encreaſe a current of air, i. 338—a tide of air produced by the ſun and moon, i. 354—a cur⯑rent of air, driven through a contracted ſpace, grows more violent and irreſiſtible, i. 355—the air at Cuſco is ſo dry and ſo cold that fleſh dries there like wood, without corrupting, ii. 274
• Air-pump, the experiment of a carp placed under it, vi. 169—fiſh can live but a few minutes without air; nothing more difficult to be accounted for, than the manner in which they obtain this neceſ⯑ſary ſupply, vi. 170
• Air-bladder, in fiſhes, deſcribed, vi. 171
• Albatroſs, a bird of the gull kind—its deſcription by Edwards—is an inhabitant of the tropical climates, and other regions, as far as the ſtreights of Ma⯑gellan in the South Seas—is the moſt fierce and formidable of the aquatic tribe; it chiefly purſues [] the flying-fiſh, forced from the ſea by the dol⯑phins, vi. 61—Wicquefort's account of this bird, vi. 62—it ſeems to have a peculiar affection for the penguin, and a pleaſure in its ſociety, vi. 63—its neſt, vi. 64
• Albouras,, a famous volcano near mount Taurus, i. 98
• Alder, hares will not feed on the bark of it, iv. 7
• Algazel, the ſeventh variety of gazelles with Mr. Buffon, iii. 74
• Aldrovandus, places the bats among birds, iv. 134—he having ſpent a fortune, to enlighten mankind, and collected more truth and falſhood than any man, was reduced to want, to ſuffer ingratitude, and to die in a hoſpital, vi. 117
• Alexander's ſoldiers agitated by curioſity and appre⯑henſion at the tides in the river Indus, i. 258
• Alligator, or the Cayman, a kind of crocodile, vii. 119
• Alps, dreadful chaſms found in them, i. 59—Pope's deſcription of a traveller ſtraining up the Alps, i. 143—the higheſt point of them not above ſixteen hundred toiſes above the ſurface of the ſea, i. 153
• Amazons, the greateſt river in the world, has its ſource among the Andes, i. 142—its courſe from its origin in the lake of Lauricocha, to its diſcharge into the Weſtern Ocean, is more than twelve hun⯑dred leagues, i. 215—its diſcharge is through a channel of an hundred and fifty miles broad, after receiving above ſixty conſiderable rivers, i. 216, 217—la Condamine aſſerts it would take a volume to deſcribe the various monkies found along that river, iv. 216—
• Ambergriſe, long conſidered as a ſubſtance found float⯑ing on the ſea, but ſince diſcovered to belong to the cachalot—the balls of ambergriſe found in all fiſhes of this kind, but chiefly in the oldeſt and and ſtrongeſt, vi [...] 220, 21
• [] Ambroſe, (St.) his credulity concerning the halcyon, vi. 144
• America exceeds in the ſize of its reptiles, but is in⯑ferior in its quadrupeds, ii. 332—the black rats, originally from Europe, have propagated greatly in America, and are now the moſt noxious ani⯑mals there, iv. 17—the American mock-bird, aſ⯑ſumes the tone of every animal in the wood, from the wolf to the raven, v. 325—its deſcription and habits, v. 324, 325—Cateſby aſſerts the wolf was the only dog uſed by the Americans, before they had the Europeans among them—the tapir is the largeſt animal of America—opinion that all quadrupeds in South America are of a different ſpecies from thoſe reſembling them in the Old World—and ſuch as peculiarly belong to that New Continent, are without the marks of the quadrupede perfection, ii. 332, 333—deſcription of the natives of that country, ii. 229—the ſavages there ſuppoſe mon⯑kies to be men, but obſtinately dumb, to avoid being compelled to labour, iv. 231—the vampyre, conſidered as a great peſt of South America—and an obſtruction to the peopling of many parts of that continent, iv. 146—the manufacture of ſtuffs, of the wool of the pacos, a very conſiderable branch of commerce in South America, iv. 317—no rabbits naturally in America—but there are animals, in ſome meaſure, reſembling the rabbits of Europe, iv. 24—that part of the American conti⯑nent which lies under the line, is cool and plea⯑ſant, ii. 233—cauſe of the tawny colour of the North American Indians—they paint their ſkins with red oker, and anoint them with the fat of bears, ii. 236—the original cauſe of their flat heads, ii. 239—American wood-duck deſcribed, vi. 130
• Amia, or Bonito, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 314
• Ammodytes, or the Lance, a fiſh—its deſcription, vi. 311
• [] Ammodytes, a kind of viper—it darts with amazing ſwiftneſs, vii. 180
• Amonton's calculation proves a moderate degree of heat may give the air amazing powers of expanſion, i. 106
• Amour, a river of Eaſtern Tartary, i. 210—it re⯑ceives about forty leſſer rivers, i. 217
• Amphibious quadrupeds have motion in the lower eye-lid alone, ii. 85—general deſcription of that claſs, iv. 148
• Amphiſboena, or the double-headed ſerpent, vii. 222
• Amſterdam, the perfume of the civet ſold there is the pureſt of any, iii. 392
• Anarchicas, the wolf-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 311
• Anatomiſts puzzled to find parts of the human body ſuperior to thoſe of ſome apes, ii. 311—none known that have deſcribed the lungs of the lam⯑prey, vi. 271
• Anchovy has no bladder, vi. 174
• Andaluſia, gennets of that province the beſt, ii. 357
• Andes, amazing chaſms or fiſſures in them—ſome of theſe are a mile wide, and others, running under⯑ground, reſemble a province, i. 60—the higheſt mountains of the world, i. 99—excellent deſcrip⯑tion of them by Ulloa, i. 147—the Andes are by meaſure three thouſand one hundred and thirty-ſix toiſes, or fathoms, above the ſurface of the ſea, i. 151, 153—at the top no difficulty of breathing perceived, i. 154—manner of mules going down the precipices, ii. 387
• Anemometer, an inſtrument to meaſure the velocity of the wind—gives no certain information of the force of a ſtorm, i. 356
• Angora. The cat of Angora, iii. 212—the goat of Angora, iii. 57—a number of animals about An⯑gora, affording hair for trade—the camlet made of ſuch hair, iii. 58
• Anhima, a bird of the crane kind, of Braſil, v. 389—deſcribed—the cock and the hen prowl together— [] when one dies, the other ſtays by it, and dies alſo, v. 390
• Animals hold the firſt rank amidſt the infinitely diffe⯑rent productions the earth offers, ii. 1—are endow⯑ed with powers of motion and defence, even thoſe fixed to one ſpot—organized beings provided with ſome defence for their own ſecurity, ii. 2—endued with life and vigour—ſome, by nature, violent—have their enmities and affections, ii. 4—ultimate⯑ly ſupported upon vegetables—thoſe in a dry ſunny climate ſtrong and vigorous—different vegetables appropriated to the different appetites, and why, ii. 5—of domeſtic kinds, carried from milder coun⯑tries into northern climates, quickly degenerate and grow leſs, ii. 6—in the internal parts of South America and Africa grow to a prodigious ſize, and why—not ſo in the cold frozen regions of the North, ii. 6—the moſt perfect races have the leaſt ſimilitude to the vegetable productions on which they are ultimately fed—the meaner the animal, the more local, ii. 7—aſſume different habits as well as appearances, and why, ii. 9—ſome pecu⯑liar to every part of the vegetable ſyſtem—there are that live upon other animals—this wiſely ſo conſtituted, ii. 11—to diminiſh the number of animals, and encreaſe that of vegetables, the ge⯑neral ſcope of human induſtry—of the vaſt variety, very few ſerviceable to man, ii. 12—in a catalogue of more than twenty thouſand land animals, ſcarcely an hundred are any way uſeful to man, ii. 13—expediency of man's living upon animals as well as vegetables, ii. 14—little more known than that the greateſt number require the concur⯑rence of a male and female to reproduce their kind—and theſe, diſtinctly and invariably, found to be⯑get creatures of their own ſpecies, ii. 16—uſual diſtinction, with reſpect to their manner of gene⯑ration, into oviparous and viviparous kinds, ii. 22—the warmth of the ſun, or of a ſtove, effica⯑cious in bringing the animal in the egg to perfec⯑tion, [] ii. 27—ſuch parts as the animal has double, or without which it can live, are the lateſt in pro⯑duction, ii. 35—De Graaf has attended the pro⯑greſs and encreaſe of various animals in the womb, and minutely marked the changes they undergo, ii. 36—that which, in proportion to its bulk, takes the longeſt time for production, the moſt complete when finiſhed—of all others, man the ſloweſt in coming into life, ii. 48—the moſt formidable are the leaſt fruitful, ii. 49—and why—thoſe which bring forth many engender before they have arrived at half their natural ſize—approach more to per⯑fection, whoſe generation nearly reſembles that of man, ii. 50—Men and apes the only that have eye⯑laſhes upon the upper and lower lids—all others want them on the lower lid, ii. 85—that which has moſt deſires appears capable of the greateſt variety of happineſs, ii. 123—thoſe of the foreſt remain without food ſeveral weeks—all endure the wants of ſleep and hunger with leſs injury to health than man—nature contracts the ſtomachs of car⯑nivorous animals of the foreſt to ſuit them to their precarious way of living, ii. 124—but the meaner tribes are ſtill moſt capable of ſuſtaining life with⯑out food, ii. 124, 125—ſome lower animals ſeem to ſpend the greateſt part of their lives in ſleep, ii. 134—ſome affected by muſic—inſtances of it, ii. 168—thoſe furniſhed with hands have more under⯑ſtanding than others, ii. 185—in general, the large animals live longer than the little, ii. 200—diffe⯑rence between animals in a ſtate of nature and domeſtic tameneſs, ſo conſiderable that M. Buffon makes it a principal diſtinction of claſſes, ii. 310—their teeth fitted to the nature of their food, ii. 315—and their legs as well fitted to their reſpec⯑tive wants or enjoyments, ii. 316—thoſe who chew the cud have four ſtomachs—ſeveral that with us have four ſtomachs, have but two in Africa, ii. 317—no carnivorous animal, except the dog, makes a voluntary attack but with ſuperiority, [] ii. 319—the ſtomach generally proportioned to the nature of the food, or the eaſe with which it is obtained, ii. 317—the ſize of the inteſtines pro⯑portioned to the nature of the food, ii. 318—few of the wild ſort ſeek their prey in the day-time—in proportion as each carnivorous animal wants ſtrength, it uſes all the aſſiſtance of patience, aſſi⯑duity, and cunning, ii. 320—ſome animals care⯑fully avoid their enemies by placing centinels to warn of the approach of danger, and know how to puniſh ſuch as have neglected their poſt, or been unmindful of the common ſafety, ii. 324—the wild ſort ſubject to few alterations, and in the ſavage ſtate continue for ages the ſame, in ſize, ſhape, and colour, ii. 325—is otherwiſe when ſubdued and taken under the protection of man, ii. 325, 327—the tame kind bears no reſemblance to its anceſtors in the woods, ii. 326—animals feeding only upon graſs, rendered carnivorous—two in⯑ſtances, ii. 327—Africa ever remarkable for the fierceneſs of its animals, ii. 331—the ſmalleſt mul⯑tiply the faſteſt, ii. 333—the larger ſort bring few at a time—ſeldom generate till they be near their full growth—thoſe which bring many reproduce before they arrive at half their natural ſize, ii. 335—with all animals, the time of their pregnancy is proportioned to their ſize—in all kinds, the intermediate litters the moſt fruitful—the firſt and laſt generally produce the feweſt in number and worſt of kind, ii. 336—natural inſtinct to chooſe the proper times of copulation, ii. 337—whatever the natural diſpoſition of animals, they all have courage to defend their young—inſtances of it, ii. 336—Milk in the carnivorous animals more ſparing than in others, ii. 337—choice of ſituation in bring⯑ing forth, remarkable in animals, ii. 338—the aſs, in a ſtate of tameneſs, the moſt gentle and quiet of all animals, ii. 381—of all animals covered with hair, the aſs the leaſt ſubject to vermin, ii. 386—the zebra the moſt beautiful, but the wildeſt [] animal in nature, ii. 390—perfectly know their enemies, and how to avoid them—inſtances of it, ii. 395—beſt method of claſſing animals adopted by Ray, Klein, and Linnaeus, ii. 294, to 299—the author's method of claſſing them, 301, to 308—the carnivorous ſeek their food in gloomy ſolitude,—they are ſharper than the ruminating kind, and why—ruminating animals moſt harmleſs, and moſt eaſily tamed—generally go in herds, for their mu⯑tual ſecurity—live entirely upon vegetables, iii. 1—the meaneſt of them unite in each other's de⯑fence—carnivorous animals have ſmall ſtomachs and ſhort inteſtines—ruminating animals naturally more indolent and leſs artful than the carnivorous kinds, and why, iii. 2.—their bowels conſidered as an elaboratory, with proper veſſels in it—nature enlarges the capacity of their inteſtines to take in a greater ſupply, iii. 3—and furniſhes them with four ſtomachs—the names of theſe four ſtomachs iii. 3, 4.—the inteſtines of carnivorous animals are thin and lean; but thoſe of the ruminating ſort ſtrong, fleſhy, and well covered with fat, iii. 4.—of all others, man ſpends the leaſt time in eating, iii. 7—of all ruminant, the cow kind deſerve the firſt rank, iii. 8—naturaliſts give various names to the ſame, only differing in accidental circumſtan⯑ces—of all, except man, the cow moſt exten⯑ſively propagated, iii. 24—greateſt variety among cows, none more humble and pliant of diſpo⯑ſition, iii. 25—the large kind of the torrid zone very fond of the water, iii. 29—ſome void their dung, when purſued; this ariſes rather from fear, than a deſire of defence, iii. 32—the number of the cow kind, by naturaliſts extended to eight or ten ſorts, reduced to two; one animal of the cow kind, no naturaliſt has hitherto deſcribed, it may be added as a third ſpecies—deſcription of it, iii. 33, 34—all the ruminant internally much alike, iii. 36—thoſe that take refuge under the protec⯑tion of man, in a few generations become indolent [] and helpleſs—the ſheep, in a domeſtic ſtate, the moſt defenceleſs and inoffenſive, iii. 38—alſo the moſt ſtupid, iii. 40—a great number and variety about Angora; the inhabitants drive trade with their hair, iii. 58—the kinds actually not diſtin⯑guiſhed by the horns, colour, poſition of the ears, or fineneſs of the hair, iii. 60—the fat, urine, beak, and even dung of various animals efficacious in ſome diſorders, iii. 69—of all in the world, the gazelle has the moſt beautiful eye, iii. 72—ſcarce one animal, except the carnivorous, that does not produce concretions in the ſtomach, inteſtines, kidnies, bladder, or in the heart, iii. 76—no na⯑turaliſt informs us whether that which bears the muſk, be a ruminant, or of the hog kind, iii. 91—by a general rule, every animal lives about ſeven or eight times the number of years it continues to grow, iii. 103—of all natives of this climate, none have ſuch a beautiful eye as the ſtag, iii. 105—no two more nearly allied than the ſtag and the fallow deer; yet form diſtinct families, and never engender together, iii. 125—many that once flouriſhed in the world, may now be extinct, iii. 136—of all the deer kind, the rein deer the moſt extraordinary, and moſt uſeful, iii. 149—of all, when young, none more prettily playful than the kitten, iii. 202—many in Syria and Perſia remark⯑able for long ſoft hair, iii. 212—moſt terreſtrial are larger, fiercer, and ſtronger, in warm than in cold or temperate climates, iii. 213—the on⯑ly not afraid ſingly to make oppoſition to the lion, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the tiger, and the hippopotamos, iii. 225—of all American, the tiger the moſt formidable and miſchievous, iii. 245—the generality have greater agility, greater ſwiftneſs, and more formidable arms, from na⯑ture, than man; and their ſenſes, particularly that of ſmelling, are far more perfect, iii. 275—thoſe living upon fleſh hunt by nature, iii. 276—all under the influence of man, are ſubject to great [] variations, iii. 279—many in this country breed between a dog and a fox, iii. 298—all ſavage, that have once taſted human fleſh, never refrain from purſuing mankind, iii. 336—thoſe of the north, in winter, are more hairy, than thoſe of the mil⯑der climates, iii. 356—and what the cauſe, iii. 355, 356—of the arctic climates, have their win⯑ter and ſummer garments, except as far north as Greenland, iii. 356—of the weaſel kind, the mar⯑tin the moſt pleaſing, iii. 368—feeding entirely upon vegetables, are inoffenſive and timorous, iv. 3—remarkable for ſpeed, except the horſe, have the hind feet longer than the fore, iv. 4—none receives the male when pregnant, except the hare, iv. 6—hares the only that have hair on the inſide of their mouths, iv. 8—few of the wild kind have ſo many varieties as the ſquirrel, iv. 25—all are tamed more difficultly in proportion to their cow⯑ardice, iv. 72—in all countries, civilized and im⯑proved, the lower ranks of animals repreſſed and degraded, iv. 157—the beaver the only that in its fore parts reſembles a quadruped, and in its hinder parts approaches the nature of fiſhes, iv. 159—a true judgment of their diſpoſition by their looks, and a juſt conjecture of their internal ha⯑bits from their external form, iv. 208—the lori, of all other the longeſt, in proportion to ſize, iv. 241—the camel the moſt temperate of all, iv. 303—the oſtrich the moſt voracious, v. 54—of all that uſe their wings and legs in running, the oſt⯑rich is the ſwifteſt, v. 60—none has greater cou⯑rage than the cock, oppoſed to one of his own ſpecies, v. 163—the preſence of man deſtroys the ſociety of meaner animals, and their inſtincts alſo, vi. 64—thoſe longeſt in the womb, are the long⯑eſt lived, according to Pliny, vi. 119—none hard⯑er to be killed than the ſhark, vi. 244—the ſnail kind are hermaphrodites, vii. 30—of all four-footed, the frog the beſt ſwimmer, vii. 75—the catterpillar has the greateſt number of enemies, [] viii. 43—whatever kind, long under the pro⯑tection of man, loſe part of their natural ſagacity, in providing for themſelves, viii. 83—that which fills the acorn-ſhell is immovable, viii. 162—a moſt numerous tribe lately diſcovered, propagat⯑ed by cuttings—many entirely without mo⯑tion.—all ſeem poſſeſſed of one power, of which vegetables are totally deficient, viii. 162—cer⯑tain races of animals fall beneath vegetables, by their more imperfect propagation, viii. 163—Some live without limbs, and often repro⯑duce them; ſome live without brain for many weeks together; ſome increaſe and grow large, tho' all their nobler organs are entirely deſtroyed; ſome continue to exiſt, though cut in two, their nobler parts preſerving life, while the others periſh that were cut away; the zoophyte tribe, continues to live in ſeparate parts, and one animal, by the means of cutting, is divided into two diſtinct ex⯑iſtences, ſometimes into a thouſand, viii. 170, 171—the firſt diſcovery of the power of reproduc⯑tion in animals owing to Mr. Tremblay, viii. 172
• Antelope, tenth variety of gazelles by Mr. Buffon—its deſcription, iii. 78—the Indian antelope, iii. 79
• Antilles, the negroes of theſe iſlands, by ſmell alone, diſtinguiſh between the footſteps of a Frenchman and a negroe.
• Antlers, their diſtinct names, iii. 114
• Antiparos, its grotto moſt remarkable, i. 67
• Antipathy of the marmout to the dog, iv. 45—quad⯑rupeds which have natural antipathy againſt the Norway rat, iv. 69, 70—many have it to ſome animals, whoſe preſence they inſtantly perceive by the ſmell, ii. 182—dogs and wolves ſo different in their diſpoſitions, that no animals can have a more perfect antipathy, iii. 309—between the porcupine and ſerpent ſo irreconcilable as never to meet without a mortal engagement, iv. 111 []—the ſame ſubſiſts between the jackall and the dog, iii. 338—no animals more alike than the cow and the buffalo, yet, none have ſtronger diſ⯑likes to each other, iii. 26
• Antiquity, moſt naturally looked up to with reveren⯑tial wonder, ii. 263
• St. Anthony, lived an hundred and five years, ii. 132
• Ants, their food and excurſions, viii. 120—their eggs ſo very ſmall, that upon a black ground, they can ſcarcely be diſcerned, viii. 121—fond attachment of the working ants to their progeny, viii. 122—the aurelia ſtate, and efforts to get rid of their ſkins—experiment of Mr. de Geer to this purpoſe, viii. 123—ſtate of the female, after ſhe has done laying, not known; the males then fly away and are heard of no more, viii. 124—ants of the tro⯑pical climates build a hill with great contrivance and regularity, lay up proviſions; and, living the whole year, ſubmit to regulations entirely diffe⯑rent from the ants of Europe—three kinds of Afri⯑can ants—their hills from ſix to twelve feet high, viii. 125—amazing number and regularity of their cells—depredations and adventures—they live un⯑der ſtrict regulations—order in which they ſally forth—often quit their dwelling in a body, and go in queſt of adventures, viii. 126—an inſtance of it given by Smith, viii. 127—their ſting produces extreme pain, viii. 125—every writer of antiquity deſcribes this inſect, as labouring in the ſummer, and feaſting upon the produce during the winter; in ſome of the warmer climates this may be ſo; but in France and England they are in a ſtate of tor⯑pidity during winter, viii. 115, 116, 124, 125—common ants of Europe—their deſcription, viii. 116—fears not to attack a creature ten times its own magnitude, viii. 117—are divided into males, females, and neutral or working tribe—in what manner diſtinguiſhed from each other—males and females ſeem no way to partake in the common drudgeries of the ſtate; males purſue the females [] with great aſſiduity, and force them to compliance—remain coupled for ſome time, viii. 118—de⯑ſcription of the ant-hills in ſouthern parts of Eu⯑rope conſtructed with wonderful contrivance, viii. 119—drive the hare from its form, iv. 12—many animals live upon ants in Africa and America, iv. 338
• Ants, the ant-lion, vii. 323
• Ant-eater, or Ant-bear, deſcription and habits, iv. 339, 340—their art to catch the ants—manner of defence againſt its enemies, iv. 342—kills the in⯑vader, and remains faſtened upon him with vin⯑dictive deſperation, iv. 345
• Antioch, buried by an earthquake, i. 110
• Aorta, the great artery, ii. 41
• Aperea, by ſome the Braſilian rabbit, iv. 54—Its de⯑ſcription, iv. 55
• Apes, the foremoſt of the kind is the ouran-outang, or wild man of the woods, iv. 189—deſcription of this animal by Dr. Tyſon, iv. 191, 193, 195—comparative view of this creature with man, iv. 191 to 94—another deſcripton of it by Mr. Buf⯑fon, iv. 195, 196—two young ones, but a year old, diſcovered an aſtoniſhing power of imitation, iv. 197—a kind called baris, properly inſtructed when young, ſerve as uſeful domeſtics, iv. 198—Le Comte's account of an ape in the ſtreights of Molucca, iv. 198—the long armed ape an extra⯑ordinary and remarkable creature, iv. 206—its deſcription—a native of the Eaſt Indies, and found along the coaſts of Coromandel, iv. 207—fling themſelves from one rope to another, at thirty, forty, and fifty feet diſtance, iv. 199—inſtances of amazing nimbleneſs—in a ſtate of nature they run upon all fours—certain proofs of it, iv. 205—in ſome of the kind the reſemblance to man ſo ſtriking, that anatomiſts are puzzled to find in what part of the human body man's ſuperiority conſiſts, ii. 311—enjoy many advantages in com⯑mon with men, above the lower tribes of nature, [] ii. 311—in the navies of Solomon, among the ar⯑ticles imported from the Eaſt, are apes and pea⯑cocks, v. 171—apes have eye-laſhes upon the upper and lower lids, ii. 85—ſlight ſurvey of the ape kind, iv. 188—the only animal poſſeſſed of hands and arms, ii. 105
• Apicius, noted for having [...]aught mankind to ſuffo⯑cate fiſh in Carthaginian pickle, vi. 182—his re⯑ceipt for making ſauce for the oſtrich, v. 59—manner of dreſſing a hare in true Roman taſte, with parſley, rice, vinegar, cumin and coriander ſeed, iv. 15
• Apodal, the name of the fiſh without ventral fins, vi. 303
• Appendices in the inteſtines of birds, v. 16
• Appetite, nature, by ſupplying a variety, has multi⯑plied life in her productions, v. 79
• Arabia, of all the countries in the world, where the horſe runs wild, produces the moſt beautiful breed, the moſt generous, ſwift, and perſevering—in the rapidity of flight the dogs give up the pur⯑ſuit, ii. 347—method of taking them by traps, ii. 348—an Arabian, how poor ſoever, is provid⯑ed of his horſe, ii. 349—the Arabians firſt began the management of horſes in the time of ſheque Iſmael—manner in which the Arabians feed and dreſs their horſes, ii. 352—they have no houſe but a tent to live in—never beat their horſes, ii. 351—preſerve the pedigree of their horſes with care for ſeveral ages back, ii. 350—into what countries that race of horſes has ſpread itſelf, ii. 354, 355—the Arabians feaſt upon young horſes, ii. 348.—keep their horſes ready ſaddled at the tent, from morning till ſun-ſet, to be prepared againſt all ſurprize, ii. 353—the moſt adapted country to the ſupport and production of camels, iv. 303—deſcription of the deſerts of Arabia, iv. 305—milk and fleſh of the camel a part of the nouriſhment of the Arabians, iv. 304—the mare, foal, huſband, wife and children, lie all together indiſcriminately, [] ii, 351—its ſandy tempeſts deſcribed, i. 363—men and animals buried in the ſands of Arabia, preſerved from corruption, for ſeveral ages, as if actually embalmed, ii. 275—the aſs originally a native of Arabia, ii. 385
• Archimedes, diſcovered the method of determining the purity of gold, by weighing in water, i. 190
• Archipelago, very good horſes in its iſlands, ii. 360—the wild aſs found in thoſe iſlands, particularly Ce⯑rigo, ii. 377
• Ardebil, the paſtures in thoſe plains excellent for rearing horſes, ii. 361
• Arequipa, a celebrated burning mountain in Peru, i. 99
• Argentine, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313
• Arion, his harp gathered the dolphins to the ſhip's ſide, ii. 168
• Ariſtotle's opinion about the formation of the inci⯑pient animal, ii. 16—and mules being ſometimes prolific, ii. 375
• Arlotto, an Italian Franciſcan friar—for his ſleeping tranſgreſſions taken before the inquiſition, and like to be condemned for them, ii. 142, 143
• Armadilla, or Tatou, deſcribed—an inhabitant of South America, iv. 125—a harmleſs creature, fur⯑niſhed with a peculiar covering for its defence—at⯑tacked without danger, and liable to perſecutions—is of different ſizes; in all however, the animal is partially covered with a coat of mail, a ſtriking curioſity in natural hiſtory, iv. 125, 126—has the ſame method of protecting itſelf as the hedge-hog or pangolin—when attacked, rolls itſelf up in its ſhells, like a ball, and continues ſo till the dan⯑ger is over, iv. 127, 128—the Indians take it in this form, lay it cloſe to the fire, and oblige it to un⯑fold—this animal utterly unknown before the diſ⯑covery of America, iv. 128, 129—does miſchief in gardens—bears the cold of our climate without inconvenience—the mole does not burrow ſwifter than the armadilla—burrows deep in the earth, iv. [] 129, 130—expedients uſed to force them out—manner of taking them alive—ſometimes in ſnares by the ſides of rivers, and low moiſt places, which they frequent, iv 130, 131—never found at any diſtance from their retreats—near a precipice, eſcapes by rolling itſelf up, and tumbling down from rock to rock, without danger or inconveni⯑ence, iv. 130—its food—ſcarce any that do not root the ground like a hog—a kind of friendſhip between them and the rattle-ſnake, they are fre⯑quently found in the ſame hole, iv. 131—they all reſemble each other, as cloathed with a ſhell, yet differ in ſize, and in the diviſion of their ſhell—the various kinds, iv. 132, 133—the pig-headed ſort, the weaſel-headed, the kabaſſou and the en⯑coubert are the largeſt, iv. 133—generally referred to the tribe of inſects or ſnails, ii. 313.
• Arno, the river, a conſiderable piece of ground gained at the mouth of it, i. 276
• Aro, numbers of birds of paradiſe ſeen there, v. 260
• Arſe-feet, name our ſailors give to birds of the penguin tribe, vi. 92
• Arſenius, tutor to the emperor Arcadius, lived an hun⯑dred and twenty years, ii. 132
• Arts, fault that has infected moſt of our dictionaries and compilations of natural hiſtory, ii. 307—teach⯑ing the arts of cruelty equivalent to committing them, v. 164
• Aſia, aim of the Aſiatics to poſſeſs many women, and to furniſh a ſeraglio their only ambition, ii. 72—luſtre of jewels and ſplendor of brilliant colours eagerly ſought after by all conditions of men, ii. 98
• Aſia Minor, deſcription of its inhabitants, ii. 230
• Aſiatic, the olive-coloured, claims the hereditary re⯑ſemblance to our common parent—an argument to prove the contrary, ii. 240
• Aſp, a kind of ſerpent, vii. 215
• Aſphaltum, an injection of petroleum and an appli⯑cation of aſphaltum ſuffice to make a mummy, ii. 287
• [] Aſs and horſe, though nearly alike in form, are diſtinct kinds, different in natures—with only one of each kind, both races would be extinguiſhed, ii. 375—in the ſtate of nature entirely different, ii. 376—wild aſs in greater abundance than the wild horſe—wild aſs and the zebra a different ſpecies—countries where the wild aſs is found, ii. 377, 379—ſome run ſo ſwift. [...]ew courſers can overtake them—caught with traps—taken chiefly for their fleſh and ſkins, which make that leather called ſhagreen—en⯑tertainment of wild aſſes in Perſia ſeen by Olearius, ii. 377, 378—the delicacy of its fleſh a proverb there, ii. 378—Galen deems it unwholeſome—aſſes origi⯑nally imported into America by the Spaniards, have run wild, and multiplied to ſuch numbers as to be a nuiſance—chace of them in the kingdom of Qui⯑to, ii. 379—have all the ſwiftneſs of horſes—decli⯑vities and precipices do not retard their career—after the firſt load, their celerity leaves them, their dan⯑gerous ferocity loſt, and they contract the ſtupid look and dullneſs peculiar to the aſinine ſpecies—will not permit a horſe to live among them—al⯑ways feed together—and a horſe ſtraying where they graze, they fall upon, and bite and kick him till he be dead, ii. 380—their preference to any vegetable is to the plantane, ii. 381—they drink as ſoberly as they eat, and never dip the noſe into the ſtream—fear to wet their feet, and turn out to avoid the dirty parts of a road—ſhew no ardour but for the female, and often die after covering, ii. 382—ſcent an owner at a diſtance, and diſtinguiſh him in a crowd—with eyes covered, they will not ſtir a ſtep—when laid down, one eye covered with the graſs, and the other hidden with a ſtone or other con⯑tiguous body, they will not ſtir, or attempt to riſe, to get free from impediments—ſeveral brought up to perform, and exhibited at a ſhow, ii. 383—ſuffered to dwindle every generation, and particularly in England, ii. 384—bulk for bulk, an aſs ſtronger than a horſe, and ſurer footed—alſo leſs apt to ſtart [] than the horſe, ii. 385—more healthy than the horſe—Perſians cleave their noſtrils to give them more room for breathing ii. 386—Spaniards alone know the value of the aſs, ii. 385—the Spaniſh jack-aſs above fifteen hands high—the aſs originally a na⯑tive of Arabia—warm climates produce the largeſt and beſt—entirely loſt among us during the reign of queen Elizabeth—Holingſhed pretends our land yields no aſſes, yet they were common in England before that time—in Sweden, they are a ſort of ra⯑rity—by the laſt hiſtory of Norway, they had not reached that country—in Guinea, they are larger and more beautiful than the horſes of that country—in Perſia, are two kinds—ſome ſold for forty or fifty pounds, ii. 385, 386—no animal covered with hair leſs ſubject to vermin—lives till twenty or twenty-five—ſleeps leſs than the horſe, and never lies down for it, unleſs much tired—ſhe-aſs croſſes fire and water to protect her young, ii 382 to 386—the gimerro bred between the aſs and the bull, ii. 386—the ſize and ſtrength of our aſſes improved by importation of Spaniſh jack-aſſes, ii. 387—de⯑ſtroyed by the South-American bat, called vampyre, iv. 145
• Aſafoetida, ſavage nations delighted with the ſmell, ii. 181
• Aſſiniboils, lake where the river St. Lawrence takes its riſe, i. 216
• Aſſyrian goat of Geſner, a ſecond variety, iii. 58
• Aſtroites, among coral ſubſtances, viii. 197
• Atalantis, an iſland ſubmerſed, was as large as Aſia Minor and Syria—the fruits of the earth offered without cultivation, i. 134
• Athanatus, inſtance of his ſtrength, ii. 118
• Athelſtan prohibited the exportation of mares and ſtallions, except as preſents, ii. 369
• Athenians, quail-fighting a favourite amuſement among them—abſtained from the fleſh of this bird, as un⯑wholeſome, becauſe it fed upon the white hellehore—they reared great numbers of them for fighting, [] and ſtaked ſums of money, as we do with cocks, upon the ſucceſs of the combat, v. 214—they had alſo their cock-matches, v. 163
• Atherine, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313
• Atmoſphere, moſt diſorders incident to mankind, ſays Bacon, ariſe from changes of the atmoſphere, vi. 175
• Attraction defined, i. 3—the ſun poſſeſſed of the greateſt ſhare, i. 4
• Avoſetta, or ſcooper, a bird found in Italy—now and then comes over into England—deſcription, and extraordinary ſhape of its bill, vi. 20
• Aurelia, one of the appearances of the caterpillar, viii. 6, 19—laying it in a warm room, Mr. Reaumur haſtened the diſcloſure of the butterfly, and by keeping it in an ice houſe, retarded it—though it bears a different appearance, it contains all the parts of the butterfly in perfect formation—ſome in⯑ſects continue under that form not above ten days, ſome twenty, ſome ſeveral months, others for a year together, viii. 26—how the butterfly gets rid of that covering, viii. 28—aurelia of the bee diffe⯑rent from that of the common caterpillar, viii. 80
• Aurora Borealis, or northern light, ſtreams, with pecu⯑liar luſtre, and a variety of colours round the pole—its appearance almoſt conſtant in winter—and when the ſun departs for half a year, this meteor ſupplies its beams, affording light for all the pur⯑poſes of exiſtence, i. 387
• Aurora, or the ſamiri, the ſmalleſt and moſt beautiful of the ſapajou monkies—its deſcription—is very tender, delicate, and held in high price, iv. 236
• Auvergne, in France, an amazing mummy dug up at that place, ii. 283
• Awk, a bird bred in the iſland of St. Kilda, vi. 98
• Axis, a kind of beautiful ſtag—its deſcription, iii. 123
• Azores, ſerpents, adders, and ſnakes ſeen about theſe iſlands by ſir Robert Hawkins in 1590, i. 239

• Baboon, fierce, malicious, ignorant, and untractable, iv. 209—its deſcription—impelled by a hatred for [] the males of the human ſpecies, and a deſire for women, iv. 210—the chevalier Forbin relates, that in Siam, whole troops will ſally forth, plunder the houſes of proviſions, and endeavour to force the women—manner of robbing an orchard or vineyard at the Cape of Good Hope, iv. 210, 211—the fe⯑male brings forth one at a time, carries it in her arms, clinging to her breaſt, iv. 214—ſurvey of the baboon kind, iv. 188—at the Cape of Good Hope, the young of theſe animals are taught to guard houſes, and perform the duty with punctu⯑ality, iv. 212—they ſeem inſenſible of the miſchief they do—a baboon deſcribed by Mr. Buffon, iv. 213—laſciviouſneſs predominant—their food, iv. 214— [...]re not found to breed in our climate, iv. 213—are not carnivorous—their liver, like that of a dog, divided into ſix lobes—the largeſt of the kind is the mandril, iv. 214—its deſcription—diſ⯑pleaſed, it weeps like a child—is a native of the Gold Coaſt—that called wanderow chiefly ſeen in the woods of Ceylon and Malabar—its deſcription—the maimon of Buffon, by Edwards called the pig tail, the laſt of the ſort—its deſcription—a na⯑tive of Sumatra, iv. 214, 215
• Baby, the name of a dwarf, whoſe complete hiſtory is very accurately related by Mr. Dabenton, ii. 254
• Babyroneſſa, the Indian hog, its deſcription, iii. 193 to 195—travellers call it the hog of Bouro, iii. 192—in what manner it eſcapes the purſuers, iii. 195—has enormous tuſks of fine ivory—leſs dangerous than the wild boar, iii. 194—the tuſks have points directed to the eyes, and ſometimes grow into them—theſe animals, in a body, are ſeen with the wild boars, with which they are not known to en⯑gender—are eaſily tamed—have a way of repoſing different from other animals of the larger kind, by hitching one of their upper tuſks on the branch of a tree, and ſuffering their whole body to ſwing down at eaſe—they are fierce and terrible when [] offended, and peaceable and harmleſs when unmo⯑leſted—their fleſh good to be eaten, but ſaid to putrefy in a ſhort time—they chiefly live upon ve⯑getables and the leaves of trees, iii. 195—are found in the iſland of Borneo, and in other parts of Aſia and Africa, iii. 196
• Bacon's obſervations upon fiſhes, vi. 175
• Badger, a ſolitary ſtupid animal, iv. 328—forms a winding hole, and remains in ſafety at the bottom—the fox takes poſſeſſion of the hole quitted by the badger, or forces it from the retreat by wiles—ſur⯑priſed by the dogs at a diſtance from its hole, it fights with deſperate reſolution, iv. 329—all that has life is its food—it ſleeps the greateſt part of the time, and though not voracious, keeps fat, parti⯑cularly in winter—it keeps the hole very clear—the female makes a bed of hay for her young, iv. 328, 329—brings forth, in ſummer, three or four young—how ſhe feeds them—the young are eaſily tamed—the old are ſavage and incorrigible—are fond of fire, and often burn themſelves dangerouſ⯑ly, iv. 329, 330—are ſubject to the mange, and have a gland under the tail, which ſcents ſtrongly—its fleſh rank and ill taſted, iv. 330
• Bag, name of the falſe belly of the oppoſſum—its de⯑ſcription, iv. 243
• Bag, or pouch of the civet, manner in which the perfume is taken from it, iii. 391—this bag differs from that of the reſt of the weaſel kind, and in what, iii. 390
• Bait, the beſt for all kinds of fiſh is freſh herring, vi. 256—the larger ſort will take a living ſmall fiſh upon the hook ſooner than any other bait, vi. 257
• Balance to determine the ſpecific gravity of metals, i. 190
• Bald, women leſs apt to become bald than men—Mr. Buffon thinks they never become bald—many in⯑ſtances of the contrary among us, ii. 86
• Balearic crane, its deſcription, v. 387—the real crane of Pliny, v. 386—comes from the coaſt of Africa and Cape de Verd iſlands, v. 388—its habits—has [] been deſcribed by the name of ſea-peacock—foreign birds of the crane kind deſcribed, the jabiru, the jabiru-guacu, the anhima, and the buffoon bird, v. 388, 389
• Ball of fire of the bigneſs of a bomb—its effects, i. 380
• Baltic, the Danes in poſſeſſion of it, i. 232
• Banks of a river, after inundations, appear above wa⯑ter, when all the adjacent valley is overflown, and why, i. 202, 203
• Banks (Mr.) diſcovers and deſcribes an extraordinary animal of the gerbua kind, and calls it kanguroo, in figure reſembling, but in ſize and other circum⯑ſtance differing with it, iv. 351
• Banana, the elephant eats the plant to the roots, iv. 259
• Barb, an Arabian horſe bred in Barbary, ii. 354
• Barbs of the whale, or whale-bone, vi. 196
• Barbary hen, its deſcription, v. 192
• Barble, a flat fiſh, its growth, vi. 340
• Barja, in South America, cattle deſtroyed at that place by the American bats called vampyres, iv. 146
• Baris, in Sierra Leona, in Africa, has a kind of apes, which, properly inſtructed when young, ſerve as very uſeful domeſtics, iv. 198
• Barnacle, imaginary, a ſhell fiſh, vii. 64
• Barometer meaſures the weight of the air—in what man⯑ner, i. 304, et ſeq.—no changes in the air without ſenſible alteration in the barometer—the barometer is alſo ſerviceable in meaſuring the heights of moun⯑tains, i. 154, 305, 306—when it marks a pecu⯑liar lightneſs in the air, no wonder that it foretells a ſtorm, and why, i. 352—the art of taking the heights of places by it, a new and ingenious in⯑vention, i. 154—in what manner it is compoſed, i. 304
• Barrettier, a famous youth, conſidered as a prodigy of learning at the age of fourteen, ſlept regularly twelve hours in the twenty-four, ii. 138
• [] Baſs, a rocky iſland in the Firth of Forth, has in every crag innumerable birds of various ſorts, ſhining more than the ſtars of heaven in a ſerene night, vi. 72
• Bath, perſons coming out of a warm bath ſeveral ounces heavier than they went in—warm bath of ſea-water a kind of relief to mariners, upon a failure of freſh water at ſea, i. 238
• Bat, by ſome reckoned among birds, ii. 313—doubtful among naturaliſts whether beaſt or bird—now univerſally take place among quadrupeds, iv. 134—Pliny, Geſner, and Aldrovandus placed it among birds—ſcarce in any particular reſembles the bird, except in the power of ſuſtaining itſelf in the air—deſcription of the common ſort in England—its inteſtines and ſkeleton, in ſome meaſure, re⯑ſemble thoſe of mankind, iv. 135—makes its firſt appearance early in ſummer, and begins its flight in the evening, iv. 136—is ſeen to ſkim along the ſurface of waters—feeds upon gnats, moths, and nocturnal inſects of every kind, which it purſues open mouthed—its flight laborious, irregular, and, if interrupted, not readily followed by a ſecond elevation—uſually taken, when ſtriking againſt an object, it falls to the ground—even in the ſum⯑mer, it ſleeps the greateſt part of the time—its re⯑treat—continues in a torpid ſtate during winter—is uſually hanging by its hooked claws to the roofs of caves, unaffected by all change of weather, iv. 136, 137—is deſtroyed particularly by the owl—the bat couples and brings forth in ſummer from two to five young at a time, iv. 138—the female has two nipples forward on the breaſt, as in the hu⯑man kind, and this a motive for Linnaeus to give it the title of a primas, to rank it in the ſame order with mankind—the female makes no neſt for her young—when ſhe begins to grow hungry, and finds a neceſſity of ſtirring abroad, ſhe takes her little ones and ſticks them by their hooks againſt the ſides of her apartment, and there they immoveably cling [] and patiently wait her return—leſs ſimilitude to the race of birds than of quadrupeds, iv. 138, 139—great labour in flying ſoon fatigues and tires it in leſs than an hour—its petty thefts upon the fat of bacon, iv. 140—found in the holes deſerted by the wood-pecker, v. 253—long-eared bat, iv. 140—horſe-ſhoe bat—rhinoceros bat—a larger race of bats in the Eaſt and Weſt Indies truly for⯑midable—a dangerous enemy—when united in flocks they become dreadful, iv. 140, 141—they are eat—the negroes of the African coaſts will not eat them though ſtarving, iv. 141—on the African coaſt they fly in ſuch numbers, as to ob⯑ſcure the ſetting ſun—the rouſette, or great bat of Madagaſcar, is found along the coaſts of Africa and Malabar, where it is often ſeen about the ſize of a large hen—deſtroys the ripe fruits, and ſome⯑times ſettles upon animals, and man himſelf, iv. 142—deſtroy fowls and domeſtic animals, unleſs preſerved with the utmoſt care, and often faſten upon the inhabitants, attack them in the face, and make terrible wounds, iv. 143—the ancients have taken their idea of harpies from theſe fierce and voracious creatures, equally deformed, gree⯑dy, uncleanly, and cruel—the bat, called the American vampyre—its deſcription by Ulloa—purport of his account confirmed by various travellers, who all agree that it has a faculty of drawing blood from perſons ſleeping, and deſtroy⯑ing them before they awake, iv. 144—a ſtrong difficulty remains how they make the wound—Ul⯑loa and Buffon's opinions, iv. 145—ſuppoſe the ani⯑mal endowed with a ſtrong power of ſuction; and that, without inflicting any wound, by continuing to draw, it enlarges the pores of the ſkin, ſo that the blood at length paſſes—they are one of the great peſts of South America, iv. 146—bats as big as rabbits, ii. 6
• To Bay, ſaid of a ſtag, when he turns his head againſt the hounds, iii. 114
• [] Beagle, harrier and hound ſeem all of the ſame kind, iii. 283—tranſported into Spain or Barbary, will there be converted into the land or water ſpaniel, iii. 284
• Beak, how that of animals is produced, ii. 101
• Beam, by hunters meant that part which bears the antlers, iii. 114
• Beams, thoſe of the ſun ſhining upon the fire, put it out, and why, i. 333, 334—darting directly upon us, without the medium of the air, would burn us up at once, or blind us with effulgence, i. 334.
• Bear, deſcription of the ant-bear and its habits, iv. 339, 341
• Bears, in cold frozen regions of the north not ſmaller than in milder countries, ii. 6—the North American Indians anoint their ſkins with fat of bears, ii. 236—the bears now and then make depre⯑dations upon the rein-deer, iii. 169—in Green⯑land do not change colour, iii. 356—three diffe⯑rent kinds, iv. 321—the black of America does not reject animal food, as believed—places where they are found—retreat of the brown bear, iv. 322—a vulgar error, that during winter, the brown bear lives by ſucking its paws; it ſeems ra⯑ther to ſubſiſt then upon the exuberance of its for⯑mer fleſh—the male and female do not inhabit the ſame den, and ſeldom are ſeen together, but upon the acceſſes of genial deſire, iv. 323—care of the female for her young—the bear, when tamed, ſeems gentle and placid; yet ſtill to be diſtruſted and managed with caution, being often treacherous and reſentful without a cauſe, iv. 323—is capable of a degree of inſtruction—when come to matu⯑rity, can never be tamed—methods of taking them, iv. 324, 327—their paws and hams a great deli⯑cacy, iv. 324, 327—the white placed in the coldeſt climates, grows larger than in the temperate zones, and remains maſter of the icy mountains in Spitz⯑bergen and Greenland, iv. 325—unable to retreat when attacked with fire arms, they make a fierce [] and long reſiſtance, iv. 326—they live upon fiſh and ſeals, their fleſh is too ſtrong for food—are often ſeen on ice-floats, ſeveral leagues at ſea, tho' bad ſwimmers, iv. 327—the white ſometimes jumps into a Greenlander's boat, and if it does not overſet it, ſits down calmly and like a paſſenger, ſuffers itſelf to be rowed along, iv. 326—hunger makes it ſwim after fiſh—often a battle enſues be⯑tween a bear and a morſe, or a whale, and the latter generally prove victorious, iv. 327
• Beards, Americans taking great pains to pluck theirs up by the roots, the under part, and all but the whiſkers, therefore ſuppoſed to have no hair grow⯑ing on that part—Linnaeus himſelf has fallen into this miſtake, ii. 97—different cuſtoms of men, in the manner of wearing their beards, ii. 95, 6, 7
• Beaſts are moſt fierce and cruel in all countries where men are moſt barbarous, ii. 330
• Beaſts of chace, in the reigns of William Rufus, and Henry the Firſt, it was leſs criminal to deſtroy one of the human ſpecies than a beaſt of chace—ſacred edifices thrown down, and turned to waſte, to make room for beaſts of chace, iii. 110
• Beaſts of prey, ſeldom devour each other—they chief⯑ly ſeek after the deer or the goat—their uſual me⯑thod of hunting, ii. 321
• Beaver, known to build like an architect, and rule like a citizen, ii. 328—its fore parts taſte like fleſh, and the hinder like the fiſh it feeds on, iii. 192—a re⯑maining monument of brutal ſociety, iv. 157—Its qualities, taken from its fellows, and kept in ſo⯑litude or domeſtic tameneſs, iv. 158, 159—reſiſts only when driven to extremity, and fights when its ſpeed cannot avail—the only quadrupede that has a flat broad tail, covered with ſcales, ſerving as a rudder to direct its motions in the water, iv. 159—the ſole quadruped with membranes between the toes on the hind feet, and none on the fore feet, iv. 159—the only animal in its fore parts en⯑tirely reſembling a quadruped, and in its hinder [] parts approaches the nature of fiſhes, having a ſcaly tail—its deſcription—has but one vent for the emiſſion of excrements and urine, iv 159, 160—they aſſemble about the months of June and July, make a ſociety to continue the greateſt part of the year—form a company of above two hundred—fix their abode by the ſide of a lake or river—cut with their teeth a tree thicker than a man's body, iv. 160, 161—amazing works and manſion houſes—convey their materials by water, iv. 162 mix clay and dry graſs together, work it into a mortar, and with their tails plaiſter their work within and without, iv. 164—their walls perpen⯑dicular, and two feet thick—their piers fourſcore or an hundred feet long, and ten or twelve feet thick at the baſe, iv. 161—their dikes ten and twelve feet thick at the foundation—their apart⯑ments round, or oval, and divided into three ſto⯑ries, one above the other, iv. 163—viſited too often by men, they work only in the night time, or abandon the place, and ſeek a ſafer ſituation, iv. 163—four hundred reſide in one manſion houſe, divided into a number of apartments, having com⯑munication with each other, iv 165—their works in the northern parts finiſhed in Auguſt or Septem⯑ber—in ſummer they are epicures—their proviſions for the winter ſeaſon—they drive piles into the earth, to fence and fortify their habitation againſt the wind and water, iv. 164—cut down branches three to ten feet in length—the largeſt are convey⯑ed to their magazines by a whole body—the ſmall⯑eſt by one only—each taking a different way, and having a walk aſſigned him, that no one ſhould in⯑terrupt another in his work, iv. 165, 166—wood⯑yards larger or ſmaller, in proportion to the num⯑ber in family, iv. 166—manner of catching them in ſnares or by ſurprize, iv. 167—they ſwim with their mortar on their tails, and their ſtakes between their teeth, iv. 162—their works damaged by force of water, or feet of huntſmen, inſtantly repaired, iv. 163
• [] Beauty, every country has peculiar ideas of beauty—extraordinary taſtes for beauty, ii. 76—every na⯑tion, how barbarous ſoever, has peculiar arts of heightening beauty—ſeveral of theſe arts, ii 78—a modern lady's face formed exactly like the Venus of Medicis, or the ſleeping Veſtal, would ſcarce be conſidered as a beauty, except by the lovers of an⯑tiquity—leſs in the object than in the eye of the beholder—ſuperior beauty of our anceſtors not eaſi⯑ly comparable, ii. 265
• Beccafigo, a bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 314
• Bed of a river, an encreaſe of water there encreaſes its rapidity, except in caſes of inundation, and why—ſuch bed left dry for ſome hours by a violent ſtorm blowing directly againſt the ſtream, 1. 207
• Beds, the earth every where in beds over beds, and each of them maintaining exactly the ſame thick⯑neſs, i. 58
• Bee, a ruminating inſect, or ſeemingly ſo—its ſto⯑mach is compoſed of muſcular fibres, iii. 6—ope⯑rations ſtudied for two thouſand years are ſtill in⯑completely known, viii. 65—Reaumur's account ſufficiently wonderful—many of the facts held dubious by thoſe converſant with the ſubject—ſome declared not to have exiſtence in nature—three different kinds of bees, viii. 65, 66—common working bees neither male nor female—queen bees lay all the eggs that are hatched in a ſeaſon—ſtruc⯑ture of the working bee, particularly of its trunk, which extracts the honey from flowers, viii 66, 67—manner of building their cells, viii. 69—in one day, they make cells upon each other enough to con⯑tain three thouſand bees, viii. 70—deſcription of thoſe cells, viii. 69, 70—the combs made by inſenſible degrees, not at once as ſome imagine, viii. 72—the cells for the young and for the drones—that for the queen bee the largeſt of all, viii. 73—thoſe for ho⯑ney are deeper than the reſt—that not the only food upon which they ſubſiſt—manner of anticipating the progreſs of vegetation, viii 74—the bee has a ſtomach for wax as well as honey—bee-bread—trea⯑cle [] for food of bees in winter—what part of the flower has the honey, viii 74, 75—ſting of the bee, viii. 68—any wanting food, bends down its trunk to the bee from whom it is expected, which then opens its honey-bag, and lets ſome drops fall into the other's mouth, viii. 70—numerous as the mul⯑titude of bees appear in a ſwarm, they all owe their origin to one parent, called the queen-bee, viii. 76—opening the body of a queen, the eggs at one time found to amount to five thouſand—the queen eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the reſt—great fertility of the queen, and the great attentions paid to her, controverted by recent obſervers, viii. 77—they leave a cell to every egg and deſtroy the reſt, viii. 78—great care and affection for the young, viii. 79—in about twenty days after the egg was laid, the bee was completely formed, and fitted to un⯑dergo the fatigues of its ſtate—the cell being pre⯑pared, the animal ſoon transformed into an aurelia different from that of the common caterpillar, viii. 80—when they begin to break their priſons, above a hundred are excluded in one day, viii. 81—dread⯑ful battles often enſue between the young brood and their progenitors, viii. 82—ſigns previous to their migrations—after the migration, the queen being ſettled, the ſwarm follows, and in a quarter of an hour, the whole body is at eaſe, viii. 84—ſome⯑times ſacrifice their queen; but never when the hive is full of wax and honey, viii. 84, 85—the work⯑ing ſort kill the drones in the worm ſtate, in the cell, and eject their bodies from the hive among the general carnage—upwards of forty thouſand bees found in a ſingle hive—inſtances of expedition in working—in the firſt fifteen days, they make more wax than during the reſt of the year—a hive ſending out ſeveral ſwarms in the year, the firſt always the beſt and moſt numerous, viii. 86—a kind of floating bee-houſe uſed in France, viii. 87
• Bees, in other countries—in Guadaloupe are leſs by half than in Europe, and have no ſting, viii. 89, 90— [] ſometimes there are two or three queens to a ſwarm; then the weaker deſerted for the more powerful protector—the deſerted queen does not ſurvive the defeat—is deſtroyed by the jealous ri⯑val; and till this be done, the bees never go out to work, viii. 84—at Guadaloupe their cells are in hollow trees, ſometimes with a ſort of waxen-houſe, ſhaped like a pear, in which they lodge their honey, and lay their eggs, viii. 90—their honey never congeals, is fluid as oil, and has the colour of amber—in the tropical climates are black bees without a ſting—their wax is ſoft, and only uſed for medicinal purpoſes, not being hard enough for candles, as in Europe—whether the humble bees have a queen or not, there is one much larger than the reſt, without wings, without hair, all over black, like poliſhed ebony—this views all the works, from time to time, viii. 87—their ha⯑bits—the honey gathered by the humble bees nei⯑ther ſo fine, ſo good, nor the wax ſo clear, or ſo capable of fuſion, as thoſe of the common bees, viii. 92.
• Leaf-cutting Bees make their neſt, and lay their eggs among bits of leaves, viii. 94
• Wall-bees, ſo called, becauſe they make their neſts in walls—the male and females are of a ſize—the former without a ſting, viii. 94, 95
• Wood-bee—Maſon-bee, viii. 92, 93—Ground-bee builds its neſt in the earth—the patience and aſſi⯑duity of their labour, 93
• Beetles, their general characteriſtics, viii. 128, 137—their kinds diſtinguiſhed from each other, viii. 129—deſcription of the dorr-beetle, or the May-bug, viii. 136—how the two ſexes in the May-bug are diſtinguiſhed from each other—ſeaſon of their coupling, viii. 131—the female bores a hole into the ground, where to depoſit her burthen; and when lightened of it aſcends from the hole, to live as before—their eggs—deſcription of the in⯑ſect, and of its manner of life in the worm-ſtate— [] continues in that ſtate for more than three years, changing every year its ſkin, and living under the ground without eyes—in what manner it aſſumes the form of a chryſalis, viii. 133—time when it becomes winged, and completely formed—the old one never ſurvives the ſeaſon—and dies from the ſeverity of cold in winter, viii. 134—its habits and food, when completely formed—number of their eggs, viii. 135—rooks and hogs particularly fond of them, and devour them in great numbers, viii. 136—inſtances of great devaſtations made by the May-bug—deſcription and habits of that beetle, which the Americans call the tumble-dung, viii. 137, 138—the inſect called king of the beetles, viii. 138—deſcription of the elephant-beetle—the largeſt of this kind hitherto known, viii. 139—a ruminating inſect, or ſeems to ruminate, iii. 6
• Beggars, a queſtion in the ſchools, which the moſt happy man, the beggar by night, and king by day; or the beggar by day, and king by night, ii. 139
• Belcher (Mr.) the firſt who diſcovered the circulation of the blood through the bones—experiments to this purpoſe, ii. 194
• Belegme (Roger de) the firſt who attempted to mend our native breed of horſes, ii. 370
• Bell, the great diving-bell improved by doctor Hal⯑ley—he could write or read in it when the ſea was clear, and eſpecially when the ſun ſhone, i. 291
• Bell, when the ſtag cries, he is ſaid to bell, iii. 113
• Bells, their vibrations not heard under the receiver of an air-pump, i. 334
• Belly, a minute deſcription of the falſe belly of the oppoſſum, iv. 243, et ſeq.
• Berries, the Laplanders drink water, in which juni⯑per-berries have been infuſed, ii. 216
• Bewailer, or the ſai, a monkey of the new conti⯑nent, iv. 236
• Bezoar, German bezoar, iii. 69
• Bezour-goat, the oriental bezoar, iii. 74, et ſeq.—[] cow-bezoar, and monkey-bezoar, iii. 76—hog-bezoar, iii. 77
• Billitting, a name given by huntſmen to the excre⯑ment of the fox, iii. 328
• Birch, hares are particularly fond of it, iv. 7
• Birds, all produced from the egg, ii. 26—their lower eye-lid alone has motion, ii. 85—have the neck longer than any other kind of animals—thoſe which have ſhort claws, have alſo ſhort necks—thoſe that have long claws have the neck in pro⯑portion, ii. 102—have a power of diſgorging food to feed their young—ruminating birds, iii. 5—many kinds which the dog will not touch, iii. 304—hunters often informed by the birds of the place of retreat of the fox, iii. 331—a flock of ſmall birds often alarms every thicket, and di⯑rects the hunter to the martin, iii. 372—ſurpaſs fiſhes and inſects in ſtructure of body, and in ſagacity, v. 2—their anatomy and conformation, v. 3, et ſeq.—compared to a ſhip making way through water, v. 4—are furniſhed with a gland behind, containing a proper quantity of oil—to what purpoſe—deſcription of their feathers, v. 6—the pectoral muſcles of quadrupeds trifling to thoſe of birds—chuſe to riſe againſt the wind—and why, v. 8—all, except the nocturnal, have the head ſmaller, and leſs in proportion to the body, than quadrupeds, v. 9—their ſight exceeds moſt other animals, and excels in ſtrength and preci⯑ſion, v. 10—have no external ear ſtanding out from the head—the feathers encompaſſing the ear-holes, ſupply the defect of the exterior ear—the extreme delicacy of their ſenſe of hearing, is eaſily proved by their readineſs in learning tunes, or repeating words, and the exactneſs of their pro⯑nunciation—their delicacy in the ſenſe of ſmell⯑ing—inſtance of it in ducks, v. 11—the tail guides their flight like a rudder, and aſſiſts them either in the aſcent, or deſcent, v. 12—wonder⯑ful internal conformation—the wind-pipe often [] makes many convolutions within the body of the bird, and is then called the labyrinth, v. 13—of what uſe theſe convolutions are, no naturaliſt has been able to account—this difference obtains in birds to all appearance of the ſame ſpecies—whence ſome derive that loud and various modulation in their warblings is not eaſily accounted for—birds have much louder voices, in reſpect to their bulk, than animals of other kinds—all have properly but one ſtomach, but different in different kinds, v. 14—the organs of digeſtion in a manner reverſed in birds—why they pick up ſand, gravel, and other hard ſubſtances—moſt have two appendices or blind guts—in quadrupeds always found ſingle, v. 16—all birds want a bladder for urine—their urine differs from that of other animals, v. 17—effects of the annual molting which birds ſuffer—their molting time artificially accelerated—and how, v. 18—the manner in which nature per⯑forms the operation of molting, v. 19—their molt⯑ing ſeaſon, v. 20—many live with fidelity toge⯑ther for a length of time—when one dies, the other ſhares the ſame fate ſoon after—the male of wild birds as happy in the young brood as the fe⯑male, v. 23—nothing exceeds their patience while hatching, v. 26—Addiſon's obſervations to this purpoſe, v. 27—great care and induſtry in pro⯑viding ſubſiſtence for their young—they feed each of the young in turn—and why—perceiving their neſts or young to have been handled, they aban⯑don the place by night, and provide a more ſe⯑cure, though leſs commodious retreat—the young taught the art of providing for their ſubſiſtence, v. 29—thoſe hatched and ſent out earlieſt in the ſeaſon the moſt ſtrong and vigorous—they endea⯑vour to produce early in the ſpring, and why—efforts for a progeny when their neſts are robbed, v. 30—ſuch as would have laid but two or three eggs, if their eggs be ſtolen, will lay ten or twelve—the greateſt number remain in the diſtricts where [] they have been bred; and are excited to migration only by fear, climate, or hunger, v. 31—cauſe of the annual emigrations of birds, v. 32—times of migrations, v. 32, 35, 37—in what order performed, v. 35—follow the weather rather than the country, and go on as they perceive the atmoſphere more ſuitable to their wants and diſpoſitions, v. 36, 37—in all countries, longer-lived than quadrupeds or inſects of the ſame climate, v. 39—ſurprizing age of ſwans and geeſe—plumage and voice of birds in different zones, v. 38—all leſs than quadrupeds—the greateſt of one claſs ſurpaſs the greateſt of the other in magnitude, v. 39—cauſes of the great variety in the middle or⯑der of birds—the oſtrich is the greateſt of birds—the humming-bird the ſmalleſt—wild birds gene⯑rally of the ſame magnitude and ſhape, v. 40—inferior to quadrupeds in docility, v. 41—the number already known above eight hundred—dif⯑ference between land-birds and water-fowls, v. 42, 43—deſcription of birds of the rapacious kind—the pie kind, v. 44—the poultry kind—the ſpar⯑row kind—the duck kind—the crane kind, v. 45—the cormorant the beſt fiſher, vi. 69—the nau⯑ſeous bird, or dodo, v. 77—powers of land-birds of the rapacious kind to obtain their food—ſight of ſuch as prey by day ſurpriſingly quick—ſuch as ravage by night have their ſight fitted to ſee in darkneſs with preciſion, v. 80—inhabit the moſt lonely places and deſert mountains—appearing in cultivated plains, or the warbling groves, is for de⯑predation—every order of carnivorous birds ſeek for thoſe of the ſize approaching their own, v. 81—the carnivorous kinds only breed annually, and are leſs fruitful than others—breed but few at a time, v. 82—where ſupplies of food are difficult, the old ſoon drive the brood from the neſt to ſhift for themſelves, and often deſtroy them in a fury cauſed by hunger—almoſt all birds of prey unſo⯑ciable—the male and female when neceſſary to [] each other live together; but they moſt uſually prowl alone, v. 83—birds with crooked beaks and talons are ſolitary—all males of prey are leſs, and weaker than the females—the females are of a greater ſize, more beautiful and lovely for ſhape and colours, ſtronger, more fierce and generous, than the males—it may be neceſſary to be thus ſuperior, to provide for herſelf and her young—theſe birds are lean and meagre—their fleſh is ſtringy and ill-taſted, ſoon corrupting, and flavoured of that animal upon which they ſubſiſt, v. 84—Belonius aſſerts, many people like the fleſh of the vulture and falcon, and dreſs them for eating; and that the oſprey, when young, is excellent food—five kinds of land birds of a rapacious na⯑ture—whence their diſtinctive mark, v. 85—bird of heaven, name given by the ancients to the eagle, v. 90—the moſt formidable birds of prey reſpect the butcher-bird, v. 134—the digeſtion of ſuch as live upon mice, lizards, or the like food, not very perfect, v. 142—father Kircher ſet the voices of birds to muſic, v. 143—domeſtic birds, of the poultry kind, maintained in our yards, are of foreign extraction, v. 151—the wilder ſpecies cooped or caged, pine away, grow gloomy, and ſome refuſe all ſuſtenance—the poultry kind alone grow fat, v. 154—climate, food, and captivity, three very powerful agents in the alterations in the habits, and the very form of birds—of all birds the cock the oldeſt companion of mankind, and the firſt reclaimed from the foreſt, v. 158—alſo the Perſian bird of Ariſtophanes, v. 161—de⯑ſcription of the tamis, or the bird of Numidia, v. 192—the buſtard the largeſt land-bird, native of Britain, v. 194—none ſecures its young better from external injury than the toucan, v. 246—God's bird, the bird of paradiſe, v. 260—the pi⯑geon for it's ſize has the largeſt crop, v. 288—parakeets the moſt beautiful in plumage, and the moſt talkative birds in nature, v. 281—ſmall birds [] mark out a territory to themſelves, which they permit none of their own ſpecies to remain in, v. 301—at ſome ſeaſon of the year, all ſmall birds mi⯑grate from one county to another, or from more inland provinces towards the ſhore—months of their migrations, v. 302, 303—Autumn the princi⯑pal ſeaſon for catching theſe wanderers—the nets, and the method of catching them—flur-birds, v. 304—ſinging among birds univerſally the prero⯑gative of the male—ſmall birds fight till one yields his life with the victory—two male birds ſtrive in ſong, till the loudeſt ſilences the other; during the contention, the female ſits an attentive ſilent auditor, and often rewards the loudeſt ſongſter with her company during the ſeaſon, v. 307—the male, while his mate is hatching, ſits upon ſome neighbouring tree, to watch and to ſing, v. 308—the neſt of ſmall birds warmer than of the larger—ſmall birds having finiſhed their neſts, nothing exceeds the cunning they employ to conceal it—worms and inſects the firſt food of all birds of the ſparrow kind, v 309—how birds of the ſparrow kind bring forth and hatch their young, v. 310—manner of life during the rigours of winter, v. 311—the male of ſmall birds not finding a mate of his own ſpecies, flies to one of another like him, left out in pairing, v. 313—a mixed ſpecies between a goldfinch and a canary-bird, between a linner and a lark; theſe breed frequently together, and pro⯑duce not, like the mules among quadrupeds, a race incapable of breeding again, but one as fruit⯑ful as their parents, v. 312, 313—various birds of the ſparrow kind, v. 314, 315—many plants pro⯑pagated from the depoſitions of birds, v. 316—many of thoſe kinds, which are of paſſage in Eng⯑land, permanent in other countries; and ſome with us conſtant reſidents, in other kingdoms have the nature of birds of paſſage—inſtances of it, v. 318, 319—the heron commits the greateſt devaſtation in freſh waters, v. 394—the flamingo has the larg⯑eſt [] tongue, vi. 15—birds of various ſorts and ſizes, ſizes, more than the ſtars in a ſerene night, ſeen in the rock of the Baſs, in the Firth of Forth, vi. 72—none make a more indifferent figure upon land, or a more beautiful in the water, than the ſwan, vi. 113—of all birds known, it is the longeſt in the ſhell, vi. 119—an inconteſtible proof that birds have their manners rather from nature than education, vi. 127
• Bird-catchers, ſport by counterfeiting the cry of the owl, v. 146—Nets for, and method of taking ſmall birds, v. 304
• Biſcayneers, were in poſſeſſion of the whale-fiſhery on the coaſts of Greenland, in the beginning of the fourteenth century—their method of taking the whale, vi. 205, 206.
• Biſon and Urus, names of deſcendants of one common ſtock, iii. 15—error of the naturaliſts upon this point—the cow and biſon are animals of the ſame kind—deſcription of the biſon, iii. 17—it is ſuppoſed by Klein and Buffon no more than another name for the bonaſus, iii. 18—the breed found in all the ſouthern parts of the world, iii. 20—that breed more expert and docile than ours—many bend their knees to take burdens up or ſet them down—the reſpect for them in India degenerated into adoration—it is nimble of foot—is eſteemed by the Hottentots—aſſiſts them in attending their flocks and guarding them againſt invaders—is taught to combat the enemies of the nation, and every army of the Hot⯑tentots is furniſhed with a herd of them, iii. 21, et ſeq.—they procure the Hottentots an eaſy victory before they ſtrike a blow—lives in the ſame cottage with its maſter, and when it dies, a new one is choſen to ſucceed it by a council of the old men of the village, and is then joined with a vete⯑ran of its own kind, from whom it learns, becomes ſocial and diligent, and is taken for life into friend⯑ſhip and protection—the biſons are found to differ from each other in ſeveral parts of the world—ſome have horns, ſome are without, iii. 22—they are [] equally tractable and gentle when tamed, iii. 23—and are furniſhed with a fine, luſtrous, ſoft hair, more beautiful than that of our own breed—their hump of different ſizes, weighing from forty to fifty pounds, more or leſs—cuts and taſtes ſomewhat like a dreſſed udder—the biſons of Malabar, Abyſ⯑ſinia, Madagaſcar, Arabia, Africa, and America—in the courſe of a few generations, the hump wears away, iii. 23, 24—its deſcription—the biſon and the cow breed among each other, iii. 25, 26—the grunting or Siberian cow, and the little African cow or zebu are different races of the biſon, iii. 32
• Bitch, a pregnant bitch, ſo placed by Mr. Buffon, that her puppies were brought forth in warm water, ii. 53
• Bitches, one forgotten in a country-houſe lived forty days without any other nouriſhment than the wool of a quilt ſhe had torn to pieces, iii. 304, 305
• Bittern, or mire-drum, the ſolemnity of its evening-call cannot be deſcribed by words—they are calls to courtſhip or of connubial felicity—it differs from the heron chiefly in colour—its windpipe fitted for the ſound—opinions concerning the cauſe of its boomings, vi. 2, 3—never utters its call in domeſ⯑tic captivity, vi. 3—its reſidence—a retired timo⯑rous animal—its food, neſt, and eggs, vi. 4—in three days, leads its little ones to their food—dif⯑ferences between the bittern and the heron—its hollow boom conſidered by the vulgar as the pre⯑ſage of ſome ſad event—inſtance of it—its fleſh greatly eſteemed among the luxurious, vi. 4, 5—it ſeldom riſes but when almoſt trod upon—at the latter end of autumn, in the evening, its wonted indolence forſakes it—is then ſeen riſing in a ſpiral aſcent, till quite loſt from the view, making a ſingu⯑lar noiſe different from its former boomings—names given to this bird by the Greeks and Latins, vi. 5
• Bivalve ſhells, vii. 12—all the kinds hermaphrodite, yet require no aſſiſtance towards impregnation, vii. 41—particularly in theſe ſhell-fiſh the pearls are found, vii. 53
• [] Black-bird ſometimes ſeen all over white—its eggs and neſt, v. 321
• Black-bird, of the ſparrow kind, v. 314
• Black-cap, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 317—prized by ſome for its ſinging, and is alſo called the mock nightingale, v. 335
• Blacks, whence originally their flat noſes, ii. 239—black parents have procreated two white negroes, ii. 240—conjectural opinion that the blacks are a race of people bred from one man accidentally black, ii. 233—the climate a cauſe obvious and ſufficient to produce blackneſs, ii. 234—nothing ſa⯑tisfactory diſcovered upon the cauſe producing it in human complexions—opinion of ſir Thomas Brown upon the ſubject, ii. 235
• Bladder, birds have no bladder for urine, v. 17—de⯑ſcription of the air-bladder, and its uſe, in fiſhes, vi. 171, 175—ſome have no bladder, vi. 174
• Blennius, or Blenny, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 306—it brings forth two or three hundred at a time, all alive and playing round the parent, vi. 177
• Blind, ſuch as live in countries generally covered with ſnow become blind, ii. 160—the mole not blind, iv. 92
• Blindworm, its deſcription, vii. 221
• Blood, arterial blood immediately mixed with air in the lungs, is of a fine florid ſcarlet colour—that of the veins returning to the heart is of a blackiſh crimſon hue—whence this difference of colour proceeds not well underſtood, i. 332—the blood circulates through the bones, as through every other part of the body—Mr. Belcher the firſt who diſcovered it—his experiment to this purpoſe, ii. 194—the heat of the blood in man and other ani⯑mals about thirty degrees above congelation—in the marmout, and other animals which ſleep the win⯑ter, it is not above ten degrees, iv. 45—blood of the rein-deer preſerved in ſmall caſks for ſauce with the marrow in ſpring, iii. 167
• Blue-bird deſcribed, v. 321—its reſidence—is rarely [] caught—its docility—ſpeaks and whiſtles at the word of command—manner of taking it, v. 322
• Blue cat, deſcribed, iii. 211, 212
• Bluſhing, whence it proceeds, ii. 93
• Wild boar, varies not his colour as dogs of the do⯑meſtic kind, iii. 172—deſcription—he plows the ground like a furrow—his tuſks ſeen almoſt a foot long—they differ from thoſe of the elephant in that they never fall, iii. 172, 173—when the boars come to a ſtate of maturity, they dread no ſingle creature—their poſition, when attacked—the manner of hunting them, iii. 173, 174—when killed, the teſticles cut off to prevent their tainting the fleſh, iii. 175—was formerly a native of our country—William the Conqueror puniſhed with the loſs of their eyes, ſuch as killed it in his foreſts—at pre⯑ſent the wild breed is extinct, iii. 180—the Cana⯑ry boar deſcribed, iii. 196—the tuſks being broken away, the animal abates its fierceneſs and venery, and nearly the ſame effect as caſtration is pro⯑duced, iii. 197—does not fly the approach of the lion—combat of a lion and a wild boar, in a mea⯑dow near Algiers, iii. 226
• Bobak, name of the marmout in Poland, iv. 48.
• Bodies, why ſome light bodies ſwim, and ponderous bodies ſink, i. 189—the deeper a body ſinks, the greater the reſiſtance of the depreſſed fluid beneath—how then, after it is got a certain way, does it ſink at all, i. 191—animal bodies left to putrefy, produce air copiouſly, i. 337—ſymmetry of the human body—the body of a well-ſhaped man ought to be ſquare, ii. 79, 80—human body often found to differ from itſelf in ſize, ii. 110—in⯑ſtance of it, ii. 108—the cauſe—differs alſo from itſelf in weight, ii. 110—inſtances of it, ii. 109 thoſe parts furniſhed with the greateſt quantity of nerves, are firſt in formation, ii. 146—the tone of a ſonorous body made to depend upon the num⯑ber of its vibrations, and not the force, is taking an effect for a cauſe, ii. 164—ſuffering is but to a [] certain degree—torture becoming exceſſive, de⯑ſtroys itſelf; and the mind ceaſes to perceive, when the body can no longer endure, ii. 207
• Boerhaave taxed with marking out to his pupils a little ridge of hills in Holland, as mountains of no ſmall conſideration, i. 136
• Boiguacu, the largeſt of the ſerpent kind in South America—ſometimes forty feet in length, ii. 6—deſcription of this creature, vii. 226
• Bonaſus, ſuppoſed by Klein and Buffon another name for the biſon, iii. 18
• Bones, in the embryo, ſoft almoſt as the muſcles and fleſh, ii. 193—hard as the bones ſeem, the blood holds its current through them, as through other parts of the body—this was firſt accidentally diſ⯑covered by Mr. Belcher—experiment made to this purpoſe, ii. 194—in old age, more ſolid, alſo more brittle, and why, ii. 195—bread of the Laplanders compoſed of the bones of fiſhes, pounded and mixed with the inſide tender bark of the pine tree, ii. 216—foſſile bones found on the banks of the Ohio, in Peru, and Braſil, iv. 282, 283—fiſh of the ſame kind have the ſame number of bones, vi. 318—a vulgar way of ſpeaking, that fiſhes are at ſome ſeaſons more bony than at others—thoſe ſmall, lean, and with many fins are the moſt bony, vi. 319 number of bones in ſpinous fiſhes always in propor⯑tion to the number and ſize of the fins, vi. 318, 319
• Bonet-Chinois, Mr. Buffon's name of a monkey, ſup⯑poſed a variety of that called malbrouk, iv. 233
• Bonito, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 314
• Booby, name given by our ſeamen to birds of the pen⯑guin tribe, vi. 96
• Borandians, deſcription of them, ii. 213, 214
• Boriſthenes, or Nieper, a river, its courſe and ſource, i. 210
• Borneo, the natives hunt the ouran-outang in the ſame maner as the elephant or the lion, iv. 203
• Baroch, in the kingdom of Cambaya, flocks of pea⯑cocks ſeen in the fields near that city, v. 175
• [] Boſphorus, (the Thracian) was the firſt appropriated, by granting to ſuch as were in poſſeſſion of its ſhore the right of fiſhing in it, i. 232
• Bottom of the ſea in ſome parts not found, and why, i. 290—that of the Red Sea, a foreſt of ſubmarine plants, i. 288—that of the ſea near America covered with vegetables, i. 289—a map of the bottom of the ſea between Africa and America, by M. Buache, i. 290
• Bouro, iſland in the Eaſt Indies, where the babiroueſ⯑ſa, or Indian hog, is principally found—hog of Bouro, the name given by travellers to the babi⯑roueſſa, iii. 192
• Bowels of the ruminating animals conſidered as an elaboratory with veſſels in it, iii. 3
• Boyuna of Ceylon, a kind of ſerpent, vii. 223
• Brain and ſpinal marrow the firſt ſeen in the embryo, ii. 146—earth-worm entirely without it, viii. 168—ſome animals live without their brain for weeks, viii. 170
• Brambling, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 315, 317
• Bramins of India have a power of ſmelling equal to moſt creatures—they ſmell the water they drink, though to us quite inodorous, ii. 180
• Braſil, black clothes worn there ſoon turn of an iron-colour—kept in the ſhops, preſerve their proper hue, i. 314—the Braſilian rabbit, in ſhape like the Engliſh, has no tail—does not burrow—is not above twice the ſize of a dormouſe, iv. 54—duck deſcrib⯑ed, vi. 130
• Bread, twelve ounces of it, and nothing but water, the common allowance, for four and twenty hours, among the primitive Chriſtians of the Eaſt, ii. 132—that of the Laplanders compoſed of bones of fiſhes, pounded and mixed with the inſide tender bark of the pine tree, ii. 216
• Bream, deſcription of the ſea-bream, vi. 308
• Breaſts in women larger than in men—milk found in breaſts of men as well as of women, ii. 102—black womens breaſts, after bearing one child, hang down [] below the navel—it is cuſtomary among them to ſuckle the child at their backs, throwing the breaſt over the ſhoulder, ii. 228
• Breath of the lion is very offenſive, iii. 224.—manner of breathing in fiſhes, vi. 170
• Breed, the Spartan or Moloſſian breed of dogs, iii. 295—Roger de Belegme, earl of Shrewſbury, the firſt who made attempts towards the mending our native breed of horſes, ii. 370—Spaniards take all precautions to improve the breed of jackaſſes, ii. 385
• Breeze from ſea encreaſes gradually till twelve, ſinks away, and totally huſhed at five—upon its ceaſing, the land-breeze begins, encreaſes till twelve at night, and is ſucceeded in the morning by the ſea-breeze—cauſe of theſe two breezes—ſometimes theſe ſea and land breezes come at all hours—the land and ſea-breezes on the coaſts of Malabar and at Congo, i. 350, 351—conſtant breeze produced by the melting of ſnows, i. 347
• Briſſon, his method of claſſing animals, ii. 298
• Briſtol, a citizen of it who ruminated his food, iii. 6
• Britons, the ancient, conſidered the hare as an un⯑clean animal, and religiouſly abſtained from it, iv. 14—the cock a forbidden food among them, v. 161
• Broches, the horns of the ſtag the firſt year, iii. 113
• Brock, the ſtag of the third year, iii. 113
• Brown (ſir Thomas) hoped one day to produce chil⯑dren by the ſame method as trees, ii. 26—his opinion upon the cauſe of blackneſs in human com⯑plexions, ii. 235
• Brun (Le) giving a painter directions about the paſ⯑ſions, places the principal expreſſion of the face in the eye-brows, ii. 84
• Bruſh, the name given by huntſmen to the tail of the fox, iii. 328
• Bruſſels, in the Muſeum there, a creature covered with feathers and hair, ſaid to be bred between a rabbit and a hen, iv. 15
• Brutes, in thoſe countries where men are moſt barba⯑rous [] and ſtupid, brutes are moſt active and ſaga⯑cious, iv. 231
• Buache (M.) gives a map of the bottom of the ſea be⯑tween Africa and America, i. 290
• Bubalus, an animal partaking of the mixed natures of the cow, the goat, and the deer, iii. 79—its de⯑ſcription—has often been called the Barbary cow, from which it differs widely, iii. 80
• Bubalus, properly a gazelle of Africa, iii. 149
• Bubalus of the ancients, ſuppoſed of the cow kind by Buffon, placed among the lower claſs of ruminant quadrupeds, iii. 18
• Buccinums, one or two of them viviparous, vii. 30
• Buck, capable of propagating at the age of one year—one buck ſufficient for an hundred and fifty goats—becomes old before his ſeventh year, iii. 55—hunting the buck and the ſtag performed in the ſame man⯑ner in England, iii. 112—number of names invent⯑ed by hunters for this animal—does not change his layer, like the ſtag—manner of hunting him is much the ſame as that of ſtag-hunting, iii. 128
• Buck-goat produces with the ewe an animal that, in two or three generations, returns to the ſheep, re⯑taining no mark of its ancient progenitor, iii. 35
• Buffalo, of the varieties of the cow kind, but two are really diſtinct, the cow and the buffalo—they bear an antipathy to each other, iii. 18—they do not breed among each other, and no animals are more diſtinct and like each other leſs, iii. 26—are in abundance in Guinea and Malabar, iii. 29—it is a great ſwimmer, iii. 25—deſcription of it, iii. 27—the veal of the young is not better eating than the beef of the old—they are natives of the warmer climates, iii. 28—yet are bred in ſeve⯑ral parts of Europe, particularly in Italy—the female produces one at a time, iii. 29—con⯑tinues pregnant for twelve months, iii. 30—is afraid of fire—leather made of its hide is well known for thickneſs, ſoftneſs, and impenetrability, iii. 27—guided by a ring thruſt through it noſe—[] milk of the female not ſo good as of the cow—two buffaloes yoked draw more than four ſtrong horſes—its fleſh hard and blackiſh, diſagreeable to taſte and ſmell—this animal wild in many parts of India, and dangerous iii. 28—manner of hunting them, iii. 29—when tamed, no animal more patient or humble—inferior in ſize only to the elephant, the rhinoceros, or hippopotamos, iii. 28—the camelo⯑pard, or camel, if taller, neither ſo long, nor ſo corpulent—is fond of the water, and croſſes the largeſt rivers without difficulty, iii. 29—has an averſion to red colours that reſemble flame—in thoſe countries where they are in plenty no perſon dreſſes in ſcarlet—they make moſt uſe of their feet in combat, and rather tread their enemies to death than gore them, iii. 29, 30.
• Buffon, (M.) his theory of the earth, and a detail of 33 to 38—queſtions that might be aſked this moſt ingenious philoſopher concerning his theory of the earth—he has brought together a multitude of facts relative to the hiſtory of the earth, i. 39—his ſyſtem about the rudiments of animals, ii. 19—objections againſt it, ii. 20—thinks that women never become bald, ii. 86—his deſcription of the firſt ſenſations of a man juſt brought into exiſtence, pointing out the ſteps by which he arrived at reali⯑ty, ii. 187, 188.
• Buffoon-bird, name our ſailors give the Numidian crane, v. 390—its peculiar geſtures and contor⯑tions, v. 391—the French call it demoiſelle, v. 390—it is a very ſcarce bird—the ancients have deſcribed a buffoon-bird, but not meant the Nu⯑midian crane, v. 391
• Bug, the May bug. See Beetles.
• Bugs, their habits, vii. 281—deſcribed, vii. 282—are often found coupling tail to tail, vii. 284—manner of deſtroying them—they deſtroy fleas, and devour each other, vii. 285
• Bulbous, hair is ſo at the root, ii. 87
• Bulin, a ſea-ſnail, performs the offices of male and female at the ſame time, vii. 31
• [] Bull, the gimero, aſſerted to be between the aſs and the bull, ii. 386
• Bullfinch, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 315, 317—may be taught to whiſtle a regular tune, v. 345
• Bull-head, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Bulls, the wild, in Spain mean deſpicable animals—have nothing of that ſternneſs of aſpect remarkable in our bulls, iii. 20
• Bull's-eye, name given by ſailors to a terrible hurri⯑cane—deſcribed, i. 359
• Bunting, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 315
• Burnet, his theory of the earth—a detail of that work, i. 22, 23
• Buſtard, the largeſt land-bird that is a native of Bri⯑tain, v. 194—inhabits the open and extenſive plain—is much larger than the turkey, the male gene⯑rally weighing from twenty-five to twenty-ſeven pounds—its deſcription—its food—places where frequently ſeen in flocks of fifty or more, v. 195—they have always centinels placed at proper emi⯑nences, ever on the watch, to warn the flock of the appearance of danger, v. 196
• Buſtards are often run down by greyhounds—in what manner—ſeldom wander above twenty or thirty miles from home, v. 196—the males have a pouch, holding near ſeven quarts of water—they change their mates at the ſeaſon of incubation, about the latter end of ſummer—ſeparate in pairs, if there be a ſufficiency of females for the males; otherwiſe the males fight until one of them falls—in France, ſome of thoſe victims of gallantry found dead in the fields—their neſts—they lay two eggs, almoſt of the ſize of a gooſe-egg—hatch for about five weeks—the young run about as ſoon as out of the ſhell, v. 197—they aſſemble in flocks in Oc⯑tober, and keep together till April—their food in winter—in parts of Swiſſerland, they are found frozen in the fields in ſevere weather—when taken to a warm place, they again recover—uſually live [] fifteen years, and are incapable of being propagated in a domeſtic ſtate, v. 198
• Butcher-bird, its deſcription, with its habits. v. 132—leads a life of continual combat—intrepidity of this little creature, in going to war with the pie, the crow, and the keſtril, all above four times bigger than itſelf—it fights upon the defenſive, and often comes to the attack with advantage, particularly when the male and female unite to protect their young, and to drive away the more powerful birds of rapine—in what manner they ſally forth againſt them, v. 133—ſometimes the combat ends with the deſtruction of the aſſailant, and alſo of the defender, v. 134- the moſt redoubtable birds of prey reſpect them, and they fly in their company without fearing their power or avoiding their reſentment—ſmall birds are its uſual food; and when it has killed the bird or inſect, as aſſerted by the beſt authority, it fixes them upon ſome neighbouring thorn, and when thus ſpit⯑ted, pulls them to pieces with its bill, v. 134—the ſmaller red butcher-bird migrates—the places where they are to be found, v. 135, 136—their neſts, and the number of their eggs—the female feeds her young with caterpillars and other inſects, but ſoon after accuſtoms them to fleſh procured by the male with great induſtry—their nature very dif⯑ferent from other birds of prey in their parental care; for, inſtead of driving out their young from the neſt to ſhift for themſelves, they keep them with care, and even when adult do not forſake them—the whole brood thus live in a family toge⯑ther—each family afterwards live apart, and hunt in concert—upon the returning ſeaſon of courtſhip, this union is at an end, the family parts for ever, each to eſtabliſh a little houſhold of his own, v. 135—the manner of flying is always up and down, ſeldom direct or ſideways—different kinds of this bird, v. 136
• Butter, the fat of the manati ſerves in all caſes inſtead of butter, iv. 186
• [] Butterfly, one of the principal ornaments of oriental poetry—in thoſe countries, the inſect is larger and more beautiful than with us, viii. 4—Mr. Reaumur found, that, laying the aurelia in a warm room, he haſtened the diſcloſure of the butterfly, and keeping it in an ice-houſe, he delayed it, viii. 26—the ef⯑forts which it makes to get free from its aurelia ſtate, are not ſo violent as thoſe had in changing from the caterpillar into the aurelia, viii. 27—how the butterfly gets rid of the aurelia, viii. 28—eaſily diſtin⯑guiſhed from flies of every other kind by their wings—Linnaeus has reckoned up above ſeven hundred and ſixty different kinds, yet the catalogue is incomplete, viii. 32—number and beautiful colours of its wings, viii. 33—butterflies can diſcover their mates at more than a mile's diſtance, viii. 34—deſcription of the head, corſelet, and body, viii. 35—the eyes have not all the ſame form; but the outward coat has a luſtre, in which may be diſcovered all the colours of the rainbow—when examined cloſely, it has the appearance of a multiplying glaſs, viii. 36—the uſe of their horns or feelers as yet unknown, viii. 37—uſe of their trunks—difference between butterflies and moths, viii. 38—they often perceive the ap⯑proach of the female at above two miles diſtance; by what ſenſe is not eaſy to conceive—it has no organs for ſmelling—the female is larger than the male, viii. 39—if diſturbed while united, the fe⯑male flies off with the male on her back, entirely paſſive upon the occaſion—after junction, they de⯑poſite their eggs and die—all females of this tribe are impregnated by the male by one aperture, and lay their eggs by another, viii. 40—every butterfly chuſes for her brood, inſtead of the plant moſt grateful in its winged ſtate, that it has fed upon in its reptile form—how they keep their eggs warm, and alſo entirely concealed, viii. 41—many do not lay till the winter warns them of their approaching end; ſome continue the whole winter in hollows of trees, and do not provide for poſterity until the beginning [] of April, then leave their retreats, depoſite their eggs, and die, viii. 42—ſome kinds actually live upon nothing, ii. 125
• Buttock, in man, different from that of all other ani⯑mals, ii. 105
• Buzzard, a ſluggiſh inactive bird, often remains perched whole days upon the ſame bough—lives more upon frogs, mice, and inſects, than upon birds more troubleſome to ſeize—its manner of living in ſummer—ſo little capable of inſtruction, that it is a proverb to call one obſtinately ignorant, a buzzard—the honey-buzzard, the moor-buzzard, and the hen-harrier, are of this ſtupid tribe, and differ chiefly in their ſize, v. 130
• Byron (Commodore) our laſt voyager that has ſeen the gigantic race of mankind, ii. 261

• Cabiai, the ſame animal as the capibara, iii. 189
• Cachalot, a fiſh ſaid to purſue a ſhoal of herrings, and to ſwallow thouſands at a gulp, vi. 168—it has ge⯑nerally gone under the name of the ſpermaceti whale, till Mr. Penant made the diſtinction, bor⯑rowing its name from the French—ſeven diſtinc⯑tions in this tribe—deſcription, vi. 217—the throat of this animal very formidable—with eaſe it could ſwallow an ox—it can at one gulp ſend a ſhoal of fiſhes down its enormous gullet—it terrifies the dol⯑phins and porpoiſes ſo much, as often to drive them on ſhore—it contains two precious drugs, ſpermaceti and ambergreaſe, vi. 218—the oil of this fiſh is eaſily convertible into ſpermaceti, by boiling it with a ley of pot-aſh, and hardening it in the manner of ſoap—candles are now made of it, vi. 220—the balls of ambergreaſe not found in all fiſhes of this kind, but chiefly in the oldeſt and ſtrongeſt, vi. 221
• Cagui, or the ſaki, is the largeſt monkey of the ſagoin kind—its deſcription, iv. 237
• [] Cajeta, a mountain near it, was ſplit by an earth⯑quake, i. 157
• Cairo, in what manner they produce there ſix or ſeven thouſand chickens at a time, v. 168
• Calabria and Sicily firſt taught the other kingdoms of Europe the manufacture of ſilk, viii. 50
• Calao, the horned Indian raven, v. 235
• Calcination, all animal ſubſtances when calcined are the ſame, vii. 3
• Calculations made by Kircher in taking the heights of places are incredible; and why, i. 154
• Calf, name given to the young of the hind, or the female of the ſtag, iii. 108
• Calf, or hind-calf; the ſtag called ſo the firſt year, iii. 113
• Callitrix, the green monkey of St. Jago, of the an⯑cient continent—its deſcription, iv. 234
• Callyonymus, the dragonet—deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 306
• Calms attended with deluges of rain—why, and where, i. 345
• Camel a ruminating animal, iii. 5—camel and dro⯑medary not two diſtinct kinds, only a variety of the ſame, which has ſubſiſted time immemorial—the only ſenſible difference between thoſe two races, they produce with each other, and the mixed breed is conſidered the beſt—of the two the dromedary is far the moſt numerous—countries where the camel and dromedary are found, iv. 302—neither can ſubſiſt, or propagate, in the cli⯑mates towards the North—Arabia the moſt adapted to the ſupport and production of this animal—the camel the moſt temperate of all animals—it can continue to travel ſeveral days without drinking, and is often ſix or ſeven days without any ſuſtenance—its feet formed to travel upon ſand, and utterly un⯑fit for moiſt or marſhy places, iv. 303—many vain efforts tried to propagate the camel in Spain—they have been tranſported into America, but have mul⯑tiplied in neither—they might perhaps produce in [] theſe countries, but would in a few years degene⯑rate; their ſtrength and their patience would forſake them; and inſtead of enriching, become a burthen to their keepers, iv. 304—uſes to which this animal is put among the Arabians, iv. 304, 305—its edu⯑cation, iv. 306—it has a fifth ſtomach, as a reſer⯑voir, to hold a greater quantity of water than imme⯑diately wanted—when the camel finds itſelf preſſed with thirſt, it throws up a quantity of this water by a ſimple contraction of the muſcles, in⯑to the other ſtomachs—travellers, when ſtraight⯑ened for water, have often killed their camels for what they expected to find within them—countries where commerce is carried on by means of camels iv. 307—trading journies in caravans—their food iv. 308—purſue their way when the guides are ut⯑terly aſtray—its patience and docility when load⯑ed, iv. 309—in what manner the female receives the male—one male left to wait on ten females, the reſt caſtrated—they live from forty to fifty years, iv. 310—every part of this animal converted to ſome uſeful purpoſe—its very excrements are not uſeleſs, iv. 311—their burthen, iv. 308
• Camel, the lama conſidered as the camel of the new world, iv. 312
• Cameleon, its dimenſions and appetites, vii. 151—has a power of driving the air it breathes over every part of the body. vii. 152—changes of its colour, vii. 153—it is an error that it aſſumes the colour of the object it approaches, vii. 154—deſcription of it by Le Bruyn—it often moves one eye, when the other is at reſt—ſometimes one eye ſeems to look directly forward, while the other looks back⯑ward; and one looks upward, while the other re⯑gards the earth, vii. 154, 155, 156
• Camelopard deſcribed, iv. 298—dimenſions of a young one, iv. 299—inhabits the deſerts of Africa, iv. 298—no animal from its diſpoſition, or its forma⯑tion, leſs fitted for a ſtate of natural hoſtility, iv. [] 299, 300—it lives entirely upon vegetables, and when grazing, ſpreads its fore legs wide to reach the paſture—known to the ancients, but rarely ſeen in Europe—often ſeen tame at Grand Cairo, in Egypt—Pompey exhibited at one time ten upon the theatre, iv. 300
• Camerarius, his deſcription of the perfections a horſe ought to poſſeſs, ii. 372
• Camlet made of the hair of animals about Angora, iii. 58
• Canada, above thirty thouſand martins ſkins annually imported from that country into England, iii. 372
• Canals for the circulation of blood through the bones, are of different capacities, during the different ſtages of life, ii. 194, 195—canal of communication through which the blood circulates in the foetus, without going through the lungs, found open in ſome bodies when diſſected, vii. 58
• Canary-bird, by the name, originally from the Ca⯑nary Iſlands—come to us from Germany, where they are bred in numbers—at what period brought into Europe is not known—about a cen⯑tury ago they were ſold at very high prices, and kept only for the amuſement of the great—in its native iſlands it is of a duſky grey colour, and ſo dif⯑ferent from thoſe ſeen in Europe, as to raiſe a doubt about its ſpecies, v. 339—rules and inſtructions for breeding them in a domeſtic ſtate, v. 340, 341—apparatus for breeding it in Germany, v. 342—food the old ones muſt be ſupplied with, when the young ones are excluded—ſo prolific are theſe birds ſometimes, that the female will be ready to hatch a ſecond brood before the firſt is able to quit the neſt, v. 343—this bird kept in company with the linnet or gold-finch, pairs and produces a mixed breed, moſt like the canary-bird, and reſembling it in its ſong, v. 344—taught to pick up the let⯑ters of the alphabet at the word of command, to ſpell any perſon's name in company, v. 41
• [] Canary boar deſcribed, iii. 196
• Cancerous breaſts cured by the ſucking of the rubeth, or the land-toad, vii. 102
• Candle quickly extinguiſhes in an exhauſted receiver, and why, i. 333
• Cannons filled with water, and left to freeze, burſt, i. 179
• Cantharis, well known in the ſhops by the name of Spaniſh flies, and for their uſe in bliſters—their deſcription, with the differences from each other, viii. 141—the countries where, and trees on which they are ſeen—it is reported, that the country people expect the return of theſe in⯑ſects every ſeven years—their bad ſmell is a guide for thoſe who catch them—they ſmell ſo diſagree⯑able, as to be perceived at a great diſtance, eſpe⯑cially about ſun-ſet, though not ſeen at that time, viii. 142—they yield a deal of volatile cauſtic ſalt—their qualities—the effects fall principally upon the urinary paſſages—in what manner they are killed, viii. 143
• Cape de Verde iſlands—a ſouth-wind prevails in them during the month of July, i. 346
• Cape of Good Hope, a north-weſt wind blows there during the month of September, i. 346—at the Cape of Good Hope it is cuſtomary to hunt the elephant for its teeth, iv. 280—in what manner—account of an unhappy huntſman, iv. 281
• Capibara, or cabial, an animal reſembling an hog of about two years old, iii. 190—its deſcription—ſome naturaliſts have called it the water-hog; and why, iii. 191—a native of South America, and chiefly frequenting the borders of lakes and rivers—like the otter it ſeizes the fiſh, upon which it preys, with its hoofs and teeth—lives alſo upon fruits, corn, and ſugar-canes—its cry reſembles the braying of an aſs, more than the grunting of an hog—its only place of ſafety is the water, into which it plunges, when purſued; and keeps ſo long at the bottom, that the hunter can have no [] no hopes of taking it there, iii. 192—when young is eaſily tamed—its fleſh has a fiſhy taſte, but its head is ſaid to be excellent, iii. 192
• Capons taught to clutch a freſh brood of chickens throughout the year, v. 169
• Capon of Pharaoh ſuppoſed the true ibis—is a devourer of ſerpents, and follows the caravans that go to Mecca, to feed upon the offal of the animals killed on the journey, v. 385
• Caracal, or the ſiaguſh, a native of the Eaſt Indies, reſembles the lynx in ſize, iii. 258
• Caracol, a town ſituated at the foot of the Andes, i. 147
• Caraguata, a plant in the Weſt Indies, which clings round the tree it happens to be near—it keeps away that nouriſhment deſigned to feed the trunk, and at laſt entirely deſtroys its ſupporter, ii. 4
• Carapo, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 311
• Caraſſa, a volcano in South America, i. 99
• Caravan, a ſingle lion of the deſert often attacks an entire caravan, iii. 216—the aſſemblage called a caravan ſometimes compoſed of numbers amount⯑ing to ten thouſand, iv. 308
• Carcajou, name given by the North Americans to the glutton—its manner of killing the rein-deer, iii. 170
• Caribou, name the Americans give the rein-deer, iii. 153
• Carli (Father) his account of the faithful ſervices of monkies in Angola, where he went to convert the ſavage natives to Chriſtianity, iv. 231
• Carnivorous animals ſeek their food in gloomy ſoli⯑tude, iii. 1—they are ſharper than the ruminating animals, and why—their ſtomachs ſmall, and their inteſtines ſhort, iii. 2—their inteſtines thin and lean, iii. 4—except the dog, none will make a voluntary attack, but with the odds on their ſide, ii. 319—in proportion as each wants ſtrength, it uſes the aſſiſtance of patience, aſſiduity, and cun⯑ning, ii. 320—there is one claſs that purſue in a [] pack, and encourage each other by their mutual cries, ii. 322—ſupport a ſtate of famine for ſeve⯑ral weeks together, ii. 323—milk in thoſe animals is more ſparing than in others, iii. 337.
• Carnivorous birds ſeek for ſuch as are of the ſize moſt approaching their own, v. 81. See Birds.
• Carp, an experiment made with this fiſh in a large vaſe of water, under an air-pump, vi. 169, 171—one found by Buffon not leſs than a hundred years old—this diſcovery confirmed by other authors, vi. 176—continues in the egg not above three weeks, vi. 180—Mr. Tull famous for his invention of ſpaying carp to give it a fine flavour, vi. 182—its deſcription, vi. 314—the method of fattening it in a damp cellar—it has been known thus to live for a fortnight to grow exceedingly fat, and to get a ſuperior flavour, vi. 320
• Carriers, pigeons uſed to carry letters, v. 292
• Carrion-crow reſembles the raven in its appetites, its laying, and manner of bringing up its young, v. 230
• Carteſius, his theory to explain the invariable motion of the winds, not quite ſo abſurd as that of doc⯑tor Lyſter, i. 342
• Carthagena, in America—the heat of its climate af⯑fects the ſpeech of its inhabitants, which is ſoft and ſlow, and their words generally broken—more than three parts of our army deſtroyed by the cli⯑mate, in our unſucceſsful attack upon it, i. 322
• Carthamus, or baſtard ſaffron, ſtrongly purgative to man, v. 281—parrots very fond of it, v. 280
• Cartilage, the thyroid cartilage, ii. 102—cartilages in youth elaſtic, and pliant in age, become at laſt hard and bony; and why, ii. 195
• Cartilaginous fiſhes—their general conformation—ſuppoſed they grow larger every day till they die, vi. 231—their internal ſtructure—are poſſeſſed of a twofold power of breathing—apertures by which they breathe, vi. 232—the cartilaginous ſhark, or ray, live ſome hours after they are taken []—fiſhes of this tribe can remain under wa⯑ter, without taking breath; and can venture their heads above the deep, and continue for hours out of their native element, vi. 233—their ſeaſon and manner of copulating—and of bringing forth, vi. 234—little difference between the viviparous, and the oviparous kinds, in this claſs of fiſhes, vi. 235—five diviſions of the cartilaginous fiſh, vi. 235, 236, 237
• Caſſowary, a bird firſt brought into Europe by the Dutch from Java, in the Eaſt Indies, where only it is found—its deſcription, v. 68, 69—the part which moſt diſtinguiſhes this animal is the head, which inſpires ſome degree of terror, v. 70—its internal parts deſcribed—it has the head of a warrior, the eye of a lion, the defence of a porcupine, and the ſwiftneſs of a courſer, v. 72—is not fierce in its natural character—how it defends itſelf—extraor⯑dinary manner of going—the Dutch aſſert that it can devour glaſs, iron, and ſtones, and even live and burning coals, without the ſmalleſt fear, or the leaſt injury, v. 73—the largeſt of its eggs is fifteen inches round one way, and twelve the other—places where this animal is found—it has not multiplied in any conſiderable degree, as a king of Java made a preſent of one to the captain of a Dutch ſhip, as a rarity, v. 74
• Catacombs of Egypt, ii. 277
• Catamountain, or the Ocelot of Mr. Buffon, iii. 255—its deſcription, iii. 256—it hunts for the hare, or the rabbit, ii. 320—is one of the fierceſt, and for its ſize, one of the moſt deſtructive animals in the world, iii. 262
• Cats, the wild hunt for the ſquirrel or the mouſe, ii. 320
• Catanea, a city utterly overthrown by an earthquake, i. 111, 112
• Cataphractus, or kabaſſou, is one of the largeſt kinds of the armadilla, iv. 133
• Cataracts of the Rhine, and of the Nile, i. 221—the [] cataract of the river Velino, in Italy, is above an hundred and fifty feet perpendicular—a cataract near the city of Gottenburg in Sweden—other ca⯑taracts, i. 222, 223
• Cataract of the eye, Mr. Cheſelden having couched a boy of thirteen, who to that time had been blind, and at once having reſtored him to ſight, curiouſly marked the progreſs of his mind upon the occa⯑ſion, ii. 152, 153
• Caterpillars, their differences from all other inſects, viii. 4, et ſeq.—all theſe animals are hatched from the eggs of butterflies—during winter, the greateſt number of caterpillars are in an egg ſtate, viii. 7—in the aurelia ſtate, they are ſeemingly deprived of life and motion, viii. 8—ſome do not make any change at the approach of winter, but chuſe them⯑ſelves ſome retreat, and there remain quite mo⯑tionleſs, and as inſenſible as if actually dead—ca⯑terpillars of this kind are found in great numbers together, encloſed in one common web that covers them all—there are ſome of the kind, whoſe butter⯑flies live all the winter; and where, viii. 9—a ſingle caterpillar eats double its own weight of leaves in a day, and ſeems no way diſordered by the meal, viii. 10—the body of the caterpillar anatomically conſidered, viii. 11—avidity with which they feed, viii. 12—number of their ſtigmata, or thoſe holes through which the animal is ſuppoſed to breathe, viii. 13—it has eighteen lungs—the experiment of Malphigi to aſcertain their uſe, viii. 14—all caterpillars ſpin at one time or another, viii. 15—many of them change their ſkins five or ſix times in a ſeaſon, viii. 16—and in what manner, viii. 17—change into an aurelia, viii. 19—their re⯑treats in that ſtate, viii. 22, 23—there are thouſands of fiſhes, birds, and inſects, that live chiefly up⯑on caterpillars, viii. 43—a ſingle ſparrow and its mate, that have young ones, deſtroy above three thouſand caterpillars in a week—ſome of the kind, fitted only to live upon leaves and plants, [] will eat each other, in preference to their vegetable food, viii. 44—the bodies of the larger kinds ſerve as a neſt to various flies, that very carefully de⯑poſite their eggs in them, viii. 46—number of worms remain within the body of the caterpillar, devouring its entrails, without deſtroying its life, viii. 47—the inchneumon tribe is not the cater⯑pillar's offspring, as ſuppoſed, but its murderers, viii. 48
• Cat-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 308
• Cats, the whole tribe ſeek their food alone, and never unite for mutual defence, nor for mutual ſup⯑port—and, except at certain ſeaſons, are enemies to each other—all of the cat kind devour nothing but fleſh, and ſtarve upon any other proviſion, iii. 198—their greateſt force lies in the claws, iii. 200—the cat goes with young fifty-ſix days; and ſeldom brings forth above five or ſix at a time—the male often devours the kittens—before they are a year old, they are fit to engender, iii. 203—the female ſeeks the male with cries; nor is their co⯑pulation performed without great pain; and why—cats hunt the ſerpents in the iſle of Cy⯑prus—any animal weaker than themſelves, is to them an indiſcriminate object of deſtruction—the mouſe is their favourite game, and they patiently watch a whole day, until the mouſe appears, iii. 204, 205—a flagrant mark by which the cat diſcovers its natural malignity—their eyes ſee better in dark⯑neſs than light; and why—if the inhabitant quits the houſe, the cat ſtill remains, iii. 205, 206—is ex⯑ceſſively fond of ſome plants, ſuch as valerian, ma⯑rum, and cat-mint—particularly loves fiſh, iii. 206, 207—its ſleep is very light—its hair ſends forth ſhining ſparks, if rubbed in the dark—the wild breed with the tame—deſcription of the wild cat, iii. 207, 208—inhabits the moſt mountainous and woody parts, lives moſtly in trees, and feeds only by night—the cat was much higher in eſteem a⯑mong our anceſtors than it is at preſent, iii. 208—[] laws of Howel, concerning the price of cats—cats were not naturally bred in our foreſts—of all qua⯑drupeds, the wild cat is, perhaps, that whoſe inteſ⯑tines are proportionably the ſmalleſt and the ſhorteſt; and why, iii. 208, 209—common to the new con⯑tinent, as well as the old—the blue-cat, iii. 211—the lion cat, or more properly, the cat of An⯑gora—the cats in Syria and Perſia remarkable for their long, ſoft hair, iii. 212—all the cat kind are kept off by the fires which the inhabitants light to preſerve their herds and flocks—and they hunt ra⯑ther by the ſight than the ſmell, iii. 222—it happens that the lion purſues the jackall or the wild dog, while they are hunting upon the ſcent, and mere⯑ly for themſelves; the lion is then an unwelcome intruder upon the fruits of their toil—from thence, probably, has ariſen the ſtory of the lion's provid⯑er, iii. 223—the lion devours a great deal at a time, and generally fills himſelf for two or three days to come—in the deſerts and foreſts, his moſt uſual prey are the gazelles, and the monkeys, iii. 223, 224—the race of cats noxious in proportion to their power to do miſchief—inhabit the moſt torrid latitudes of India, Africa, and America, and have never been able to multiply beyond the torrid zone; they ſeldom attack man, though provoked—of all animals theſe are the moſt ſullen, and, to a proverb, untameable, iii. 259—different claſſes of the kind from the lion to the cat, iii. 267, 268—the wild cat and the match ſeldom meet without a combat—it is not a match for the martin, iii. 369—the cat of Pharaoh injudiciouſly called the ichneu⯑mon, iii. 376—cats of Conſtantinople, a name of the gennet, and why, iii. 388
• Cattle, we have the beſt breed of horned cattle in Europe, iii. 12—the large hornleſs bred in ſome parts of England, originally from Poland, iii. 13—the Dutch bring great quantities of lean cattle from Denmark, to fatten on their own rich grounds []—that of Ukraine becomes fat, and is conſidered the largeſt breed of all Europe—in Switzerland theſe animals grow to a large ſize—not ſo in France, iii. 19—ſize in Barbary, Ethiopia, Perſia, and Tartary, iii. 20—leather-mouthed cattle, iii. 45—liable to be deſtroyed by the South-American bat, vampyre, iv. 146
• Caverns, the amazing cavern of Eldenhole in Derby⯑ſhire, i. 60—the dreadful cavern in the country of the Arrian Indians, called the Gulph of Pluto, deſcribed by Aelian, i. 61—cavern of Maeſtricht, i. 63—its deſcription, i. 64—no part of the world has a greater number of artificial caverns than Spain, i. 64—in general deſerted by every race of meaner animals, except the bat—the caverns call⯑ed Oakey-hole, the Devil's-hole, and Penpark-hole in England, i. 65—the cavern of Antiparos, and its diſcovery, i. 67—how natural caverns formed, i. 72—two hundred feet as much as the loweſt of them is found to ſink, i. 73—one in Africa, near Fez, continually ſends forth either ſmoke or flames, i. 99
• Caviar, the inhabitants of Norway prepare from eggs found in the body of the porpeſs, a ſavoury liquor, which makes a delicate ſauce, and is good when eaten with bread, vi. 228—it is made with the roe of ſturgeon—more in requeſt in other countries of Europe than with us—and is a conſiderable merchandize among the Turks, Greeks, and Ve⯑netians—manner of making it, vi. 281, 282
• Cauſes, the inveſtigation of final cauſes a barren ſtu⯑dy; and, like a virgin dedicated to the deity, brings forth nothing, i. 20
• Cauſtic, cantharides yield a great deal of volatile cau⯑ſtic ſalt, viii. 143
• Cayman, a ſort of crocodile, vii. 119
• Cayopolin, a kind of oppoſſum—its deſcription, iv. 248
• Cea, an iſland waſhed away with ſeveral thouſand inhabitants, i. 134
• [] Cells made by the bees, viii. 70, 71
• Cenere, a mount of recent appearance, i. 162
• Centinel, ſome animals carefully avoid their enemies, by placing ſentries to warn of danger, and know how to puniſh ſuch as neglect their poſt, or are unmindful of the common ſafety, ii. 324—when the marmouts venture abroad, one is placed as a ſentry, upon a lofty rock, iv. 43—the buſtards have centinels placed upon proper eminences, where always on the watch, they warn the flock of the ſmalleſt appearance of danger, v. 196
• Centipes, the ſcolopendra, vii. 302
• Centriſcus, a kind of cartilaginous fiſh, vi. 291
• Cephus, name given by the ancients to the monkey now called mona, iv. 234
• Cepola, the deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 307
• Cerigo, an iſland of the Archipelago, where many wild aſſes are found, ii. 377
• Cetaceous fiſhes, the whale and its varieties reſemble quadrupeds in their internal ſtructure, and in ſome of their appetites and affections, vi. 185—they are conſtrained every two or three minutes to come up to the ſurface to take breath, as well as to ſpout out through their noſtril, for they have but one, that water which they ſucked in while gap⯑ing for their prey, vi. 186—the ſenſes of theſe animals ſuperior to thoſe of other fiſhes, and it is moſt likely that all animals of the kind can hear, vi. 187—they never produce above one young, or two at the moſt; and this the female ſuckles in the manner of quadrupeds, her breaſts being placed, as in the human kind, above the navel—diſtinctive marks of this tribe, vi. 188, 189, 190
• Chace, men of every age and nation have made that of the ſtag a favourite purſuit—in our country it was ever eſteemed a principal diverſion of the great, iii. 109—the ſame in Sicily, iii. 120—and in China, iii. 121—terms uſed by hunters in that chace, iii. 113, 114—chace of the fox—cant terms uſed by the huntſmen in it, iii. 328—theſe ſports [] reſerved by ſovereigns for particular amuſement, and when, iii. 109—in the reigns of William Ru⯑fus and Henry the Firſt, it was leſs criminal to deſtroy a human being than a beaſt of chace—ſa⯑cred edifices thrown down for room to beaſts of chace, iii. 110—chace of the ſtag, as performed in England, iii. 112, 116—of all varieties, that of the oſtrich the moſt laborious, is alſo the moſt en⯑tertaining—deſcription of it, v. 59, 60
• Chacrelas, white men go by that name in the Eaſt Indies, ii. 241
• Chaetodon, or the cat-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 308
• Chaffinch, a bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 315, 317, 318—time of emigration of the hen, v. 32
• Chapotonadas, a diſtemper in America, i. 323
• Charles XII. when ſhot at the ſiege of Frederickſhall, was ſeen to clap his hand on the hilt of his ſword, ii. 208
• Charoſſi, the only ſort of horſes for hunting lions, iii. 226
• Charybdis, a gulph, Nicola Peſce jumped into it, continued for three quarters of an hour below, and at laſt appeared holding a golden cup in one hand, and making his way among the waves with the other, i. 296—deſcription of this gulph, i. 297
• Chaſms, amazing in the Alps, i. 59—and ſtill more in the Andes, i. 60—cauſes that produce chaſms or fiſſures, i. 62
• Chatterer, a bird native of Germany—its deſcription, v. 242
• Cheeſe, the inhabitants of Canada uſe no other than the milk of the hind, or the female of the ſtag, iii. 124—thoſe of Lapland little and well taſted, iii. 165—never breed mites, iii. 166
• Cheops, the oldeſt meaſure of the human figure in his monument, in the firſt pyramid of Egypt, ii. 264
• Cheſelden, after couching a boy of thirteen for a cata⯑ract, blind from his infancy, and at once reſtor⯑ing him to ſight, curiouſly marked the progreſs of his mind upon the occaſion, ii. 152 to 156
• [] Chevrotin, or little Guinea deer, the leaſt of all clo⯑ven footed quadrupeds, and perhaps the moſt beau⯑tiful—is moſt delicately ſhaped—its deſcription—native of India, Guinea, and the warm climates between the tropics, iii. 82—the male in Guinea has horns; but the female is without any—they chiefly abound in Java and Ceylon, iii. 83
• Cheyne, ſuſpected the quantity of water on the earth daily decreaſing, i. 182
• Chicken, an amazing hiſtory of it in the egg, by Mal⯑pighi and Haller, ii. 30, et ſeq.—in what manner ſix or ſeven thouſand are produced at a time, at Grand Cairo, v. 168—capons clutch a freſh brood of chickens throughout the year, v. 169
• Child, hiſtory of the child in the womb, ii. 39 to 47—as the child encreaſes in age, the inferior parts pro⯑portionably lengthen, ii. 108—a child marked with a ſcar, ſimilar to one the father had received in battle, ii. 238—Sir Thomas Brown hoped to be⯑come able to produce children by the ſame method as trees, ii. 26—children of negroes able to walk at two months old; at leaſt to move from one place to another—ſkin of children newly brought forth, is always red, and why—the ſize of a new-born in⯑fant about twenty inches, and its weight twelve pounds, ii. 56—in cold countries continue to be ſuckled for four or five years together, ii. 59—child's growth leſs every year, till the time of pu⯑berty when it ſeems to ſtart up of a ſudden, ii. 61—in ſome countries ſpeak ſooner than in others, and why, ii. 64—children of the Italians ſpeak ſooner than thoſe of the Germans—various me⯑thods pointed out to improve the intellects of children, ii. 64, et ſeq.—white children frequent⯑ly produced from black parents; but never black children from two whites, ii. 240—inherit the accidental deformities of their parents—inſtances of it, ii. 238—many inſtances of the child in the womb being marked by the ſtrong affec⯑tions of the mother—how performed is not known, [] ii. 249—hard to conceive that the child, in the womb, ſhould take the print of the father's fea⯑tures, ii. 248
• Chimborazo, a remarkable mountain in South Ameri⯑ca, i. 151
• Chineſe, have neither flats nor ſharps in their muſic, ii. 166—their horſes weak, little, ill ſhaped, and cowardly, ii. 364—deſcription of that people, ii. 221
• Choroſan, in Perſia, bodies previouſly embalmed and buried in the ſands of that country, preſerved from corruption for a thouſand years, ii. 277
• Chough, deſcription of the Corniſh chough, v. 231
• St. Chriſtopher, Dr. Grainger, who reſided for many years there, affirmed, that of the ſame kind of fiſh caught at one end of the iſland, ſome were the beſt and moſt wholeſome in the world; while others taken at a different end, were dangerous, and com⯑monly fatal, vi. 349
• Chryſalis, or the aurelia, viii. 19
• Chryſes, an iſland ſunk near Lemnos, i. 134
• Cicero, a long poem of his in praiſe of the halcyon, of which but two lines remain, vi. 144
• Circaſſians, deſcribed, ii. 230
• Circe, an enchantreſs, armed her ſon with a ſpear headed with the ſpine of the trygon, vi. 260
• Circulation of the blood through the bones, firſt acci⯑dentally diſcovered by Mr. Belcher—experiment made by him for this purpoſe—canals for circula⯑tion of the blood through the bones of different ca⯑pacities, in the various ſtages of life, ii. 194—circulation through all parts of the body, ii. 195
• Civet, the ſpecies diſtinguiſhed into two kinds; Mr. Buffon calls one the civet, the other the zibet—di⯑ſtinction between the two kinds—the civet thirty inches long—both civet and zibet conſidered as va⯑rieties of the ſame animal, as former naturaliſts have done, iii. 389—the civet reſembles the weaſel kind, in what—differs from them, in what—the [] opening of the pouch or bag, the receptacle of the civet, iii. 389, 390—manner of taking the civet from the pouch—although a native of warmeſt climates, this animal lives in temperate, and even cold countries, iii. 391—kinds of food it likes beſt—drinks rarely, yet makes urine often; and, upon ſuch occaſions, the male is not diſtinguiſh⯑able from the female—numbers of theſe animals bred in Holland, and the perfume of Amſterdam reckoned the pureſt of any—the quantity greater proportionably to the quality and abundance of the food—this perfume ſo ſtrong that it communi⯑cates to all parts of the animal's body, iii 392—to its fur and ſkin—manner of chooſing the perfume—the places of conſiderable traffic in it—the ani⯑mal irritated, its ſcent becomes greater; and tor⯑mented, its ſweat, is ſtill ſtronger, and ſerves to adul⯑terate or encreaſe what otherwiſe obtained from it—civet a more grateful perfume than muſk—ſold in Holland for fifty ſhillings an ounce, iii. 393—its eyes ſhine in the night—ſees better in the dark than by day—breeds very faſt in climates where heat conduces to propagation—thought a wild fierce animal, never thoroughly familiar—lives by prey, birds and animals, it can overcome—its claws feeble and inflexible—this perfume quite diſcon⯑tinued in preſcription, iii. 394
• Clavicles, or collar bones, what animals have them—Mr. Buffon ſays, none but monkeys, this an over⯑ſight, ii. 102
• Claws of the lion give a falſe idea of its power; we aſcribe to its force the effects of its arms, ii. 111—the weaſel kind neither draw in, nor extend their claws, as cats do, iii. 346—thoſe of the civet, feeble and inflexible, iii. 394
• Climates, calamities in thoſe where air is condenſed by cold, i. 325—cauſe obvious and ſufficient to produce blackneſs of negroes, ii. 234—com⯑plexions of different countries darken in propor⯑tion [] to the heat of the region, ii. 233, 234—next to human influence, the climate has the ſtrongeſt effects upon the nature and form of qua⯑drupeds, ii. 328—thoſe exceſſively hot, unfavour⯑able to horſes, ii. 363—in general, water fowls of no peculiar climate, vi. 106
• Cloth, now made worſe than ſome years paſt, iii. 44—Flemings poſſeſſed the art of cloth-working in a ſuperior degree, iii. 43.
• Clove-trees, cut down by the Dutch at Ternate to raiſe the price of the ſpice—ſoon had reaſon to re⯑pent of their avarice, i. 325
• Clouds, the fore-runners of a terrible hurricane, call⯑ed by ſailors the bull's eye, i. 359—daſhing a⯑gainſt each other, produce electrical fire—water evaporates, and riſing forms clouds, i. 368—theo⯑ry upon it—that of Dr. Hamilton, i. 369—the author's theory of evaporation, i. 370—at once pour down their contents, and produce a deluge—reflecting back images of things on earth, like mirrors, i. 377
• Clupea, or herring, its deſcription, vi. 314
• Coaiti, a monkey of the new continent, deſcribed, iv. 236
• Coan, the name of a dwarf lately dead at Chelſea, ii. 254
• Coaſt of Italy is bordered with rocks of marble of dif⯑ferent kinds—thoſe of France from Breſt to Bour⯑deaux, and Spain, compoſed of rocks, i. 271—of the ſea, have peculiar winds, i. 348, et ſeq.—deadly winds all along thoſe of the Perſian Gulph, and thoſe of India, i. 359
• Coatimondi, extreme length of its ſnout—its deſcrip⯑tion—very ſubject to eat its own tail—its habits, iv. 336, 337
• Cobitis, the loach, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 314
• Cobra di Capello, a kind of ſerpent, vii. 192, 201, 216
• Cochineal, deſcription of this inſect as in our ſhops brought from America, viii. 145—difference be⯑tween [] the domeſtic and wild cochineal—precautions uſed by thoſe who take care of theſe inſects, viii. 145, 146—the propagator has a new harveſt thrice a year—various methods of killing them produce different colours as brought to us—our cochineal is only the females; uſed both for dyeing and me⯑dicine, viii. 147
• Cock, of all birds the cock the oldeſt companion of man, and firſt reclaimed from the foreſt, v. 158—ſpecies of cock from Japan, covered over with hair inſtead of feathers—the weſtern world had the cock from Perſia—Ariſtophanes's cock the Per⯑ſian bird—it was one of the forbidden foods a⯑mong the ancient Britons—Perſia, that firſt intro⯑duced it to us, no longer knows it in natural form, v. 161—countries where it is wild—peculiarities, in a wild condition—another peculiarity in thoſe of the Indian woods, their bones, when boiled, are black as ebony, v. 162—the Athenians had cock-matches as we—no animal of greater courage, when oppoſed to his own ſpecies—in China, In⯑dia, the Philipine iſlands, and over the Eaſt, cock-fighting the ſport and amuſement of kings and princes—cocks in China as bold, or bolder than ours, v. 163—and of more ſtrength with leſs weight—its great courage proceeds from being the moſt fallacious of all birds—a ſingle cock ſuffices for a dozen hens; and is the only ani⯑mal whoſe ſpirits are not abated by indulgence—ſoon grows old; and in three or four years becomes unfit for purpoſes of impregnation, v. 164, 165—how long cocks live, left to themſelves, not well aſcertained—Aldrovandus makes their age to be ten years—are injured, as Linnaeus aſſerts, by el⯑der-berries, v. 170—the black chiefly found in heathy mountains and piny foreſts, v. 199—cock of the wood, See Wood-cock.
• Cockle, a bivalved ſhell-fiſh, vii. 51
• Coco, the elephant eats the plant to the roots, iv. 259
• [] Cod, from the banks of Newfoundland, purſues the whiting, which flies before it to the ſouthern ſhores of Spain, vi. 168—ſpawns in one ſeaſon, as Lewenhoeck aſſerts, above nine millions of eggs or peas, contained in a ſingle roe, vi. 178—its de⯑ſcription, vi. 312—fiſhery in Newfoundland, vi. 325
• Cold, promotes evaporation, although diminiſhing the force of menſtruums, i. 370—extremity of it not leſs productive of tawny complexions than that of heat, ii. 236—exceſſive, preſerves bodies from corruption, ii. 275—ſome fiſhes rendered ſo torpid by cold, in northern rivers, as to be frozen up in the maſſes of ice, where they continue for months together, without life or ſenſation, priſoners of congelation, waiting a warmer ſun to reſtore them to life and liberty, vi. 347
• Collar-bones, what animals have them, ii. 102
• Colliers, eight dropped down dead by the vapour of the mines in Scotland, as if ſhot, i. 81
• Colour, none refreſhes the ſight ſo well as green, i. 15—of the ſea, not from any thing floating in it, but from different reflexions of rays of light—the proof, i. 292—different colours of the eye, ii. 82—whence proceeds the tawny of North American Indians, ii. 236—different of the waters of the ſame ſea, i. 274—hair takes its colour from juices flowing through it, ii. 87—that of the object contributes to form an idea of the diſtance at which it appears, ii. 156—of all thoſe by which mankind is diver⯑ſified, ours moſt beautiful to the eye, and moſt advantageous, ii. 232—thoſe changes the African, the Aſiatic, or the American undergo, in their co⯑lour, are but accidental deformities, which might probably be removed, ii. 242—nothing exceeds the delicate regularity of thoſe of the zebra, ii. 390—change of colour in the hair obtains in ſome degree, in all quadrupeds, iii. 354—different in ſeveral parts of the fur of the ſable, iii. 374—of the blood in the arteries or veins, i. 332
• [] Comets, their number much greater than that of the planets—they roll in orbits—experience has not ſufficiently confirmed the truth of the inveſtiga- about their returning periods, i. 5
• Complexion, extremity of cold not leſs productive of a tawny than that of heat, ii. 236—not eaſy to conceive how the ſun whitens wax and linen, and darken the human complexion, ii. 235—the ſun not the only cauſe of darkening it, ii. 236
• Compte's (Le) account of an ape he ſaw in the ſtreights of Molucca, iv. 198
• Concretions, ſcarce an animal, or a part of their bo⯑dies, in which concretions are not formed, iii. 77—experience has found but few cures by the effi⯑cacy of theſe concretions; often prove fatal to the animal that bears them, iii. 76, 77
• Condamine, (La) knows a fiſh poſſeſſed of the powers of the torpedo, and every way reſembling a lam⯑prey, vi. 267
• Condoma, anomalous animal of the goat kind, iii. 80—its deſcription, iii. 80, 81
• Condor, poſſeſſes in a higher degree than the eagle, all the qualities that render it formidable to the feathered kind, to beaſts, and to man himſelf—is eighteen feet acroſs the wings extended, according to Acoſta, Jarcilaſſo, and Deſmarchais, v. 100—the beak ſo ſtrong as to pierce the body of a cow; two of them able to devour it—they do not abſtain from man himſelf—fortunately there are few of the ſpecies—the Indians believe that they will carry off a deer, or a young calf in their ta⯑lons, as eagles would an hare or a rabbit—and that their ſight is piercing, and their air terrible; that they ſeldom frequent the foreſts, as they require a large ſpace for the diſplay of their wings—they come down to the ſea-ſhore at certain ſeaſons, when their prey fails upon land, they then feed upon dead fiſh, and ſuch nutritious ſubſtances as thrown upon the ſhore—their countenance not ſo ter⯑rible as old writers have repreſented, v. 101—[] thoſe who have ſeen this animal, ſay the body is as large as that of a ſheep—many inſtances of its carrying away children, v. 102—circumſtantial ac⯑count of this bird by P. Feuillée, the only traveller who has accurately deſcribed it, v. 102 to 104—countries where it is found, v. 105—in the de⯑ſerts of Pachomac, where it is chiefly, men ſeldom venture to travel—its fleſh as diſagreeable as car⯑rion, v. 102
• Conepate, an animal reſembling the ſkink in all things except ſize, iii. 381
• Congar of America, reſembles the tiger in natural fe⯑rocity, though far inferior in its dimenſions, iv. 331
• Congelation, the heat of blood in man and other ani⯑mals is about thirty degrees above congelation; but in the marmout and other animals which ſeem to ſleep the winter, the heat of the blood is not above ten degrees above congelation, iv. 45
• Congo, the land and ſea breezes there, i. 351—the inhabitants of that country deſire ardently to proſ⯑titute their wives and daughters to ſtrangers, for trifling advantages, ii. 74
• Conſtantinople, its cats—name given to the genetts, and why, iii. 388
• Continent of America—that part under the line is cool and pleaſant, ii. 233
• Coot, deſcription of that bird, vi. 36—reſidence and neſt, vi. 38—ſometimes ſwims down the current, till it reaches the ſea—dangers encountered in this voyage, vi. 39
• Copel, manner of making that veſſel, i. 166
• Copulation, natural inſtinct for the proper times—in⯑ſtances of it, ii. 337, 338—gnats produce young, without copulation, viii. 156
• Coquallin, the Braſilian ſquirrel, ſo called by Buffon, iv. 26
• Coral, the common red never met with in the foſſil world, i. 46
• Coral-ſerpent deſcribed, vii. 215
• [] Coral-plants, their various appearances, viii. 193—opinion of count Marſigli upon corals—Mr. El⯑lis proves it the work of reptiles of the polypus kind, viii. 194—principal experiment to this pur⯑poſe, viii. 196
• Coralines, called fungi madrepores, viii. 197
• Cordyle, the tockay and the tejuguacu fill up the chaſm between the crocodile and the African igua⯑na, vii. 149
• Coret, a ſea-ſnail, performs the offices of male and female at the ſame time, vii. 31
• Coriander uſed in dreſſing a hare in the true Roman taſte, iv. 15
• Corin, name of the third variety of gazelles, by Mr. Buffon, iii. 73
• Cormorant, its deſcription and food—remarkably vo⯑racious, with a ſudden digeſtion, vi. 65—its form diſagreeable—its voice hoarſe and croaking—all its qualities obſcene—no wonder Milton makes Satan perſonate this bird—objection againſt this paſſage of Milton's Paradiſe Loſt, vindicated—fiſhes in freſh waters, and in the depths of the ocean, vi. 66—builds in cliffs of rocks, and in trees—preys in the day-time, and by night—once uſed in England for fiſhing, and in what manner, vi. 67—how educated in China, for the purpoſes of fiſhing, vi. 68—the beſt fiſher of all birds, vi. 69—ſometimes has caught the fiſh by the tail—the fins prevent its being ſwallowed in that poſition—how it manages the fiſh in this caſe, vi. 70—re⯑marked for the quickneſs of its ſight, vi. 74
• Corn, the flying ſquirrel is apt to do a great deal of damage in the corn-fields, iv. 37
• Cornaro lived an hundred years with a conſtitution naturally feeble, ii. 200
• Cornea of a flea has above ſix thouſand facets, ac⯑cording to Leuwenhoeck—Puget adapted the cor⯑nea of a fly in a poſition, to ſee objects through it with a microſcope, and a ſoldier thus ſeen, ap⯑peared like an army of pigmies—the arch of a [] bridge was a ſpectacle more magnificent than hu⯑man ſkill could perform—the flame of a candle ſeemed a beautiful illumination, viii. 36
• Cornwall, pilchards make that coaſt a place of re⯑ſort, vi. 332
• Coromandel, dreadful tempeſts wholly unknown along its coaſts, i. 348—amazing ſize of oyſters along that coaſt, vii. 51
• Corrira, or the runner, a bird of the crane kind—its deſcription, vi. 21
• Corruption, exceſſive cold preſerves bodies from it—and a great degree of dryneſs produced by heat, ii. 275—earth, if drying and aſtringent, produces the ſame effect, ii. 276—bodies never corrupt at Spitſ⯑bergen, though buried for thirty years, ii. 274—men and animals buried in the ſands of Arabia, preſerved from corruption for ages, as if actually embalmed, ii. 275—bodies buried in the monaſ⯑tery of the Cordeliers at Thoulouſe, preſerved from corruption, ii. 276—bodies previouſly em⯑balmed buried in the ſands of Choroſan, in Perſia, preſerved from corruption for a thouſand years, ii. 277—amazing preſervation from it, in a mummy lately dug up in France, ii. 283
• Coryphoena, the razor-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 307
• Cotopaxi, volcano in South America, deſcribed by Ulloa, i. 99—more than three geographical miles above the ſurface of the ſea, i. 151
• Cotton-tree, the ſeed intoxicates parrots, as wine does man, v. 280
• Cottus, the bull-head—deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Couando, much leſs than the porcupine—its deſcrip⯑tion, iv. 114
• Cougar, the red tyger, by Mr. Buffon, iii. 244—ex⯑tremely common in South America, iii. 246—in what manner the Indians encounter it, iii. 246, 247
• Coulterneb, remarkable bird of the Penguin kind. See Puffin.
• [] Country inhabited before 1666, now deſerted—the ſands which cover it, i. 364
• Cows allured by muſic, ii. 169—of ruminant ani⯑mals, the cow kind deſerves the firſt rank, iii. 8—meaneſt peaſants in Germany, Poland, and Swit⯑zerland, kill one cow at leaſt for their own table—ſalted and hung up, is preſerved as a delicacy the year round—cows want the upper fore-teeth, iii. 9—in no part of Europe cows grow ſo large, yield more milk, or more readily fatten than in England—make no particular diſtinction in their herbage, indiſcriminately devouring the proper quantity—it gives back more than it takes from the ſoil—the age of the cow known by the teeth and horns—the number of its teeth, iii. 10, 11—have eight cutting teeth in the lower-jaw—man⯑ner of renewing them, iii. 11—the horns more ſurely determine this animal's age, and how—while this animal lives, the horns lengthen, iii. 12—wants in udder what it has in neck—the larger the dew-lap, the ſmaller the quantity of its milk—the kind to be found in every part of the world—large in proportion to the richneſs of the paſture—Africa remarkable for the largeſt and ſmalleſt cattle of this kind; as alſo India, Poland, and Switzerland—among the Eluth Tartars, the cow ſo large, that a tall man only can reach the tip of its ſhoulder, iii. 14—of all quadrupeds, the cow moſt liable to alteration from its paſture—the breed of the Iſle of Man, and moſt parts of Scotland, much leſs than in England, alſo differ⯑ently ſhaped, iii. 13—the breed improved by fo⯑reign mixture, adapted to ſupply the imperfections of our own, iii. 12—ſuch as purely Britiſh, far in⯑ferior in ſize to thoſe of the continent, iii. 13—the cow, the urus, and the biſon, animals of the ſame kind—difference in ſize not ſo remarkable as thoſe in its form, hair, and horns—many conſi⯑dered as a different kind, and names given them as a diſtinct ſpecies, when in reality all the ſame, iii. [] 15—only two varieties of the kind really diſtinct, the cow and the buffalo—they bear an antipathy to each other—ſcarce a part of the world where the cow kind is not found, iii. 18—variety of the horns—thoſe in Iceland are without horns, iii. 19—the Bar⯑bary cow, or zebu, iii. 23—of all animals, the cow moſt extenſively propagated—an inhabitant of the frozen fields of Iceland, and the burning deſarts of Lybia, iii. 24—other animals preſerve their nature or their form with inflexible perſeverance—the cows ſuit themſelves to the appetites and conveniencies of mankind—no animal has a greater variety of kinds, none more humble and pliant, iii. 25—the cow and biſon breed among each other—the cow does not breed with the buffalo—no animals more diſtinct, or have ſtronger antipathies to each other, iii. 26—the cow goes nine months with young, iii. 31—the grunting, or Siberian cow, and the little African, or zebu, are different races of the biſon, iii. 32—animals of the cow kind, by naturaliſts extended to eight or ten ſorts, re⯑duced to two—an animal of the cow kind, no na⯑turaliſt has deſcribed—the deſcription of it, iii. 33, 34—the Greeks compared the eyes of a beautiful woman to thoſe of a cow, iii. 72—it eats two hundred and ſeventy-ſix plants, and rejects two hundred and eighteen, iii. 176
• Cow-bezoar, a factitious ſort, iii. 76
• Crab, a ruminating fiſh, iii. 5—ſurpriſing manner in which the monkies draw crabs from the water, iv. 228—found in freſh and ſalt water, and upon land,—deſcription—its inteſtines have many convolu⯑tions, vi. 367, 368—land-crabs of various kinds—ſome healthful and nouriſhing—others poiſonous or malignant to a great degree—places where found, vi. 368
• Violet crab of the Caribbee iſlands deſcribed—their food—their nippers, the principal inſtrument for ſeizing and cutting their food—catch ſuch hold, that the limb is loſt ſooner than the graſp—thus it gets off, leaving its claw faſtened upon the [] enemy—the claw performs its duty, and keeps a minute faſtened upon the finger, while the crab makes off—it loſes no great matter by a leg or an arm, as they grow again, the animal becomes per⯑fect as before, vi. 369—fatiguing and amazing march from the mountains to the ſea-ſhore, to de⯑poſit the ſpawn, from which, ſoon after, millions of little crabs are ſeen ſlowly travelling up the mountains, vi. 370, 371—wait the benefit of ſea-water for their delivery, vi. 372—change their ſhells—have under their ſtomachs four white ſtones, which gradually decreaſe, as the ſhell hardens, and when come to perfection, are not to be found, vi. 374—ſeaſon, and manner in which they are caught, vi. 374, 375—in Jamaica they are in great plenty, and conſidered as one of the greateſt de⯑licacies—many of this kind found poiſonous, vi. 375, 376
• Soldier-crab, vi. 376—ſeen every year deſcending from the mountains to the ſea-ſhore, to depoſit its ſpawn, and to provide itſelf with a new ſhell, vi. 377—conteſt between them for ſome well-looking fa⯑vourite ſhell, for which they are rivals—ſtrike with their claws—beat each other, till the weakeſt is obliged to yield, and give up the object of diſpute, vi. 378—when taken, ſends forth a feeble cry, endeavouring to ſeize the enemy with its nippers—not much eſteemed for its fleſh, vi. 375
• Crane, bred familiarly in our marſhes formerly—not now; and why, v. 33—general characteriſtics and habits of birds of the crane-kind, v. 366, 367—their food and fleſh, v. 368—deſcription of the crane, v. 371—Geſner ſays, its feathers, in his time, were ſet in gold, and worn as ornaments in caps—de⯑ſcription of this bird from ancient writers—who have mixed imagination with hiſtory—whence have ariſen the fables of ſupporting their aged pa⯑rents, v. 371—and fighting with pigmies—the crane a ſocial bird, and ſeldom ſeen alone—uſual method of flying or ſitting, in flocks of fifty or ſixty [] together; while part feed, the reſt keep guard—ſub⯑ſiſts moſtly upon vegetables, v. 373—are known in every country of Europe, except our own—are birds of paſſage—ſeaſons of their migrations, dur⯑ing which they do incredible damage, chiefly in the night—were formerly known, and held in great eſtimation here for the delicacy of their fleſh—there was a penalty upon deſtroying their eggs, v. 373—Plutarch ſays, cranes were blinded, kept in coops, and fattened for the tables of the great in Rome; at preſent, they are conſidered all over Europe as wretched eating—qualities of its fleſh, v. 374—their note the loudeſt of all other birds; and often heard in the clouds, when the bird it⯑ſelf is unſeen, v. 375—amazing heights to which they aſcend when they fly—though unſeen them⯑ſelves, they have diſtinct viſion of every object be⯑low, v. 376—extraordinary length and contorſion of its windpipe—uſe made of their clangorous ſound—they riſe but heavily, are ſhy birds, and ſeldom let the fowler approach them—their depredations uſually in the darkeſt nights; when they enter a field of corn, and trample it down, as if croſſed over by a regiment of men, v. 377—corn their favourite food, ſcarce any other comes amiſs to them—Redi's experiments to this purpoſe—a little falcon purſues, and often diſables it, v. 378—method uſed on ſuch occaſions by thoſe fond of hawking—barbarous cuſtom of breed⯑ing up cranes to be thus baited—eaſily tamed—Albertus Magnus ſays, it has a particular af⯑fection for man—the female diſtinguiſhed from the male, by not being bald behind—never lays above two eggs at a time—the young are ſoon fit to fly; and unfledged, they run with ſuch ſwift⯑neſs that a man cannot eaſily overtake them, v. 379, 380—Aldrovandus aſſures one was kept tame for above forty years—the vulgar bear the crane a compaſſionate regard—prejudices in its favour—a heinous offence in ſome countries to kill a crane, [] v. 380—diſtinctions between the crane and the ſtork, v. 382
• Crane, the Balearic, from the coaſt of Africa, and the Cape de Verd iſlands—its deſcription—habits—has been deſcribed by the name of ſea-pea⯑cock, v. 387, 388—real Balearic crane of Pliny, v. 386—foreign birds of the crane kind deſcribed; the jabiru, the jabiru-guacu, v. 388, 389—the an⯑hima, v. 389—the buffoon bird, or Numidian crane, deſcribed, v. 390, 391—place where the crane kind ſeem to have formed their general ren⯑dezvous, vi. 9—the flamingo the moſt remarkable of all the kind, the talleſt, bulkieſt, and moſt beau⯑tiful, vi. 10—deſcribed, vi. 10, 11—ſmall birds of the crane kind, vi. 22, 23
• Crantz, hiſtory of Greenland, i. 245. See Krantz.
• Craeſus, (king of Lydia) ſeated on his throne, with all the barbarous pomp of Eaſtern ſplendor, aſking Solon if he had ever beheld any thing ſo fine? was anſwered, that after the beautiful plumage of the pheaſant, he could be aſtoniſhed at no other finery, v. 184
• Cricetus, the German rat, by Mr. Buffon called the hamſter, iv. 81—Its deſcription—is the greateſt peſt in the countries where found, and every me⯑thod made uſe of to deſtroy it—its hole a curious object for contemplation; ſhews a ſkill ſuperior to the reſt of the rat kind—deſcription of it—their ſtorehouſes, iv. 82, 83—contain two buſhels of good grain in each apartment—means of finding out their retreats, iv. 83—produce young twice or thrice a year, and bring five or ſix at a time, iv. 84—their devaſtations produce a famine—they deſtroy each other—their fur very valuable, iv. 84
• Cricket, a ruminating inſect, or ſeemingly ſo, iii. 6—difference from the graſshopper, vii. 349—their voice, vii. 350—food, vii. 351—never drink—ſound of drums and trumpets make them forſake their ſituation, vii. 351, 352
• Mole-cricket, deſcribed, thought to be amphibious, vii. 352, 353—the number of their eggs—a moſt de⯑teſted [] inſect by gardeners—its devaſtations—precautions of the female againſt the black beetle vii. 353—their care and aſſiduity in the preſerva⯑tion of their young, vii. 354
• Croches, in the head of a ſtag, iii. 114
• Crocodile, extraordinary combat between this animal and the tiger, iii. 247, 248—the ichneumon diſ⯑covers and deſtroys its eggs—kills its young, and ſometimes entering the mouth of the crocodile, when ſleeping on the ſhore, effectually deſtroys it, iii. 377—the eggs it lays in the ſand at a time, of⯑ten amount to three or four hundred, iii. 380—the places where found, together with their di⯑menſions, vii. 118, 119—deſcription, vii. 120 to 124—ſeveral examples of taking a man out of a canoe from his companions, notwithſtanding all oppoſition and aſſiſtance, vii. 125—terrible even upon land—its depredations, vii. 126—combats between the crocodile and the tiger, vii. 127—in what manner it ſeizes its prey, vii. 126, 127—how a negroe ventures to attack this animal in its own element, vii. 128—manner of taking it in Siam, vii. 129—often managed like a horſe; a curb put into its mouth, and the rider directs it as he likes—manner of taking it along the rivers of Africa—pools of water where bred as we breed carp in our ponds, vii. 130—in Egypt and other long peopled countries, this animal ſolitary and fearful, vii. 131—in the river San Domingo, they are moſt inoffenſive, children play with them, and ride about on their backs; beat them without receiving the ſmalleſt injury, vii. 132—probable opinion, its muſky ſubſtance amaſſed in glands under the legs and arms—its fleſh—the eggs to the ſavages moſt delicate morſels—all breed near freſh waters—precautions in laying their eggs, vii. 133, 134—the female having introduced her young to their natural element, ſhe, and the male, become their moſt formidable enemies, vii. 135—the open bellied crocodile, thought vivipa⯑rous, [] [...] [] [...] [] has a falſe belly like the oppoſſum, for the young to creep out and in as danger or neceſſity requires—their age, vii. 137—produced to fight at the amphitheatre at Rome, vii. 138
• Croppers, a kind of pigeons, v. 293
• Croſsbill, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 315, 317
• Croſt fox, animal between the dog and fox, iii. 341. See Iſatis.
• Crown, in the head of a ſtag, iii. 114
• Crows fetch and carry with the docility of a ſpaniel, v. 222—the carrion-crow reſembles the raven in appetites, laying, and manner of bringing up its young—the Royſton crow, v. 230
• Cruelty, teaching the arts of cruelty, equivalent to committing them, v. 164
• Cruſtaceous, animals of the lobſter kind, vi. 358
• Cub, the fox is ſo called during the firſt year, iii. 328—born blind, like thoſe of the dog, iii. 331
• Cuckoo, fables invented of this bird, now ſufficiently refuted, where it reſides in winter, or how provides for its ſupply during that ſeaſon, ſtill undiſcoveres—this bird ſomewhat leſs than a pigeon, ſhaped like a magpie, and of a greyiſh colour, is diſtin⯑guiſhed from all other by its round prominent noſtrils—diſcovers itſelf in our country early in the ſpring, by its well known call—its note heard ear⯑lier or later as the ſeaſon is more or leſs forward, and the weather inviting—from the chearful voice of this bird the farmer inſtructed in the real ad⯑vancement of the year—hiſtory and nature of this bird ſtill in great obſcurity, v. 263—its call an in⯑vitation to courtſhip, uſed only by the male, gene⯑rally perched upon a dead tree, or bare bough, re⯑peating his ſong, which he loſes when the genial ſeaſon is over—his note pleaſant, though uniform—the female makes no neſt, v. 264—repairs to the neſt of ſome other bird, generally the water-wag-tail or hedge-ſparrow, and, after devouring the eggs of the owner, lays hers in their place v. 265—uſually lays but one, this the little [] fooliſh bird hatches with great aſſiduity, and when excluded, fondly thinks the great ill-looking changeling her own—to ſupply this voracious crea⯑ture, the credulous nurſe toils with unwearied la⯑bour, not ſenſible ſhe is feeding up an enemy to her race, v. 265—the ſtomach of this bird is enor⯑mous, and reaches from the breaſt bone to the vent, v. 266—its food, v. 265—naturally weak and fearful—the ſmaller birds form a train of purſu⯑ers; the wry-neck, in particular, the moſt active in the chace, v. 266—ſuppoſed, in winter, to lie hid in hollow trees; or to paſs into warmer cli⯑mates—ſtory of a cuckoo found in a willow log, in winter, v. 267—probable opinion concerning its reſidence in winter—Briſſon makes not leſs than twenty-eight ſorts of this bird; and talks of one of Braſil, as making a horrible noiſe in the foreſts, v. 268, 269—follows a very different trade from what its nurſe endeavoured to teach it; and, ac⯑cording to Pliny, in time deſtroys its inſtructor, vi. 127
• Cuckow-ſpit, or Froth-worm, its deſcription, vii. 358
• Cud, the hare, the rabbit, and the ſquirrel, placed by Pierius among thoſe that chew the cud; how far true, is not determined, iv. 3
• Cuguacu apara, name in Braſil for the roe-buck, iii. 140
• Cummin ſeed, formerly uſed in dreſſing a hare in true Roman taſte, iv. 15
• Cur, the Cur-fox, iii. 332
• Curiſchaff, a lake where the ſturgeon is found in great⯑eſt numbers, vi. 277
• Curlew, a ſmall bird of the crane kind—its dimen⯑ſions, vi. 23—places where found—manner of pro⯑curing its food, vi. 25—its habits, vi. 24—its neſt, and number of eggs—ſeaſon of courtſhip. vi. 31—a bird of paſſage, vi. 28
• Currans, indigeſtible to man when ſwallowed whole, v. 74
• Currents of rivers well explained by the Italians, i. [] 200—ſide current—back current, i. 205—ſome⯑times the current at bottom ſwifter than at top; and when—double current, i. 206—found to run in all directions, i. 260—manner in which ma⯑riners judge of the ſetting and rapidity of the cur⯑rent—currents are generally found moſt violent under the equator, i. 261—a paſſage with the cur⯑rent gone in two days, with difficulty performed in ſix weeks againſt it—currents do not ex⯑tend above twenty leagues from the coaſt—the cur⯑rents at Sumatra extremely rapid, run from ſouth to north—alſo ſtrong currents between Madagaſ⯑car and the Cape of Good Hope; but the moſt re⯑markable are thoſe continually flowing into the Mediterranean ſea, i. 262—current runs one way at top, and the ebb another way at bottom, i. 264
• Current of air, driven through a contracted ſpace, grows more violent and irreſiſtible, i. 355
• Cuſco, Garcilaſſo de la Vega aſſerts the air is ſo dry and ſo cold there, that fleſh dries like wood, with⯑out corrupting, ii. 274
• Cuſtom, the form of the face ſeems rather the reſult of cuſtom, ii. 238
• Cuttle-fiſh, its deſcription—contrivance with which it is furniſhed by nature, when under a difficulty of eſcaping, viii. 177
• Cybotus, a lofty mountain ſwallowed by an earth⯑quake, i. 162
• Cynocephalus, the Magot of Buffon, the laſt of the ape kind—its deſcription—is a native of Africa and the Eaſt, iv. 207.
• Cyprinus, or the carp, vi. 314
• Czar of Ruſſia. See Peter of Ruſſia

• Dam, in the rapacious kinds, leads her young forth for months together; it is not ſo with thoſe of the hare kind, iv. 6
• [] Dampier, has added more to natural hiſtory than half the philoſophers before him, vi. 397
• Damps, of various natures in mines—the fulminating ſort, i. 79, 80
• Dance, hares taught to dance to muſic, iv. 9
• Dancer, a dog of the mongrel kind, iii. 286
• Dane, the talleſt dog bred in England, iii. 286, 290
• Danube, has ſeven openings into the Euxine ſea, i. 132—proceeds from the Alps, i. 142—its courſe—the Turks and Chriſtians have fleets of men of war upon it, i. 209—it receives thirty leſſer rivers, i. 217—the huſo, or iſinglaſs fiſh, caught in great quantities in this river, vi. 282
• Dara, its inhabitants uſe oſtriches as horſes, v. 62
• Darien, an iſthmus—has a particular hog called war⯑ree—deſcribed by Wafer, iii. 196
• Darkneſs, ſurpriſing how far the eye accommodates itſelf to it, ii. 160—remarkable inſtance of it, in a gentleman, a major under Charles the Firſt, ii. 161
• Daubenton, gives a complete hiſtory of a dwarf, ii. 254, et ſeq.
• Deaf men, often found to ſee the force of thoſe rea⯑ſonings, which they could not hear, underſtanding every word as it was ſpoken, ii. 90—one born deaf, muſt neceſſarily be dumb, ii. 174—inſtances of two young men, who, born deaf, were reſtored to hearing, ii. 174, 175—a perſon born deaf, by time and pains taught to write, read, ſpeak, and by the motion of the lips, to underſtand what is ſaid; inſtances of it, ii. 176, 177
• Deafneſs, one of the moſt common diſorders in old age, ii. 172—way to know this defect either in⯑ternal, or external, ii. 173
• Death, a young man born deaf and dumb, knew nothing of death, and never thought of it till the age of twenty-four, when he began to ſpeak of a ſudden, ii. 176—a ſpectre which frights us at a diſtance, but diſappears when we come to approach [] it, ii. 206—uncertainty of the ſigns of death, ii. 208, 209, 210.
• Deer, annually ſhedding horns, and their perman⯑ence in the ſheep, draws a diſtinct line between their kinds, iii. 36—the little Guinea deer, the leaſt of all cloven-footed quadrupeds, and moſt beautiful—its deſcription, iii. 82—the male in Guinea has horns, but the female is without,—they abound in Java and Ceylon, iii. 83—all of the deer kind want the gall-bladder, iii. 94—a downy ſubſtance like velvet upon the ſkin cover⯑ing the ſkull of a deer when the old horn is fallen off, iii. 96—their horns grow differently from thoſe of ſheep or cows—they are furrowed along the ſides, and why, iii. 97—the bran deer, or the brown deer, called by the ancients tragelaphus, found in the foreſts of Germany, iii. 122—the new con⯑tinent of America produces animals of the deer kind, in ſufficient plenty, iii. 123
• Fallow Deer, no animals more nearly allied than the ſtag and fallow deer, yet they never herd nor en⯑gender together, nor form a mixed breed—each form diſtinct families, and retain an unalterable a⯑verſion—the fallow deer rarely wild in the foreſts; are in general bred in parks, and their fleſh is pre⯑ferred to that of any other animal, iii. 125—a herd of them divides into two parties, and engages each other with great ardour and obſtinacy, iii. 126—both deſirous of gaining a favourite ſpot of the park for paſture, and of driving the vanquiſh⯑ed into the more diſagreeable parts—manner of their combats—are eaſily tamed—and browze cloſer than the ſtag, iii. 127—they ſeek the female at their ſecond year, iii. 128—their ſtrength, cunning, and courage inferior to thoſe of the ſtag—we have in England two varieties of the fallow deer; one brought from Bengal, the other from Nor⯑way, iii. 129—fleſh of the French fallow deer, has not the fatneſs nor the flavour of that fed upon Engliſh paſture—Spaniſh and Vir⯑ginian [] fallow deer, iii. 130—deer without horns, their deſcription, iii. 130, 131
• Rein-Deer, the moſt extraordinary and moſt uſeful,—native of the icey regions of the North, it an⯑ſwers the purpoſes of a horſe—attempts made to ac⯑cuſtom it to a more ſouthern climate, in a few months it declines and dies, iii. 149—anſwers the purpoſes of a cow in giving milk; and of the ſheep in fur⯑niſhing warm cloathing to the people of Lapland and Greenland, iii. 150—deſcription of the rein deer—its rutting-time, and that of ſhedding its horns, iii. 150 to 152—difference between this deer and the ſtag—it is not known to the natives of Si⯑beria—Americans call it caribou—herdſmen of Lapland known to poſſeſs a thouſand rein-deer in a ſingle herd, iii. 153—it ſubſiſts upon moſs, iii. 154—and makes the riches of the people of Lap⯑land, iii. 155—gnats and gad flies very formidable to this deer in Lapland, iii. 156, 157—female brings forth in May—its milk thinner than that of the cow; ſweeter and more nouriſhing, iii. 158—is of two kinds in Lapland, iii. 162—it draws ſledges—can go about thirty miles without halting, and without dangerous effort—generally caſtrated by the Laplanders—one male left for ſix females—begin to breed when two years old, iii. 163—go with young eight months, and bring two at a time—fondneſs of the dam remarkable—live but fifteen or ſixteen years—manner in which the Laplanders kill them—ſcarce any part of this animal not con⯑verted to peculiar uſes, iii. 164—the Laplanders find their neceſſities ſupplied from the rein deer alone; in what manner, iii. 166, 167—diſeaſes of this animal, iii. 168—the blood of the rein deer preſerved in ſmall caſks, for ſauce with the marrow in ſpring—the horns converted into glue—the ſinews make the ſtrongeſt ſowing thread—the tongues a great delicacy—the inteſtines, waſhed like our tripe, in high eſteem among the Lapland⯑ers, iii. 167—bears make depredations upon the [] rein deer, iii. 169—glutton its moſt dangerous and ſucceſsful perſecutor—only method of eſcape from this creature, iii. 170—in what manner the rein-deer is killed by it, iii. 398, 399—the wolf never attacks a rein-deer that is haltered in Lapland, and why, iii. 321
• Deformity, children often inherit even the accidental deformities of their parents—inſtances of it, ii. 238—accidental deformities become natural; by aſſiduity continued and encreaſed, through ſucceſ⯑ſive generations, ii. 239—all thoſe changes the African, the Aſiatic, or the American undergo, in their colour, are accidental deformities, probably to be removed, ii. 242
• Demoiſelle, name given by the French to the Numi⯑dian bird, v. 390
• Denmark, Henry IV. king of Denmark, deſirous of trying whether a muſician, who boaſted of excit⯑ing men to madneſs, was an impoſtor, ſubmitted to the operation of his ſkill, became mad—and killed four of his attendants in his tranſports, ii. 170
• Depona, a large ſerpent, native of Mexico, vii. 227
• Derbent, paſtures in theſe plains excellent for rearing horſes, ii. 361
• Derbyſhire, deſcription of the neſt of an eagle found in the peak of Derbyſhire, v. 93
• Derham, by a microſcope, diſcovered in the eye of a mole, the parts known in other animals, iv. 92
• Deſman, one of the three diſtinctions of the muſk rat,—a native of Lapland, iv. 78
• Devil, the Swediſh Laplanders conſult him, ii. 214 Sea devil, or fiſhing frog deſcribed, vi. 286
• Dew, compenſates the want of ſhowers in Egypt, i. 358—hares quench their thirſt with it, iv. 7
• Dewlap, of two zebras, ſeen by the author, the ſkin hung looſe below the jaw upon the neck, in a kind of dewlap, ii. 398—the cow wants in udder what it has in neck, and the larger the dewlap, the ſmall⯑er the quantity of its milk, iii. 14
• [] Diableret, a mountain in France ſuddenly fallen down,—its ruins covered an extent of a league ſquare, i. 157
• Dictionaries of Arts and Sciences, a fault that has in⯑fected moſt of them, ii. 307
• Diet, of a thin ſparing kind remarkable among qua⯑drupeds, as well as the human ſpecies, to produce hair, iii. 355
• Digeſter, an inſtrument—meat and bones put into it, diſſolved into a jelly in ſix or eight minutes, i. 308
• Digeſtion, theſe organs in birds are in a manner re⯑verſed, v. 16—is not perfect in all birds that live upon mice, lizards, or ſuch like food, v. 142—performed by ſome unknown principle in the ſto⯑mach, acting in a manner different from all kinds of artificial maceration—this animal power lodged the maw in fiſhes, vi. 165, 166
• Diſeaſes, of the rein deer—the manner in which the Laplanders cure them, iii. 168, 169
• Diſorders infectious, propagated by the effluvia from diſeaſed bodies, i. 327—moſt of thoſe incident to mankind, ſays Bacon, ariſe from the changes of the atmoſphere, vi. 175—fiſhes have their diſor⯑ders, vi. 347
• Diver, (the great northern) a bird of the ſmaller tribe of the penguin kind—the grey ſpeckled diver, vi. 98—the ſcarlet throated diver, vi. 99
• Divers, known to deſcend from twenty to thirty fa⯑thom, i. 288—of all thoſe who have brought in⯑formation from the bottom of the deep, Nicola Peſce, the moſt celebrated—account of his perform⯑ances by Kircher, i. 293 to 297—ſome known to continue three quarters of an hour under water without breathing—they uſually die conſumptive, vii. 58—manner of fiſhing for pearls, vii. 59
• Dodo, its deſcription, v. 76—among birds, as the ſloth among quadrupeds, an unreſiſting animal, equally incapable of flight or defence—native of the Iſle of France; the Dutch firſt diſcovered and [] called it the nauſeous bird—travellers deem its fleſh good and wholeſome, v. 77—it is eaſily taken—three or four dodos enough to dine an hundred men—whether the dodo be the ame bird with that de⯑ſcribed under the name of bird of Nazareth, remains uncertain, v. 78
• Doe, the female of the deer kind, iii. 128
• Dogs, always running with their noſes to the ground, ſuppoſed of old the firſt that felt infection, i. 319—no other animal of the carnivorous kind will make a voluntary attack, but with the odds on their ſide, ii. 319—the Arabian horſes out-run them, ii. 347—in the dog kind the chief power lies in the under jaw, iii. 200—in Syria, remarkable for the fine gloſſy length and ſoftneſs of their hair, iii. 212—in tropical climates, loſe the delicacy of their ſcent, and why—the lion, tiger, panther, and ounce, all natural enemies to the dog, iii. 262—their proper prey are animals unfitted for climbing, iii. 271—dog kind not ſo ſolitary as thoſe of the cat, iii. 270—they can live for ſome time upon fruits and vegetables, iii. 272—deſcription of the dog—knows a beggar by his cloaths, by his voice, or his geſ⯑tures, and forbids his approach, iii. 273—the dog moſt ſuſceptible of change in its form, iii. 278—all dogs are of one kind, which the original of all the reſt, which the ſavage dog, whence ſuch a variety of deſcendants, is no eaſy matter to determine, iii. 280—the ſhepherd's the primitive ani⯑mal of his kind, iii. 281—by inſtinct, without education, dogs take care of flocks and herds, iii. 310—thoſe wild in America and Congo, as thoſe of Siberia, Lapland, Iceland, of the Cape of Good Hope, of Madagaſcar, Calicut, and Malabar, re⯑ſemble the ſhepherd's dog, iii. 281—thoſe in Gui⯑nea, at the ſecond or the third generation, forget to bark, iii. 282—dogs of Albany, of Greece, of Denmark, and of Ireland, larger, and ſtronger than any other—ſhepherd's dog, tranſported into temperate climates, and among people entirely ci⯑vilized, [] from influence of climate and food alone, become a matin, a maſtiff, or a hound, iii. 283—Turkiſh dog, iii. 284, 291—great Daniſh dog, iii. 284—great wolf dog, or Iriſh wolf dog, 284, 292—the little Daniſh dog, iii. 284—their variety now in England, much greater than in the times of queen Elizabeth, iii. 285—Dr. Caius divides the whole race into three kinds—the generous; the farm kind; the mongrel, iii. 186—three ſhep⯑herd's dogs reckoned a match for a bear, and four for a lion; three of them overcame a lion in the time of king James the Firſt—the famous poet, lord Surry, the firſt who taught dogs to ſet, iii. 289—the pug dog, iii. 290—the lion dog, origin⯑ally from Malta—its deſcription, iii. 291—the Moloſſian dogs of the ancients, according to Mr. Buffon, iii. 293—Epirotic dogs, mentioned by Pli⯑ny, iii. 295—Indian dogs, mentioned by Aelian—his deſcription of a combat between a dog and a lion, iii. 295, 296—the Engliſh bull dog, iii. 290—the braveſt of the kind—the nobler kinds of dogs, of which ſuch beautiful ancient deſcriptions, now ut⯑terly unknown, iii. 295—puppies eyes not open till ten or twelve days old—dog's teeth amount to forty-two, iii. 302—this animal capable of repro⯑ducing at the age of twelve months, goes nine weeks with young, and lives about twelve years, iii. 303—other particulars concerning dogs—many kinds of birds the dogs will not touch—dogs and vultures living wild about Grand Cairo in Egypt, continue together in an amicable man⯑ner, and are known to bring up their young in the ſame neſt—dogs bear hunger for a long time; a bitch forgotten in a country-houſe, lived forty days, without any other ſuſtenance than the wool of a quilt ſhe had torn in pieces, iii. 304, 305—the wild hunt in packs—unknown, ſuch as he was before the protection of man; ſome from a domeſtic ſtate, have turned ſavage, and partaken of the diſpoſition of the wolf, and [] attack the moſt formidable animals of the fo⯑reſt, iii. 276—are eaſily tamed, and quickly be⯑come familiar and ſubmiſſive, iii. 277—experi⯑ments to prove the wolf and the fox not of the ſame nature with the dog, but of a ſpecies perfectly diſ⯑tinct, iii. 298—a dog ſet at liberty, in his ſavage fury flew upon every animal, fowls, dogs and men, iii. 300—animals in this country bred between a dog and a fox, iii. 298—the dog and wolf ſo much alike internally, that anatomiſts can ſcarce perceive the difference, iii. 305—a young dog ſhudders at the the ſight of a wolf—dogs and wolves ſo different in their diſ⯑poſitions, that no animals have a more perfect an⯑tipathy, iii. 309—ſhew no appetite to enjoy their victory when the wolf is killed, but leave him where he falls, iii. 318—Cateſby aſſerts the wolf was the only dog uſed by the Americans, before the Europeans came among them, and that they have ſince procreated together; thus proving the dog and the wolf of the ſame ſpecies, iii. 322—unſur⯑mountable antipathy between the dog and the jack⯑all; they never part without an engagement, iii. 338—famiſhed dogs more hairy than thoſe whoſe food has been more plentiful, iii. 355—all kinds purſue the hare by inſtinct, and follow it more eagerly than other animals, iv. 5—few dogs dare to encounter the otter, iv. 153—ſome purpoſely trained for diſcovering the retreat of the otter, iv. 155
• Dog butchers all over China, and ſhambles for ſelling their fleſh; wherever a dog-butcher appears, all the dogs of the place are in full cry after him—along the coaſts of Guinea, their fleſh is eſteemed a delicacy by the negroes; they give a cow for a dog, iii. 297
• Dolphin caught in the Red Sea, known by a ring to be the ſame taken before in the Mediterranean, i. 263—allured by muſic, ii. 168—not eaſy to aſſign a cauſe why the ancients have invented ſo many [] fables on the ſubject, vi. 223—their boundings in the water, have taught mariners to prepare for a ſtorm—old painters and ſculptors have drawn them wrong; the poets have adopted the error, vi. 224—Pliny has aſſerted, they inſtantly die when taken out of the water; Rondelet aſſures us, he has ſeen a dolphin carried alive from Montpellier to Lyons, vi. 225—their motions the gambols of plea⯑ſure, or the agitations of terror, not well known—in fairer weather, they herd together, and purſue ſhoals of various fiſh with impetuoſity, vi. 225
• Dolphin, is alſo the name of the ophidium, or the gilthead, vi. 305
• Don, or Tanais, a river, its courſe, i. 209—the ſtur⯑geon is caught in great quantities at the mouth of that river, vi. 277
• Dorado, a fiſh of the ſpinous kind, the moſt voracious, vi. 340—its deſcription—the flying-fiſh is chiefly ſought by it—warfare carried on between them, vi. 341, 342—ſuppoſed a ruminating fiſh, iii. 5
• Doree, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Dormouſe, the mercury of the thermometer plunged into the body of a living dormouſe, never roſe be⯑yond its pitch in air, and ſometimes ſunk above a degree, iv. 45—the greater ſort Mr. Buffon calls the loir; the middle ſize he calls the lerot; and the leſs he denominates the muſcardin, iv. 76—their deſcriptions—agree in being ſtupified like the mar⯑mout during winter, iv. 76, 77—their neſts and pro⯑viſions—they bring forth three or four young at a time, but once a year, in the ſpring, iv. 77, 78
• Dorrr-beetle, or May-bug, viii. 130. See Beetle.
• Dottrel, ſmall bird of the crane kind, vi. 23
• Doves, the ring-dove, v. 293—the turtle-dove, v. 290—the ſtock-dove, v. 285, 291. See Pigeon.
• Douc, a monkey of the ancient continent, ſo called in Cochinchina, where it is a native—its deſcription—forms part of the chain by which the monkies of one continent are linked with thoſe of the other, iv. 235
• [] Draco volans, a flying ball of fire, i. 380
• Drag, name given by the huntſmen to the tail of the fox, iii. 328
• Dragons, the whole race dwindled down to the flying lizard, vii. 156
• Dragon-fly, or the libella, deſcribed, vii. 316
• Dragonet, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 306
• Dreams of Arlotto, ii. 142—he was taken to the Inquiſition, and had like to have been condemned for them, ii. 143
• Dreſs, the firſt impreſſion generally made, ariſes from dreſs, ii. 99
• Drill of Purchas, an ape of the kind of the ouran outang, iv. 189
• Dromedary, a ſort of camel, iv. 302 to 311
• Drone, a ruminating inſect, or ſeemingly ſo, iii. 6
• Drones, the ſecond ſort of bees, ſuppoſed to be the males, viii. 66—their cells, viii. 72—the working bees kill the drones in the worm ſtate, in the cell, and eject them from the hive, among the general carnage, viii. 86
• Drugs in the tropical climates loſe their virtue, and become verminous, i. 314
• Drum, among the Swediſh Laplanders every family has one for conſulting the devil, ii. 214—hares taught to beat the drum, iv. 9
• Dryneſs, a great degree of it produced by heat, pre⯑ſerves from corruption, ii. 275
• Duck, its eggs often laid under a hen, vi. 127—ſeems a heedleſs inattentive mother, vi. 128—of the tame duck ten different ſorts; and of the wild, Briſſon reckons above twenty—the moſt obvious diſtinction between the wild and tame ducks—dif⯑ference between wild ducks among each other—ſea, and pond-ducks—names of the moſt common birds of the duck kind, among ourſelves, and of the moſt noted of the foreign tribe, iv. 129, 130—their habits, neſts, and number of eggs, vi. 131, 132—are, in general, birds of paſſage—their fleſh, vi. 133—the ducks flying in the air, of⯑ten [] lured down from their heights by the loud voice of the mallard from below, vi. 134—what part of the lake they generally chooſe, vi. 135—what can employ them all day, not eaſy to gueſs—manner of making and managing a decoy to take them, vi. 135 to 138—when ducks are caught, the men keep a piece of turf burning near their mouths, and breathe upon it, leſt the fowl ſmell⯑ing them, ſhould eſcape, v. 11—general ſeaſon for catching them in decoys, from the end of Oc⯑tober till February—taking them earlier prohibited by an act of George the ſecond, impoſing a pe⯑nalty of five ſhillings for every bird deſtroyed at any other ſeaſon—amazing quantity of ducks ſent to ſupply the markets of London, vi. 139—manner of taking them frequently practiſed in China vi. 139, 140—the American wood-duck, vi. 130—of the numerous tribes of the duck kind, no more than five breed here, v. 34—Plutarch aſſures us, Cato kept his family in health, feeding them with duck, whenever they threatened to be out of or⯑der, vi. 111
• Dumb, one born deaf, muſt neceſſarily be dumb, ii. 174—a young man deaf and dumb from his birth, began to ſpeak all of a ſudden, ii. 175
• Dung, ſome animals void it when purſued—this ariſes rather from fear than a deſire of defence, iii. 32
• Dunlin, a ſmall bird of the crane kind, vi. 23
• Dutch, ſolicitous about the preſervation of the ſtork in every part of their republic, v. 383
• Dwarf, in England, as late as the times of king James the firſt, the court was furniſhed with one—and he was called Little Jeffery—Peter of Ruſ⯑ſia celebrated a marriage of dwarfs, ii. 251, 252—they ſeem to have faculties reſembling thoſe of children, ii. 254—hiſtory of a dwarf accurately related by Mr. Daubenton, ii. 254 to 258
• Dwina, a river—its courſe and ſource, i. 210

• Eagle kind, diſtinctive marks from the other kinds of carnivorous birds, v. 85—the golden eagle is the largeſt and the nobleſt of all thoſe birds deſigned by the name of eagle, v. 87—its deſcription—con⯑ſidered among birds, as the lion among quadru⯑peds, v. 87, 88—ſtrong ſimilitude to each other—great patience, and much art, required to tame an eagle; though taken young, and brought under by long aſſiduity, yet it is a dangerous domeſtic, and often turns its force againſt its maſter, v. 89—ſometimes has an attachment for its feeder; it is then ſerviceable, and will provide for his pleaſures and ſupport—flies the higheſt of all birds, and from thence has by the ancients been called the bird of heaven—it has alſo the quickeſt eye; but its ſenſe of ſmelling is far inferior to that of the vulture—it never purſues, but in ſight, v. 90—finds difficulty in riſing when down—carries a⯑way geeſe, cranes, hares, lambs, and kids, and often deſtroys fawns and calves, to drink their blood, and carries a part of their fleſh to its re⯑treats—infants, when left unattended, have been deſtroyed by theſe rapacious creatures—the eagle is peculiarly formidable when bringing up its young—a poor man got a comfortable ſubſiſtence for his family, during a ſummer of famine, out of an eagle's neſt, by robbing the eaglets of food, v. 91—eagles killed a peaſant who had robbed their neſts—there is a law in the Orkney iſlands, which entitles any perſon that kills an eagle to a hen out of every houſe in the pariſh, in which the plunderer is killed—the neſt of the eagle is uſually built in the moſt inacceſſible cliff of the rock, v. 92—deſcription of one found in the Peak of Derbyſhire—it hatches its eggs for thirty days—very rare to find three eaglets in the [] ſame neſt; and it is aſſerted, that the mother kills the moſt feeble, or the moſt voracious, v. 93, 94—it is believed they live above an hundred years, and that they die, not of old age, but from the beaks turning inward upon the under jaw, and preventing their taking any food—an eagle en⯑dured hunger for twenty-one days, without any ſuſtenance whatever—they are firſt white, then in⯑clining to yellow, and at laſt light brown, v. 94—age, hunger, captivity, and diſeaſes, make them whiter—thoſe kept tame are fed with every kind of fleſh, freſh or corrupting; and upon a deficiency of that, bread, or any other proviſion, will ſuffice—it is dangerous approaching them, if not quite tame; and they ſometimes ſend forth a loud piercing la⯑mentable cry, which renders them ſtill more for⯑midable—they drink but ſeldom, and perhaps when at liberty, not at all, v. 95—the bald eagle an inha⯑bitant of North Carolina—breeds in that country all the year round—manner in which the eggs are hatched—characteriſtics and habitudes of this ani⯑mal—its neſt is large enough to fill the body of a cart, and commonly full of bones half eaten, and putrid fleſh, the ſtench of which is intolerable, v. 96—the flap of an eagle's wing known to lay a man dead in an inſtant, v. 9—it flies at the buſ⯑tard or the pheaſant, v. 81
• Eagle, the ſea-eagle called aquila piombina by the Ita⯑lians, v. 95—they often lay three or four eggs, of a leſs ſize than thoſe of a hen, of a white eliptical form—diſtinctive marks of the golden eagle, of the common eagle, of the bald eagle, of the white eagle, of the kough-footed eagle, of the white-tailed eagle, of the erne, of the black eagle, v. 97—of the ſea-eagle, of the oſprey, of the jean le blanc, of the Braſil eagle, of the Oroonoko eagle, of the crowned African eagle, of the eagle of Pondicherry, v. 98, 99
• Ears, diſtinguiſhing features in quadrupeds—ſerve in them as principal marks of the paſſions—ſmalleſt [] ears in men ſaid to be moſt beautiful—the largeſt the beſt for hearing—ſome ſavage nations bore their ears, and draw that part down, till the tip of the ear reſts upon the ſhoulder, ii. 95—the richeſt jewels in an Aethiop's ear, a proverb, ii. 98—undulations, which ſtrike the ear, ſuppoſed but one continued ſound, by their quick ſucceſſions, though in reality they make many, ii. 163—perſons hear differently with one ear from the other—theſe have what mu⯑ſicians call a bad ear; and as hearing falſe, alſo ſing falſe—ſuch perſons alſo deceived as to the ſide whence the ſound comes, ii. 173—from what cauſe the ſmall ears of the Tartars and Chineſe, ii. 239—thoſe of the hare moveable and capable of direc⯑tion to every quarter, iv. 4—are remarkably good, iv. 9—birds have not the external ear ſtanding out from the head—probably the feathers encompaſſ⯑ing ear-holes, ſupply the defect of the exterior ear, v. 11
• Earth, its globe a million of times leſs than the ſun, i. 3—placed at a happy middle diſtance from the centre, in our ſolar ſyſtem—leſs diſtant from the ſun than Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, and leſs parched up than Venus and Mercury, ſituated too near the violence of its power, i. 8, 9—the earth, like a chariot-wheel, has a compound motion, i. 9—its rotundity proved, i. 9—is rather flatted at the poles, and its form reſembles that of a turnep, i. 9, 10—conſidered as one ſcene of extenſive deſo⯑lation, i. 21—ſuppoſed by Buffon a globe of glaſs—by Whiſton a ſphere of heated iron—by Kircher one dreadful volcano—by Burnet a great maſs of water, i. 51, 52—compoſed of different layers or beds, lying horizontally one over the other, like the leaves of a book, i. 52
• Garden-earth, or mould-earth, a kind of mother, ne⯑ver found an enemy to man, i. 52—black earth formed by decayed leaves and branches in Bur⯑gundy, i. 55—drying and aſtringent earth pre⯑ſerves bodies from corruption, ii. 276—all ſuch [] earths as ferment with vinegar, are a compoſition of ſhells, decayed, and crumbled down to one uni⯑form maſs, vii. 13
• Earthquakes frequent through the whole region, where a volcano is ſituated, i. 88—various kinds of them diſtinguiſhed by philoſophers, i. 104—and by Mr. Buffon—air the only active operator in them, i. 105—ſeveral opinions upon the cauſe of them, i. 108—activity of internal heat alone ſufficient to ac⯑count for every appearance attending earthquakes; twelve cities in Aſia Minor ſwallowed up in one night—extraordinary earthquake related by Pliny, i. 109, 110—account of that in the year 1693, ex⯑tending to a circumference of two thouſand ſix hundred leagues, i. 111—minute deſcription of that in Jamaica in 1692, i. 112 to 114—account of the dreadful ſhock in Calabria in 1638, i. 115 to 121—concomitant circumſtances attending earth⯑quakes, i. 121, 122
• Earth-worm of America often a yard in length, and thick as a walking cane, ii. 6—multiplied by be⯑ing cut in pieces, ii. 23—its deſcription, viii. 167. See Worm.
• Earwig, its habits, vii. 355—reproaches groundleſs about this animal, vii. 356—its food—general cha⯑racteriſtics of the kind, vii. 357—lives in its winged ſtate a few days—dies to all appearance conſumptive, vii. 358
• Eaſt Indies, favourable months of embarking for them, i. 346
• Echeneis, the ſucking-fiſh—its deſcription, vi. 312
• Echini, or urchins, a multivalve ſhell-fiſh, vii. 61. See Urchins.
• Echo, no art can make an echo, ii. 172
• Edgar, king of England, the firſt who attempted to rid this kingdom of wolves, and in what manner, iii. 319
• Edward I. iſſued his mandate to Peter Corbet to ſu⯑perintend, and aſſiſt in the deſtruction of wolves, iii. 320
• [] Edward III. made it felony to ſteal a hawk, v. 118
• Edward IV. his act concerning ſwans, vi. 119
• Eel, deſcribed, vi. 311
• Effluvia from diſeaſed bodies propagate diſorders called infectious, i. 327
• Egg, all birds, moſt fiſhes, and many of the inſect tribes, brought forth from eggs, ii. 26—warmth of the ſun, or of a ſtove, efficacious in bringing the animal in the egg to perfection, ii. 27—its deſcription, ii. 28—hiſtory of the chicken in the egg to its complete formation, ii. 30 to 35——quadrupeds brought forth from the egg, above two hundred at a time, ii. 339—the ichneumon diſcovers and deſtroys the eggs of the crocodile, iii. 377—the crocodile lays in the ſand at a time three or four hundred, iii. 380—ſome eggs only addled by incubation, v. 24—ſuch birds as undiſ⯑turbed lay but two or three eggs—when their eggs are ſtolen, lay ten or twelve—a common hen, mo⯑derately fed, lays above an hundred from the be⯑ginning of ſpring, to the latter end of autumn, v. 30—ſome of the oſtrich weigh above fifteen pounds, v. 56—Galen thought the eggs of hens and pheaſants good to be eaten—thoſe of geeſe and oſtriches are the worſt of all, v. 63—and thoſe hatched in the hot ſand, where laid, v. 66—tak⯑ing the eggs of a hawk, puniſhed with impriſon⯑ment, and a fine, at the king's pleaſure, in the reign of Edward III. v. 118—inhabitants of Nor⯑way prepare from the eggs of the porpoiſe a kind of caviar, or delicate ſauce, and good when eaten with bread, vi. 228—manner in which the eggs of fiſhes are impregnated, wholly unknown, vi. 338—doubts whether fiſh come from the egg com⯑pletely formed, vi. 336—thoſe of the turtle hatched by the ſun, vi. 403
• Sea-eggs, name given in our cabinets to a multivalve ſhell-fiſh called echini, or urchins, by naturaliſts, vii. 61—thoſe of the ſea urchin a great delicacy, [] vii. 63—opening the body of a queen-bee, there appeared in it five thouſand eggs, viii. 76
• Eglantine, found in a well dug at Marly, i. 57
• Egypt, has ſouth winds ſo hot during ſummer, that re⯑ſpiration is almoſt ſtopped by them—they are charged with ſuch quantities of ſand, that they darken the air, as with a cloud—it rains very ſeldom in that country—but the want of ſhowers is compenſated by the copiouſneſs of their dews, i. 357, 358—the catacombs, ii. 277—a mummy, not long ſince dug up in France, ſhews the art of embalm⯑ing more completely underſtood in the weſtern world, than in Egypt itſelf, ii. 283—the Tingi⯑tanians and Egyptians have now the fame of rear⯑ing the fineſt horſes, both for ſize and beauty, ii. 356—the ichneumon uſed in this kingdom, for the ſame purpoſes that cats are in Europe, iii. 376
• Egyptians, carried the art of embalming to the higheſt perfection, ii. 267—copious detail of it, ii. 268—paid divine honours to the ibis, v. 384—Maillet's obſervations concerning this bird, v. 385
• Eider-duck, vi. 129—remarkable for the warmth of its neſt, vi. 132
• Elaboratory, bowels of ruminating animals conſider⯑ed as an elaboratory, with veſſels in it, iii. 3—the chymical apparatus for hatching chickens, v. 168
• Elaſticity of the air, i. 299, 303
• Elder-berries, hurtful to cocks, v. 170
• Elephant, not leſs remarkable for its ſize than its do⯑cility, all hiſtorians concur in giving it the cha⯑racter of the moſt ſagacious animal next to man, iv. 252—its height from ſeven to fifteen feet—impoſſible to give an idea of this animal's figure by deſcription; aſſiſted by the art of the en⯑graver, it will but confuſedly repreſent the ori⯑ginal, iv. 253—general obſervations about its conformation—of all quadrupeds, the elephant the ſtrongeſt, and largeſt; yet neither fierce, nor for⯑midable—in its native deſarts ſeldom alone, being a ſocial friendly creature, iv. 254—the oldeſt con⯑ducts [] the band; the next in ſeniority brings up the rear—order maintained in dangerous marches—never ſo far aſunder as to be incapable of re⯑ciprocal aſſiſtance—their invaſions the more diſ⯑agreeable, there being no means of repelling them; ſince an attempt to moleſt a drove would certainly be fatal, iv. 255—manner of going againſt him who offers the inſult—do no perſonal in⯑jury when ſuffered to feed uninterrupted—moleſt⯑ed by man, they ſeek all occaſions to be revenged—where they like beſt to live in their natural ſtate—cannot live far from water; and always diſturb it before they drink—often fill their trunk with water, to cool it, or by way of play to ſpurt it out like a fountain—equally diſtreſſed by the ex⯑tremes of heat and cold—ſwim from the continent into iſlands ſome leagues diſtant, iv. 256—fre⯑quently migrate from one country to another; and why—their food of the vegetable kind, loathing all ſort of animal diet—one finding a ſpot of good paſture, invites the reſt to partake of it—precautions by negroes and Indians againſt them—they often break through their fence, deſtroy the harveſt, overturn their habitations, and then re⯑treat in order, as they made the irruption, iv. 257—looks with attention and friendſhip at its maſter—its ears wipe its eyes, and cover them againſt the duſt and flies—it likes muſic, learns to beat time, move in meaſure, and join its voice to the ſound of the drum and trumpet—is pleaſed with the odours that delight man, iv. 258—the orange flower particularly grateful to its taſte and ſmell—picks up flowers, and is pleaſed with the ſcent—ſeeks the moſt odiferous plants for food; prefers the coco, the banana, the palm, and the ſago tree to all others—eats plants to the roots—their ſenſe of touching moſt delicate—deſcription of its trunk—ſerving all the purpoſes of an hand—breathes, drinks, and ſmells through the trunk, iv. 259, 260—takes a pin from the ground, unties knots [] of a rope, unlocks a door, and writes with a pen, iv. 260—an object too large for the trunk to graſp, is ſucked up by its breath, lifted and ſuſtain⯑ed—the trunk its organ of ſmelling, of touch⯑ing, of ſuction; of ornament and defence—its neck ſo ſhort that it muſt turn about to diſcover what is behind it, iv. 261—how the hunters eſcape its re⯑ſentment—a deſcription of its legs—while young, it bends the legs; but when old or ſickly, it wants human aſſiſtance, and chuſes to ſleep ſtanding—a deſcription of its feet, iv. 262—and of its tuſks—theſe, with age, become ſo heavy, that it is obliged to reſt them in holes in the walls of its ſtall—they are two—their amazing ſize—they proceed from the upper jaw, not from the frontal bones—and are not horns, as ſome have ſuppoſed—nor ever ſhed in a domeſtic ſtate, ii. 263—Aelian ſaw an elephant write Latin characters on a board, his keeper only ſhewing him the figure of each letter, iv. 261—extraordinary manner of eating—is not a rumi⯑nating animal—its ſtomach and inteſtines reſemble thoſe of a horſe—opinion that the young ele⯑phant ſucks with its trunk not with its mouth; referred to future diſcoverers, iv. 264, 265—the ſkin not covered with hair, a few briſtles in the ſcars and wrinkles of the body, and thinly ſcattered over the ſkin, the hide reſembles the bark of an old tree more than the ſkin of an animal—is ſubject to that diſorder known by the name of elephantiaſis, or Arabian leproſy, iv. 265—in what manner the In⯑dians endeavour to prevent it—the flies torment this animal inceſſantly—what arts it tries to keep them off—in a ſtate of nature, it rarely quits the river, and often ſtands in water up to the belly, iv. 265, 266—from time immemorial employed for the purpoſes of labour, of war, to encreaſe the grandeur of eaſtern princes, or to extend their dominions—is a native of Africa and Aſia—ſtill retains its natural liberty in Africa—during the ſplendour of the Carthaginian empire, they were uſed in the [] wars, iv. 267—no elephants found on this ſide mount Atlas—places where they are in great num⯑bers—the greateſt elephants found in Aſia, their price encreaſes in proportion to their ſize, iv. 268—the largeſt kept for princes—their colour—that appropriated for the monarchs own riding, kept in a palace, attended by nobles, and almoſt adored by the people—opinions concerning the white ele⯑phant—the eaſtern princes maintain as many ele⯑phants as they are able, and place great confidence on their aſſiſtance in an engagement—they never breed in a ſtate of ſervitude, and the generative powers fail when it comes under the dominion of man, iv. 269—duration of pregnacy, in the female, ſtill a ſecret—what Ariſtotle and others ſay con⯑cerning this and their young is doubtful, iv. 270—method of taking them wild in the woods, iv. 271, 272—negroes of Africa, who hunt this animal for its fleſh, take it in pit-falls, iv. 273—its attach⯑ment to the perſon that attends it—it comprehends ſeveral of the ſigns made to it, diſtinguiſhes the tone of command from that of anger or approbation, and acts accordingly—executing orders with prudence, eagerly, yet without precipitation—is taught to kneel down, to receive its rider, uſually mounted upon its neck—careſſes thoſe it knows, ſalutes ſuch as ordered to diſtinguiſh, and helps to take up part of its load—takes a pleaſure in the finery of its trappings—draws chariots, cannon, or ſhipping with ſtrength and perſeverance; and ſatis⯑faction, provided it be not corrected without a cauſe, and that its maſter be pleaſed with its exer⯑tions—in what manner the conductor guides it—frequently takes ſuch an affection to its keeper as to obey no other; has been known to die of grief for killing its conductor in a fit of madneſs—ſurpriſing inſtance of moderation in its fury—a word ſufficient to put it into motion, iv. 275—a century or two ago the Indian generals made great dependence [] upon the number and the expertneſs of their ele⯑phants; of late they are little uſed, except for drawing cannon, and tranſporting proviſions—ſtill they are uſed in war in Siam, in Cochin-China, in Tonquin, and Pegu, iv. 276—in what man⯑ner armed and led to battle—effects of its fury in the field—thoſe placed upon its back in a ſquare tower, combat as from an eminence, and fling down their weapons with double force—no⯑thing more dreadful, or more irreſiſtible, than ſuch moving machines, to men unacquainted with the modern arts of war—Romans quickly learned the art of opening their ranks to admit the elephant, iv. 277—and ſeparating it from aſſiſtance, compell⯑ed its conductors to calm the animal's fury, and to ſubmit—ſometimes, inſtead of obeying, turned upon thoſe it was employed to aſſiſt; one elephant is known to conſume as much as forty men in a day—they are now chiefly employed in carry⯑ing or drawing burthens throughout the pen⯑inſula of India—it can, with eaſe, draw more than ſix horſes can remove—it carries upon its back three or four thouſand weight; and upon its tuſks it can ſupport near a thouſand—when puſhed, it moves as ſwiftly as a horſe at full gallop—it travels fifty or ſixty miles a day; and hard preſſed almoſt double that quantity—heard trotting on at a great diſ⯑tance, iv. 278—its tract is deeply impreſſed on the ground, and from fifteen to eighteen inches in dia⯑meter—uſed, in India, as executioners, and with what dexterity they perform the horrid taſk—ſome⯑times they impale the criminal on their enormous tuſks, iv. 279—two ſurpriſing inſtances how ſenſible it is of neglect, iv. 275, 279—the keeper deſpiſing its endeavours in launching a ſhip, the animal redou⯑bled its efforts, fractured its ſkull, and died upon the ſpot, iv. 279—revenge one of them took upon a taylor who pricked its trunk with a needle in Deli, iv. 280—is mindful of benefits, iv. 279—inſtance of it, iv. 280—at the Cape of Good Hope they are [] hunted for the ſake of their teeth—in what manner—account of an unhappy huntſman, iv. 280, 281—teeth of the elephant found in a foſſil ſtate—two great grinding teeth, and part of the tuſh of an elephant, diſcovered at the depth of forty-two yards, in a lead mine in Flintſhire—tuſks of the elephants that come from Africa, ſeldom exceed two hundred and fifty pounds, iv. 282—it is de⯑feated by the rhinoceros, iv. 287—not afraid ſingly to make oppoſition to the lion, iii. 225
• Elephantiaſis, or the Arabian leproſy, a diſeaſe to which man and the elephant are equally ſubject,—in what manner the Indians endeavour to prevent it, iv. 265
• Elizabeth, (queen) her injunction upon faſting, ii. 131—in her times, the whole kingdom could not ſupply two thouſand horſes to form the cavalry, ii. 370
• Ellis, his principal experiment upon coraline ſub⯑ſtances, viii. 196
• Elk, its ſize equal to that of the elephant, iii. 140—is an animal rather of the buck than the ſtag kind—known in America by the name of mooſe-deer—is ſometimes taken in the German and Ruſſian foreſts; but extremely common in North America, iii. 140—its horns fortuitouſly dug up in many parts of Ireland, meaſuring ten feet nine inches from tip to tip—a ſmall one, the ſize of a horſe, and the horns little larger than thoſe of a common ſtag, iii. 141—Jocelin and Dudley deſcribe this animal about eleven feet high; others extend their accounts to twelve and fourteen feet—never diſ⯑ſturbs any other animal, when ſupplied itſelf—a female of this kind ſhewn at Paris in the year 1742—its deſcription—they gave it thirty pounds of bread every day, beſide hay, and it drank eight buckets of water, iii. 142, 143
• American Elk, of two kinds, the grey and the black; deſcribed—they prefer cold countries, feeding upon [] graſs in ſummer, and the bark of trees in winter—time and manner of hunting them, iii. 144 to 147—its fleſh very well taſted, and very nouriſhing—its hide ſtrong, and ſo thick as to turn a muſket-ball; yet is ſoft and pliable, iii. 147—this animal trou⯑bled with the epilepſy—is but very indifferently and confuſedly deſcribed by travellers—their various de⯑ſcriptions, iii. 148, 149—in what manner killed by the glutton, iii. 398, 399
• Elops, or Sea-ſerpent, its deſcription, vi. 310
• Ely, an iſland, the country round it was once a moſt delightful ſpot, i. 279—producing grapes that af⯑forded excellent wine—the ſea breaking in, over⯑whelmed the whole country, i. 280
• Emanuel, (king of Portugal) to try the ſtrength of the elephant and rhinoceros, made them fight, and the elephant was defeated, iv. 287
• Embalming, the Egyptians carried this art to per⯑fection, ii. 267—copious detail of this art as prac⯑tiſed among them—in Geneſis, Joſeph ſeeing his father expire, ordered his phyſicians to embalm the body—various methods of embalming, ii. 268, 269—the art ſtill among the Guanches, ancient inha⯑bitants of the iſland of Teneriff, when the Spain⯑ards conquered it—particulars of their method of embalming, ii. 272—the Peruvians alſo under⯑ſtood this art, according to Father Acoſta, ii. 274—a mummy lately dug up in France, ſhews the art more completely underſtood in the weſtern than the eaſtern world, ii. 283
• Embroidery, done in India with porcupine quills, as belts, baſkets, and neceſſary pieces of furniture, iv. 112
• Embryo, its firſt rudiments, ii. 39—in a month an inch long, ii. 41—the male developes ſooner than the female, ii. 42—progreſs and encreaſe of it, ii. 40 to 47, and 61—in the human, the under jaw much advanced before the upper, ii. 91—brain, and ſpinal marrow, firſt ſeen begun, ii. 146—the bones as ſoft as the fleſh, ii. 193
• [] Emigration, cauſes of emigrations of birds, v. 32—in what manner performed, v. 35
• Emu, an inhabitant of the New Continent, called alſo the American oſtrich—deſcription and places where found—runs ſo ſwiftly, the dogs loſe the pur⯑ſuit, v. 64, 65—one ſurrounded by hunters, the dogs avoided its rage—peculiar in hatching its young, v. 66—the young at firſt familiar follow any perſon—as they grow older, become cunning and diſtruſtful—their fleſh good to be eaten—they live entirely upon graſs, v. 67
• Encoubert of Buffon, the tatou of Ray, a ſhelly qua⯑druped, iv. 132
• England claims dominion over the ſeas encompaſſing Great Britain and Ireland, i. 232—loſing its ſupe⯑riority upon the ocean, its ſafety becomes preca⯑rious, i. 233—late as king James I. the court ſtill furniſhed with a dwarf, a giant, and a jeſter, ii. 251—the aſs entirely loſt under queen Elizabeth, ii. 385—not infeſted with wolves, iii. 319—the vi⯑per the only venomous animal there, vii. 203
• Enquiries moſt intricate generally moſt uſeleſs, ii. 21
• Entry, a term in the chace of the ſtag, iii. 114
• Ephemera, various kinds of this inſect, vii. 361—its deſcription, vii. 362—colours of their aurelias, vii. 363—their tranſmutations, vii. 365—places where found in abundance—ſhort duration—their im⯑pregnation, vii. 364 to 368
• Epicure, the greateſt has the moſt depraved taſte, ii. 184
• Epiphanius (St.) lived an hundred and fifteen years, ii. 132
• Equator, deſcription of the regions under it, i. 13
• Ermine, its deſcription—alike in figure to the weaſel, iii. 353—its fur the moſt valuable of any—the time in which it is called the ſtoat, iii. 354—man⯑ner of moulting its hair, iii. 357—one ate honey, and died ſhortly after—proof of a diſtinct ſpecies from the pole-cat or the martin—one of theſe fed with eggs and fleſh, let them putrefy before it [] touched either—in Siberia, taken in traps baited with fleſh; and in Norway, ſhot with blunt arrows or taken in traps—ſometimes found white in Great Britain, and is then called white weaſel—its fur among us of no value, iii. 358—preys upon the le⯑ming, iv. 89
• Erne, kind of eagle—its diſtinctive marks, v. 97
• Eruption of a volcano, remarkable, in 1537, i. 89, 90—of Veſuvius, in which Pliny the naturaliſt was ſuffocated, and the city of Herculaneum was over⯑whelmed, i. 91—another, of the ſame mountain, in 1707, deſcribed, i. 91 to 94—of Cotopaxi, in 1743, deſcribed by Ulloa, i. 100, 101—matter thus ex⯑ploded lies a little below the bed of the mountains, in Mr. Buffon's ſyſtem, i. 101—but ſupplied from the deeper regions of the earth, i. 103
• Eſculapian ſerpent of Italy—its excrement a pleaſing perfume, vii. 184—a domeſtic creature, vii. 223
• Eſox, or the pike, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313
• Eſquimaux Indians deſcribed, ii. 213, et ſeq.
• Evaporation, cold diminiſhing the force of menſtruums, promotes evaporation—theory for the formation of the clouds, i. 370—prevented by moiſt weather—dry froſt aſſiſts evaporation, i. 371
• Evils, thouſands of natural evils permitted to exiſt in the world, and why, i. 20
• Eunuchs of two kinds, the white and the black—made in Italy to improve the voice, ii. 73—inſtance, in our country, of a very fine woman married to an eu⯑nuch, ii. 74
• Euphaemia, a city in Calabria, ſunk by an earthquake, i. 119
• Euphrates, a river, its ſources, i. 211, 212—receives eleven rivers, i. 217
• Eurites, a city ſwallowed by an earthquake, i. 162
• Europeans reſemble our common parent more than any of the reſt of his children, ii. 239—argument which ſuffices to prove it, ii. 240
• Euſtachian tube, a paſſage from the ear into the mouth—its uſe, ii. 173
• [] Ewe, with the buck-goat, produces an animal that in two or three generations returns to the ſheep, and retains no marks of its ancient progenitor, iii. 35
• Excrements of ſome ſerpents kept as the moſt pleaſing perfume at Calicut and Cranganon, in Eaſt-India, vii. 184
• Executioner, elephants in India uſed as ſuch—impale the criminals on their tuſks, iv. 279
• Exerciſe, manual, hares taught to go through it, iv. 9
• Exhalations, mineral, raiſed by ſubterranean heat, i. 338—when copious, every where fatal, i. 326
• Exocetas, the flying fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 314
• Expedition againſt Carthagena, in America, i. 322—and the Havannah, i. 323
• Experience, repeated, ſhews how ſeldom pains are ſuffered, or pleaſures enjoyed, to the utmoſt, ii. 208
• Experiment, by Mr. Belcher, upon the circulation of the blood through the bones, ii. 194—made by approaching a looking-glaſs to the mouth, to diſ⯑cover breathing, very uncertain, ii. 209—of a carp placed under an air-pump, vi. 169—the famous experiment of Malpighi, concerning the ſtigmata of the caterpillar, viii. 14
• Extraneous, or foſſil ſhells, found in the bowels of the earth, vii. 15
• Eyes, opened by the infant the moment of its birth, ii. 54—particularly in them the paſſions are paint⯑ed, ii. 81—ſmall and nearly cloſed, are liked in China and Japan, ii. 77—different colours of the eye, whence they ariſe, ii. 82—eyes of oxen are brown; thoſe of ſheep of a water-colour; of goats are grey; and thoſe of moſt white animals are red, ii. 83—diſtance between the eyes leſs in man than in any other animal, ii. 84—Montaigne diſliked thoſe men who ſhut one eye in looking upon any object, ii. 94—in what circumſtances women with child are ſaid to be all mouth and eyes—the lower eye-lids, in women with child, drawn downwards, [] ii. 104—of all parts the animal has double, the eyes produced ſooneſt, ii. 145—privation of feeling and ſight would miſrepreſent the ſituation and number of all things around us, ii. 147—two contribute to diſtinct and extenſive viſion, ii. 149—both eyes ſee round the object, and give it that heightened relief which no painting does attain to—in either is there a point which has no viſion, the defect is corrected by having the organ double, ii. 150—eaſy experiment to be convinced of it, ii. 150, 151—objects at a diſtance are rarely equal in both eyes, ii. 157—the beſt eye ſees objects largeſt—infants having their eyes leſs, muſt ſee objects ſmaller in proportion, ii. 158—when we look at an object ex⯑tremely brilliant, viſion becomes indiſtinct, and why, ii. 159—how far the eye can accommodate itſelf to darkneſs—remarkable inſtance of it in a major under king Charles I. ii. 160, 161—whence have ariſen the ſmall eyes of the Tartars and Chi⯑neſe, ii. 239—eaſtern poets compare the eyes of their miſtreſſes to thoſe of the gazelle—the Greeks reſemble the eyes of a beautiful woman to thoſe of a cow, iii. 72—of all animals, natives of this cli⯑mate, none have an eye ſo beautiful as the ſtag, iii. 105—that of the wolf opens ſlantingly upwards in the ſame direction with the noſe, iii. 307—of the fox placed obliquely, like thoſe of the wolf, iii. 324—of the civet ſhine in the night, iii. 394—thoſe of the hare placed backwards, to ſee behind it as it runs, and theſe are never wholly cloſed, iv. 4—pe⯑culiar advantages of ſmallneſs of the eye in the mole, iv. 94—deſcription of the eyes of birds of the owl kind, v. 137—in the eyes of all animals, a complete proviſion to ſhut out too much light, or to admit a ſufficiency, by contraction and dilatation of the pupil, v. 138—thoſe of the great Greenland whale not larger than thoſe of an ox, vi. 196—of the ſnail on the points of its largeſt horns, vii. 20—peculiarities in the eyes of the cameleon, vii. 155—eyes of the butterfly have not all the ſame [] form—the outward coat has a luſtre diſplaying the various colours of the rainbow—examined a little cloſely, it will be found to have the appearance of a multiplying-glaſs, viii. 35, 36—the beetle in its worm ſtate has no eyes, viii. 132
• Eye-brows joining in the middle conſidered a peculiar grace by Tibullus, and by the Perſians, ii. 76—Le Brun's directions, regarding the paſſions, place the principal expreſſion in them, ii. 84—ſuch as have them moſt at command are the beſt actors, ii. 85—the Talapoins of Siam ſhave the eye-brows of the children committed to their care, ii. 96
• Eye-laſhes, men and apes only have them upon the upper and lower lids—all other animals want them on the lower lid, ii. 85
• Eye-lids, in birds and amphibious quadrupeds, the lower lid alone has motion—fiſhes and inſects have no eye-lids, ii. 85

• Face, its form the reſult of cuſtom, ii. 238—a modern lady's face formed like that of Venus de Medicis, or of the ſleeping Veſtal, would ſcarce be deemed beautiful, except by the lovers of antiquity, ii. 265
• Falcon gentle, a kind of hawk, iii. 84—it purſues the gazelles, iii. 84, 85—many people admire its fleſh, and dreſs it for eating, ſays Belonius, v. 85—me⯑thod of training up this bird, v. 124—falconry, much difuſed among us, was a principal amuſement of our anceſtors, v. 118—the falcon-gentle and the peregrine much leſs than the gyr-falcon, which ex⯑ceeds all others in largeneſs—deſcription of the gyr-falcon—a courageous and fierce bird, not fearing the eagle—it chiefly flies at the ſtork, the heron, and the crane, v. 120, 121—is chiefly found in the northern regions, but loſes neither ſtrength nor courage, when brought into the milder climates—the falcon-gentil moults in March and ſooner—the peregrine does not moult [] till Auguſt, v. 121—the common falcon is of ſuch ſpirit, that, like a conqueror in a country, he keeps all in awe and ſubjection to his proweſs, v. 122—young falcons, though depreſſed by captivity, will, when brought out, fly at barnacles and wild geeſe, v. 123—the falcon's purſuit of the heron, kite, or woodlark, the moſt delightful ſport, v. 127—names of the falcons in uſe here and in other countries, v. 119—among the Welch, the king's falconer the fourth officer of the ſtate; was forbid to take more than three draughts of beer from his horn, leſt he ſhould neglect his duty, v. 118
• Falconers catch the kite for the purpoſes of training the falcon and how, v. 144
• Fallopius, the two tubular veſſels perceived by him, ii. 17
• Famine ſupported by carnivorous animals for ſeveral weeks together, ii. 323
• Faſting, queen Elizabeth enjoined her ſubjects to faſt from fleſh on Fridays and Saturdays, to favour the conſumption of fiſh, and multiply the number of mariners, and to ſpare the ſtock of ſheep, ii. 131
• Fat of the chamois, its medicinal virtue—fat of ani⯑mals found efficacious in ſome diſorders, iii. 69—of the manati, expoſed to the ſun, has a fine ſmell and taſte, and exceeds the fat of any ſea-animal—the heat of the ſun will not ſpoil, it nor make it rancid—ſeveral other qualities of this fat, iv. 185, 186
• Father-laſher, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 308
• Fawn, name of the buck and the doe the firſt year, iii. 128
• Feathers of birds deſcribed, v. 6—of the oſtrich almoſt as ſoft as down, v. 50—different uſes made of gooſe-feathers, vi. 124, 125
• Feather-beds utterly unknown in countries bordering on the Levant, and all Aſia, vi. 125—ancients did not uſe feather-beds—Pliny ſpeaks of bolſters of feathers for their heads—feathers make a conſider⯑able article of commerce—different qualities—beſt [] method of curing them—old feathers more valu⯑able than new, vi. 125, 126
• Fecundity of the rabbit greater than of the hare, iv. 16
• Feeling, deprived of feeling, our eyes would miſrepre⯑ſent the ſituation and the number of all things around us, ii. 147—blind men have this ſenſe finer than others, and why—the groſſeſt and moſt uſeful of the ſenſes—no total deprivation of it but with life—thoſe parts moſt exerciſed in it, acquire the greateſt accuracy—the fingers, by habit, greater in the art than others, not from their having more nerves, ii. 185—fiſhes having no organs for feel⯑ing, muſt be the moſt ſtupid of all animals—feeling, the guardian, the judge, and the examiner of all the ſenſes, is never found to deceive, ii. 186
• Ferret has eyes of a red colour, ii. 83—not found at preſent here but in the domeſtic ſtate—its deſcrip⯑tion—a native of the torrid zone, iii. 359, 360—naturally ſuch an enemy of the rabbit, that a young ferret, although unacquainted with the kind, will fiercely attack and bite even a dead one—uſe of fer⯑rets in warrens to enter the holes muzzled, and drive the rabbits into the nets at the mouth, iii. 360—to bring the ferret from his hole, ſtraw and other ſubſtances burnt at the mouth—the female leſs than the male, whom ſhe ſeeks with great ardour, and often dies without being admitted, iii. 361—they ſleep continually, and the inſtant they awake ſeem eager for food—are uſually fed with bread and milk—breed twice a year—ſome devour their young as ſoon as brought forth, and then become fit for the male again—the litter uſually from five to ſix young; and theſe conſiſt of more females than males—its ſcent foetid—has attacked and kill⯑ed children in the cradle—is eaſily irritated, and then ſmells more offenſively—its bite difficult of cure—has eight grinding teeth—to the ferret kind may be added an animal called by Mr. Buffon the vanſire, iii. 362—comes originally from Africa, iv. 22
• [] Fever, opinion that the lion is in a continual fever, iii. 224
• Fewmet, name for the excrement of the ſtag, iii. 113
• Fibres, muſcular, compoſe the ſtomachs of inſects, iii. 6.
• Fieldfare, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 314, 317, 323
• Fielding affirms he never knew a perſon with a ſteady glavering ſmile, but he found him a rogue, ii. 94
• Figure, little known exactly of the proportion of the human figure, ii. 106—different opinions concern⯑ing it, ii. 107—whence proceed the variations in the human figure, ii. 239—the oldeſt meaſure of the human figure in the monument of Cheops, in the firſt pyramid of Egypt, ii. 264
• Finder, a dog of the generous kind, iii. 286
• Fins, different purpoſes they anſwer in fiſhes, vi. 155 to 158—thoſe of the whale—their uſe, vi. 194, 195, 200
• Fin-fiſh, vi. 193—its food, vii. 202
• Fingers, by habit, and not from a greater number of nerves, become exacter in the art of feeling than any other part, even where ſenſation is more deli⯑cate and fine, ii. 185
• Fire, perpetual, in the kingdom of Perſia, i. 86—ad⯑vantages ariſing from the ſubterranean fires, i. 124, 125—put out by the ſun ſhining upon it, and why, i. 333, 334—fleeting balls of fire, i. 377—great globe of fire ſeen at Bononia in Italy, not leſs than a mile long and half a mile broad, i. 382—lighted to preſerve herds and flocks from animals of the cat kind, iii. 222
• Fireflare, Pliny, Aelian, and Oppian, ſupply the weapon of this fiſh with a venom affecting even the inanimate creation—reaſons to doubt of it, vi. 259, 260, 261
• Fiſhes petrified, found in the mountains of Caſtravan, i. 45—fiſh in abundance found in a new formed iſland—thoſe who eat of them died ſhortly after, i. [] 126—cannot live in water, whence the air is ex⯑hauſted, i. 316—ſhowers of fiſhes firſt raiſed in the air by tempeſts, i. 390—moſt of them pro⯑duced from the egg, ii. 26—have no eye-lids at all, ii. 85—nor any neck, ii. 102—are allured by muſic, ii. 168—having no organs for feeling, muſt be ſtupid, ii. 186—ruminating ſort, iii. 5—opi⯑nion, that all fiſh are naturally of the ſalt element, and have mounted up into freſh water by acci⯑dental migration—ſome ſwim up rivers to depoſit their ſpawn; of which the ſize is enormous, and the ſhoals endleſs—all keep to the ſea, and would expire in freſh water, vi. 153—the number to which names are given, and of the figure of which ſomething is known, according to Linnaeus, are above four hundred—their purſuits, mi⯑grations, ſocieties, antipathies, pleaſures, times of geſtation, and manner of bringing forth, are all hidden in the turbulent element that protect them—the hiſtory of fiſhes can have little in it enter⯑taining; for inſtead of ſtudying their nature, pains have been taken to encreaſe their catalogues, vi. 154—that ſhape granted to moſt fiſhes, is imitated in ſuch veſſels as are deſigned to ſail with the greateſt ſwiftneſs—any large fiſh overtakes a ſhip in full ſail, with great eaſe—the chief in⯑ſtruments in the motion of a fiſh are the fins—in ſome they are more numerous than in others—it is not always the fiſh with the greateſt number of fins that have the ſwifteſt motion, vi. 155—how the fins aſſiſt the fiſh in riſing or ſinking, in turning, or leaping out of the water—all this explained by the experiment of a carp put into a large veſ⯑ſel, vi. 155 to 158—all fiſhes covered with a ſlimy, glutinous matter, that defends their bodies from the immediate contact of the ſurrounding fluid—they fall behind terreſtrial animals in their ſenſations—their ſenſe of touching and ſmelling, vi. 159—their ſenſe of taſting, vi. 160—hearing is found ſtill more imperfect, if found at all, vi. [] 161—Mr. Gouan's experiment to this purpoſe—from it is learned they are as deaf as mute—their ſenſe of ſeeing, vi. 162—their brain, vi. 163—their rapacity inſatiable; when out of the water, and almoſt expiring, they greedily ſwallow the bait by which they were allured to deſtruction, vi. 164—the maw placed next the mouth; and though poſ⯑ſeſſed of no ſenſible heat, is endued with a faculty of digeſtion, contrary to the ſyſtem, that the heat of the ſtomach is alone ſufficient for digeſtion, vi. 165—though for ever prowling, can ſuffer want of food very long—inſtances of it, vi. 166—life of a fiſh but one ſcene of hoſtility, violence, and eva⯑ſion, vi. 167—the cauſes of annual migrations, vi. 168—all ſtand in need of air for ſupport—thoſe of the whale kind come to the ſurface of the ſea every two or three minutes to breathe freſh air—experi⯑ment of a carp in a large vaſe of water, placed un⯑der an air-pump, vi. 169—general method of ex⯑plaining reſpiration in fiſhes, vi. 170—the deſcrip⯑tion and uſes of their air bladder, vi. 171 to 175—full play of the gills prevented, or the bony covers kept from moving, the animal would fall into con⯑vulſions, and die, vi. 170—ſome fiſhes have no air-bladder, vi. 174—can live but a few minutes without air—nothing more difficult to account for, than the manner of their getting this ſupply, vi. 170—no part of the account of the uſe of the air-bladder well ſupported, vi. 172—Bacon's obſer⯑vations upon their growth and age—two methods for determining the age of fiſhes, more ingenious than certain—a carp found to be a hundred years old—the diſcovery confirmed by authors, vi. 175, 176—longevity of theſe animals, nothing compar⯑ed to their fecundity—ſome multiply by mil⯑lions—ſome bring forth their young alive, and ſome produce eggs—the former rather the leaſt fruitful—the viviparous blenny brings forth two or three hundred at a time, all alive, and playing together round the parent, vi. 177—different ſea⯑ſons [] for depoſiting ſpawn, vi. 180—ſome fiſhes have the tenderneſs of birds or quadrupeds for their young, vi. 181—their copulation as yet a doubt, vi. 179—Apicius noted for firſt teaching to ſuffocate fiſh in Carthaginian pickle, vi. 182—the fleſh of fiſhes—queſtion to the learned concerning the fleſh of fiſhes, vi 183—cetaceous fiſhes, vi. 185—cartilaginous fiſhes, vi. 231—ſucking-fiſh ſticks to the ſhark—called the ſhark's pilot, and why, vi. 246—all fiſh more delicate about a baited hook than their ordinary food, vi. 252—beſt bait for all is freſh herring cut in pieces of a proper ſize, vi. 256—experience ſhews, the larger fiſh take a living ſmall one upon the hook ſooner than any other bait, vi. 257—more than thoſe of the ray kind poſſeſſed of the numbing quality—Condamine informs us of a fiſh wth the powers of the torpedo, and reſembling a lamprey, vi. 267—lamprey of the Engliſh Severn the moſt delicate fiſh whatever, vi. 270—galley-fiſh, deſcribed, vi. 293 to 295—pipe-fiſh, vi. 289—lump-fiſh, vi. 287—ſun-fiſh, vi. 285, 286—ſpinous fiſhes, vi. 303—Mr. Gouan's ſyſtem of ſpinous fiſhes, vi. 304 to 315—uſe of it, vi. 315, 316—all fiſh of the ſame kind have the ſame number of bones, vi. 318—the ſmall, lean, and with many fins, the moſt bony, vi. 319—vulgar expreſſion, that fiſhes at ſome ſeaſons are more bony than at others, ſcarce deſerves con⯑tradiction, vi. 318—none imbibe the ſea-ſaltneſs with their food, or in reſpiration—whence then do ſome fiſhes live there, and quickly expire in freſh water—ſome tribes live only in the ſea; others on⯑ly in freſh water; ſome a part the ſeaſon in one, and a part in the other, as the ſalmon, the ſhad, the ſmelt, and the flounder, vi. 321—ſome fiſh, as the eel, deſcend the freſh-water ſtream, to bring forth their young in the ſea—in what ſeaſon, vi. 323—long voyages undertaken by ſome tribes that con⯑ſtantly reſide in the ocean, and may be called fiſh of paſſage—ſtated returns and regular pro⯑greſs [] of theſe fiſh of paſſage the moſt extraordinary circumſtances in the hiſtory of nature, vi. 324—names of ſeveral migrating fiſhes—of all ſuch, the herring and pilchard take the moſt adventurous voy⯑ages, vi. 325, 326—places where found in abun⯑dance, vi. 327—manner in which the eggs of fiſh are impregnated wholly unknown, vi. 338—in the iſlands of the Indian Ocean, an over quantity, in ſhoals, on the ſwamps, dried up by the ſun—the putrefaction renders the country unhealthful—a⯑mazing propagation along our coaſts and rivers not proportionate to the quantities among the iſlands of the Indian Ocean, vi. 335—places where the ſpawn is depoſited—doubts whether moſt fiſh come from the egg completely formed, vi. 336—growth of fiſhes, vi. 339—inſtance in the growth of the mackarel—all live upon each other in ſome ſtate of their exiſtence—of thoſe in the ocean of the ſpinous kinds, the dorado the moſt voracious, vi. 340—flying-fiſh chiefly ſought by the dorado—their warfare, vi. 341—opinion that all fiſhes are natives of the ſea, founded upon their ſuperior fecundity of breeding twenty to one—certainly freſh-water fiſhes abate of their courage and rapacity, vi. 343—greedineſs of the ſea-fiſh to devour the bait prodigious, compared with the manner it is taken in freſh water—difference of baits with which they are caught vi. 344—ſome fiſhes rendered ſo torpid in the northern rivers, as to be frozen up in the maſſes of ice, and continue there ſeveral months, ſeemingly without life or ſenſation, waiting the approach of a warmer ſun, to reſtore them to life and liberty—each ſpecies of fiſh infeſted with worms of different kinds, vi. 347—moſt vivacious animals—often live upon ſubſtances poiſonous to the more perfect claſſes of animated nature—numbers of fiſhes mak⯑ing poiſonous wounds, ſcarcely to be doubted, vi. 348—ſome fiſhes being poiſonous is notorious, the cauſe inſcrutable—Dr. Grainger, after reſid⯑ing [] many years at St. Chriſtopher's, affirms that of fiſh caught at one end of the iſland, ſome were good and wholeſome, while others of the ſame kind, taken at a different end, were dangerous and commonly fatal—the Philoſophical Tranſac⯑tions give an account of poiſonous qualities of fiſh, at New Providence—all kinds, at different times a⯑like dangerous; the ſame ſpecies this day ſerving as nouriſhment, the next found fatal—ſpeculations and conjectures to which theſe poiſonous qualities have given riſe, vi. 349, 350
• File-fiſh, moſt wonderful of the ſhelly tribe, vii. 65. See Pholades.
• Fiſhery of pearls, ſeveral—chiefly carried on in the Perſian Gulph, vii. 56—the people deſtined for the pearl-fiſheries—they die conſumptive, vii. 58—in what manner they fiſh for pearls, vii. 59
• Fiſhing-frog, from its deformity called ſea devil, vi. 286—conceit that this fiſh uſes its two long beards or filaments for fiſhing—Rondelet ſays, that the bowels taken out, the body appears tranſparent; and with a lighted candle in it, has a formidable appearance—fiſhermen have a great regard for this ugly fiſh, as an enemy to the dog-fiſh; when taken they ſet it at liberty, vi. 287
• Fiſſures, perpendicular, found in every field, and eve⯑ry quarry—their cauſes, i. 62
• Fiſtularia, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313
• Flame will burn under water—none found continuing to burn without air, i. 333
• Flamingo, the moſt remarkable of the crane kind, the talleſt, bulkieſt, and moſt beautiful, vi. 10—its deſcription—chiefly found in America, once known on all the coaſts of Europe, vi. 10, 11—in deſerted regions, the flamingos live in a ſtate of ſociety, and under a better polity than others of the feathered creation—delicacy of its fleſh, vi. 11—when the firſt Europeans in America killed one, the reſt regarded the fall in fixed aſtoniſhment; thus the fowler le⯑velled the flock, before any began to eſcape []—it is now one of the ſcarceſt, and ſhyeſt birds in the world, vi. 12—places it chiefly inhabits—always appoint one as a watch—who gives no⯑tice of danger with a voice as ſhrill as a trumpet, vi. 12, 13—negroes fond of their company, and think their ſociety a gift of heaven, and protection from evils, iv. 14—thoſe killed hidden in the long graſs, to prevent ill treatment from the blacks diſcovering the murder of their ſacred birds—are frequently taken with nets; refuſe all nouriſhment, when ta⯑ken, pine and die, if left to themſelves in capti⯑vity, vi. 14, 15—its tongue is the moſt celebrated delicacy, a diſh of them, ſays Labat, is a feaſt for an emperor—a Roman emperor had fifteen hun⯑dred flamingos tongues ſerved up in a diſh—their tongue larger than that of any other bird—its fleſh, vi. 315—they move in rank like cranes—appear in flight, of a bright red as a burning coal—manner of feeding very ſingular—ſavages of Canada call it tococo, and why, vi. 16, 17—time of breeding and their neſts, vi. 17—number of their eggs—colour when young—then become familiar in five or ſix days, eat out of the hand, and drink ſea-water; but generally pine away, wanting their natural ſupplies, and die in a ſhort time, vi. 19—ſavages make ornaments of their plumes; and the ſkin ſometimes ſerves the Europeans to make muffs, vi. 19
• Flea, its deſcription, vii. 268—it can draw a chain an hundred times heavier than itſelf, and eat ten times its own ſize of proviſion in one day, vii. 248—perſecutes the hare, iv. 12—Lewenhoeck has diſcovered above ſix thouſand facets on the cornea of a flea, viii. 36—arhoreſcent water-flea, or mo⯑noculus, deſcribed, vii. 288
• Flemings poſſeſſed the art of cloth-working in a ſupe⯑rior degree—were invited to ſettle here, iii. 43
• Fleſh, dries at Cuſco like wood, without corrupting, ii. 274—the Perſians eſteem that of the wild aſs [] ſo highly that its delicacy is a proverb among them, ii. 378—of the fallow deer preferred to any other, iii. 125—of the roe-buck between one and two years old, allowed the greateſt delicacy known, iii. 139—of the tiger is good for food, ſome hold it ſuperior to mutton, iii. 249—of dogs ſold in ſhambles all over China, iii. 297—and the ne⯑groes of the coaſts of Guinea eſteem it a delicacy—as likewiſe that of toads, lizards, and tigers, iii. 297, 298—that of the wolf very indifferent; no creature known to eat it but the wolf himſelf, iii. 323—of the ſquaſh, tolerable food, iii. 385—that of the glutton not fit to be eaten, iii. 402—of the hare religiouſly abſtained from by Jews, ancient Bri⯑tons, and Mahometans, iv. 14—of the paca con⯑ſidered a great delicacy, iv. 54—of the tendrac, thought by the Indians a great delicacy, iv. 107—of the pangolin conſidered a very great delicacy by the negroes of Africa, iv. 121—of the armadilla, of tatou, ſaid to be delicate eating, iv. 130—of the ſeal formerly found place at the tables of the great, iv. 180—of the monkey liked by the ne⯑groes, iv. 224—of the oſtrich proſcribed in ſcrip⯑ture, unfit to be eaten, v. 53—of the emu, or the American oſtrich, good to be eaten, v. 67—of the dodo, good and wholeſome eating, v. 77—of the vulture, falcon, and oſprey, when young, excel⯑lent food according to Belonius, v. 85—that of carnivorous birds ſtringy and ill-taſted, ſoon cor⯑rupting, and tinctured with that animal food upon which they ſubſiſt, v. 84—of the bird condor, as diſagreeable as carrion, v. 102—of the peacock, keeps longer unputrefied than of any other animal, v. 173—of the pheaſant, conſidered as the greateſt dainty—of the quail, a very great delicacy, v. 214—that of the partridge, ſo valued by the French, ac⯑cording to Willoughby, that no feaſt could be com⯑plete without it, v. 206—of the toucan, tender and nouriſhing, v. 246—of young herons, in particu⯑lar [] eſtimation in France, v. 398—of the bittern, greatly eſteemed among the luxurious, vi. 5—of the puffin, formerly by the church allowed on len⯑ten days, vi. 104—of fiſhes, yields little nouriſh⯑ment, vi. 182—queſtion propoſed to the learned concerning it, vi. 183—of the young porpeſs, ſaid to be as well taſted as veal, vi. 228—of the ſhark, is hardly digeſtible by any but negroes, who are fond of it to diſtraction, vi. 247—of the turtle is become a branch of commerce, vi. 398—that of ſome crabs is poiſonous, vi. 376—of the great Mediterranean turtle ſometimes poiſonous, vi. 394
• Flies, torment the elephant unceaſingly—arts the e⯑phant tries to keep them off, iv. 266—the cornea ſo adapted by Puget, as to ſee objects through it with a microſcope—ſtrangeneſs of its repreſenta⯑tions—does the fly ſee objects ſingly, as with one eye; or is every facet a complete eye, exhibiting its object diſtinct from the reſt, viii. 36, 37—common water-fly ſwims on its back, vii. 359—dragon-fly, or the libella, vii. 316—the Spaniſh-fly, viii. 141. See Cantharides.
• Flintſhire, in a lead mine there, two great grinding teeth, and part of the tuſk of an elephant, diſco⯑vered, at the depth of forty-two yards, iv. 282
• Flounder, known to produce in one ſeaſon, above one million of eggs, vi. 178
• Fluids, aſcending in veſſels emptied of air—riſing in capillary tubes, and how this comes to paſs, i. 192
• Flumide, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 312
• Flux of the ſea, i. 250—not equal in the Streight of Magellan, i. 259
• Fly-catcher, bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 317
• Flying-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 314—chiefly ſought by the dorado, vi. 341
• Fly-trap, name of a flower, cloſing upon the flies that light upon it, viii. 162
• [] Foetus, the canal of communication through which the blood circulates in the foetus, without going through the lungs, has been found open in ſome bodies that have been diſſected, vii. 58
• Fongwhang, natives of China give a fantaſtic de⯑ſcription of this imaginary bird, v. 191
• Fontenelle, a celebrated writer, of a weak and delicate habit of body; the remarkable equality of his tem⯑per lengthened out his life to above an hundred; nothing could vex or make him uneaſy, ii. 201
• Food, man can live without it for ſeven days, ii. 132—a Scotchman for the ſpace of ſix weeks took no food at all, ii. 133
• Foot, hares have the ſole of it furniſhed with hair, iv. 8. See Hare and Hair.
• Foramen ovale, opening in the heart of the foetus, ii. 45—in the ſeal's heart, never cloſes, iv. 171
• Forbin, (chevalier) his account of baboons forcing women in Siam, iv. 210
• Forehead, narrow, liked by the Romans, ii. 76
• Foreſt, generally divided between monkies and ſer⯑pents, iv. 221
• Formica-leo, the lion-ant, deſcribed, vii. 323—its ha⯑bits, vii. 324—retreat, vii. 325—contrivances for catching other inſects, vii. 326, 327—when attaining a certain age, changes its form, vii. 328—deſcription when become a large and beautiful fly of the libellula kind, vii. 330
• Form of hares made in places where the colour of the graſs moſt reſembles that of their ſkin; is open to the ſouth in winter, and to the north in ſum⯑mer, iv. 9—they ſleep or repoſe in them by day, iv. 7
• Foſſile, teeth of elephants often found in that ſtate, iv. 282—bones found in Peru and Brazil, iv. 283—ſhells in the bowels of the earth, not found in the ocean, vii. 15
• Fouine, animal of the weaſel kind, iii. 368
• Fowls, large, do not riſe eaſily, and why, v. 8—few [] water-fowls known to breed in England, and why, v. 33—thoſe of reddiſh plumage the ancients held invaluable; the white, as unfit for domeſtic pur⯑poſes, and fit as prey to rapacious birds—Ariſtotle thinks them leſs fruitful than the former, v. 162—ſea-fowls ever ſporting on formidable ſea-coaſts, vi. 78—general characteriſtics of water-fowls, vi. 45, 46—their food, vi. 48—the gull kind, vi. 49—the penguin kind—the gooſe kind, vi. 49, 50—water-fowls properly of no climate, vi. 106
• Foxes, their cubs born blind, like thoſe of the dog, iii. 331—the fox lives about twelve or fourteen years—remarkable inſtance of parental affection of a ſhe-fox, iii. 330—all animals make war upon the fox—even the birds, iii. 331—refuſes to engender with the dog—brings forth fewer than the dog, and but once a year, iii. 329—the female goes with young ſix weeks, and ſeldom ſtirs out while preg⯑nant, iii. 330—various colours of them—three va⯑rieties of this animal in Great Britain; grey-hound fox, maſtiff-fox, and cur-fox—round the pole they are of all colours, iii. 332—jackall taken for the fox—ſkin of the black fox moſt eſteemed, a ſingle ſkin ſelling for forty or fifty crowns, iii. 333—in Greenland do not change colour at all, iii. 356—taken young, are gentle only while cubs, growing older, diſcover their natural appetites of rapine and cruelty, iii. 277—nothing eatable comes amiſs to them, rats, mice, ſerpents, toads, and lizards; inſects, crabs, ſhrimps, and ſhell-fiſh; carrots, wax, and honey, even the hedge-hog, iii. 327—often takes poſſeſſion of the hole quitted by the badger, or forces it from its retreat by art, iv. 328—hunt in packs, iii. 276—chace of the fox, iii. 328—their offenſive ſmell often the cauſe of their death, iii. 324—way they find to ſubſiſt, iii. 325 to 327—name given by huntſmen to a fox of the ſecond year—old fox the name for the third year, iii. 328—many animals in this country [] bred between a dog and a fox, iii. 298—experiments prove neither the wolf nor the fox of the ſame nature with the dog, each a ſpecies perfectly diſ⯑tinct, iii. 298 to 301—exactly reſembles the wolf and the dog internally, iii. 323—deſcription; eyes, obliquely ſituated, like the wolf, iii. 324
• Croſt-fox, name of the iſatis, when turning white, iii. 341
• Fox-tailed-monkey, of the ſagoin kind, iv. 237
• France, its kings of the firſt race had whiſkers knot⯑ted and buttoned with gold, ii. 97—under Francis I. peacocks ſerved at the tables of the great, not to be eaten but ſeen, v. 173
• Fray, ſaid when ſtags rub off the peel of their horns againſt trees, iii. 114
• Frederic, emperor of Germany, wrote a treatiſe up⯑on hawking, v. 118
• Frederickſhall, Charles XII. ſhot at the ſiege of that fortreſs, ii. 208
• Friezeland, great innundations happened in it, i. 278
• Friſchehaff, a lake where the ſturgeon is found in greateſt numbers, vi. 277
• Frog, differences between it and the toad, in figure and conformation, vii. 74—the frog the beſt ſwim⯑mer of all four-footed animals, vii. 75—its deſcrip⯑tion—male or female have no external inſtruments of generation; the anus ſerving for that purpoſe in both, vii. 75, 76—coupling of the common brown frog—experiments to diſcover how their impreg⯑nation is performed, vii. 76 to 79—the female not impregnated by the mouth, as conjectured, nor by the thumbs, as imagined by Linnaeus, but by imperſion of male ſeminal fluid upon the eggs proceeding from the body—how the female brings forth eggs, vii. 80—various changes in the eggs after impregnation by the male, vii. 81, 82—the animal in its perfect ſtate, from feeding up⯑on vegetables, becomes carnivorous, lives upon worms and inſects, and ſeeks for food upon land []—myriads ſeen on ſuch occaſions, have been fancied to be generated in the clouds, and ſhowered down on earth, vii. 83, 84—their habitudes and food, vii. 84—differences of ſexes not perceiveable, until their fourth year; do not begin to propagate till that period, vii. 84, 85—live about twelve years, vii. 85—a German ſurgeon kept one eight years in a glaſs covered with a net, fed it often but ſparingly—in⯑ſtances of tenaciouſneſs of life, vii. 86—the male only croaks—large water-frog's note as loud as the bellowing of a bull; and heard at three miles diſt⯑ance—times of their croaking—no weather-glaſs ſo true in foretelling changes, vii. 87—adhere to the backs of fiſhes, vii. 88—ſtory of Walton to this purpoſe, vii. 89—dry weather hurtful to frogs, vii. 88—deſignedly introduced into Ireland before the Norway rat, iv. 66—the rat put a ſtop to their in⯑creaſe; and the frog is almoſt extinct in that king⯑dom, iv. 67. See Fiſhing-frog.
• Froſt, dry, augments evaporation, i. 371
• Froſt-ſmoke, fogs near the pole form halos, or lumi⯑nous circles, i. 386, 387
• Froth-worm, its deſcription, vii. 358
• Fumes of hot iron, copper, or other metal, blown into the place where an animal is confined, inſtant⯑ly deſtroys it, i. 319
• Fur, the colder the country, the larger and the warm⯑er the fur—inſtances of it, ii. 329—of the white fox not eſteemed, and why, iii. 333—the iſa⯑tis of no value, unleſs killed in winter, iii. 341—the ermine the moſt valuable of any, iii. 354—no eaſy matter to account for warmth of furs of Nor⯑thern quadrupeds, or how they come to have ſuch abundant covering—particulars on this ſubject, iii. 355—white weaſel, found in Great Britain, of no value, iii. 358—ermine, in every country, changes by time, iii. 359—of the polecat in leſs eſtimation than ſome of inferior kinds, iii. 366—of the yel⯑low-breaſted martin more valuable and beautiful [] than the white, iii. 368—different colours of the ſable, iii. 374—of the genet valuable, iii. 388—of the glutton has the moſt beautiful luſtre, and is preferred to all except the Siberian ſable, iii. 403—of the hare forms a conſiderable article in the hat manufacture, iv. 13—of the cricetus, or Ger⯑man rat, very valuable, iv. 84—inſide down of the vulture's wing makes a warm and comfort⯑able kind of fur, v. 109—of the civet, impreg⯑nated with the perfume, iii. 392

• Gadfly, formidable in Lapland—brings on an incur⯑able diſorder upon the rein-deer—precautions uſed againſt them, iii. 157
• Gadus, the cod-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 312
• Gaganda, iſland of Ethiopia, parrots found there by the Romans, v. 284
• Galam, a place nine hundred miles up the Sengal, taken from the French, i. 212
• Galen aſſerts the eggs of hens and pheaſants good to be eaten, thoſe of geeſe and oſtriches worſt of all, v. 63
• Galinaſſos, Spaniſh name of vultures in America, v. 113
• Gall, the deer kind have none, iii. 94—of the ſham⯑moy held uſeful to ſtrengthen the ſight, iii. 69
• Gall-nuts, deſcription of the inſect forming and reſid⯑ing in them, and its transformations, viii. 148
• Galley-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 293—its legs adheſive—common in America, perpetually floating; no efforts made to hurt can make it ſink—never per⯑ceived to move on ſhore, ſo ſtrongly adhering to whatever ſubſtances applied, vi. 294—the ſmalleſt quantity of ſlimy ſubſtance from its legs burns the ſkin like hot oil—the ſhore covered with them, a fore-runner of a ſtorm, vi. 295
• [] Gally-worm, its difference from the ſcolopendra, vii. 303
• Game, ſanguinary laws to preſerve it, iii. 110
• Ganges, a river viſited annually by a hundred thou⯑ſand pilgrims, who pay their devotions to it as to God, i. 211—in its courſe receives twenty rivers, i. 217
• Gannet, the ſoland gooſe, its deſcription—ſubſiſts upon fiſh—places abounding with them, vi. 71, 72—manner of preſerving them and their eggs, in the iſland of St. Kilda; twenty-three thouſand of this kind of young birds conſumed annually there—a bird of paſſage—its migrations; never comes near the land, vi. 73—where ſeen, it announces the arrival of herrings—exceeds the cormorant in quickneſs of ſight—method of taking its prey,—manner of taking them at ſea, vi. 74—num⯑ber of their eggs—the young counted a great dainty, and ſold very dear, vi. 75
• Garter-fiſh, the lipidopus, its deſcription, vi. 312, 313
• Gaſteroſteus, or the ſtickleback, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Gazelles, neither goat nor deer—partake of both na⯑tures, iii. 70—they form a diſtinct kind, iii. 71—their deſcription, iii. 70, 71, 72—of all animals it has the moſt beautiful eye—eaſtern poets compare the eyes of their miſtreſſes to thoſe of the gazelle, iii. 72—Buffon makes but twelve varieties—their names and deſcriptions, iii. 73 to 80—comparing them together, we find but ſlight diſtinctions, iii. 83—are inhabitants of the warmer climates—no ani⯑mals, but of the winged kind, can overtake them—are purſued by falcons; and this hunting is a prin⯑cipal amuſement among the great in the Eaſt, iii. 84—alſo hunted with the ounce, iii. 85—another way of taking them, iii. 86—keep in ſolitary and inacceſſible places, iii. 87—the bubalus, more pro⯑perly one of Africa, iii. 149—the moſt uſual prey for the lion in deſerts and foreſts, iii. 223—the [] prey of the panther, iii. 260—purſued by the jack⯑all, makes towards houſes and towns, iii. 337
• Gekko, a kind of ſalamander, vii. 141
• Generation, moſt complete where feweſt animals are produced, ii. 48—late diſcovery, that male fiſhes have two organs of generation, vi. 179—all ani⯑mals of the ſnail kind are hermaphrodites; each containing the inſtruments of generation double, vii. 30—theſe organs in the muſcle, vii. 42—male or female of frogs have no external inſtruments for that uſe, vii. 76
• Gennette, its odour more faint than civet—deſcrip⯑tion of this animal—reſembles the martin, more eaſily tamed; Bellonius has ſeen them at Con⯑ſtantinople tame as cats—glands open differently from others of its kind, iii. 386, 387—called the cat of Conſtantinople—never found in mountains, nor dry places—its fur valuable—ſpecies not much dif⯑fuſed—countries where it is found—the moſt beau⯑tiful, cleanly, and induſtrious animal—keeps a houſe free from mice and rats by its ſmell, iii. 388
• Gennette, of the province of Andaluſia the beſt, ii. 357
• Georgians, their deſcription, ii. 230
• Gerbua, has four feet, uſes only the hinder in running or reſting, iv. 349—the ſwifteſt creature in the world—deſcription—countries where found—live upon vegetables, and burrow like rabbits, iv. 349, 350—its habits, iv. 351
• Gerenda, a ſerpent to which the natives of Calicut and thoſe of the Mozambique coaſt pay divine honours, vii. 224
• Germany, the meaneſt peaſant kills a cow for his table, ſalts and hangs it up, and preſerves it as a delicacy all the year round, iii. 9
• Geſner minutely deſcribes a variety of mice-traps, iv. 74—places bats among birds, iv. 134
• Giant, in England, as late as king James I. the court had one, ii. 251
• [] Giants, probability of the race affirmed, poſſibility of their exiſtence denied—Grew's opinion, ii. 258, 259—Ferdinand Magellan, a Portugueſe, firſt diſcovered a race of ſuch people, towards the extreme coaſt of South America, ii. 259—aſſent to the exiſtence of this gigantic race of mankind, ii. 262—travellers confirm it, ii. 261—ſeen here, have the ſame de⯑fects of underſtanding as dwarfs—are heavy, phleg⯑matic, ſtupid, and inclined to ſadneſs, ii. 263
• Gibbon, the long-armed ape, its deſcription, iv. 206
• Gills, their free play prevented, the animal falls into convulſions and dies, vi. 170
• Gilthead, called dolphin by ſailors—its deſcription, vi. 305
• Gimerro, imagined a breed between an aſs and a bull, ii. 386
• Glands, furniſh the fetid ſubſtance in animals of the weaſel kind, iii. 352—of the genett open different⯑ly from others, iii. 387—unctuous in birds to pre⯑ſerve their feathers, v. 4—ſalivary in the gullet and crop of birds, v. 15
• Glaſs, a looking-glaſs held to the mouth of a perſon ſuppoſed dead, an uncertain experiment for deter⯑mining latent life, ii. 209
• Glitters, little impreſſions ſo called in the heads of ſtags, iii. 114
• Globe of fire riſing from the ſide of the mountain Pi⯑chinca, i. 381—a great one ſeen at Bononia, in Italy, in the year 1676—paſt weſtward at a rate of a hundred and ſixty miles in a minute—could not be leſs than a mile long, and half a mile broad, i. 382
• Globe of glaſs, filled with water, aſſumes ſucceſſively all the colours of the rainbow, i. 385
• Glouceſter, its corporation had an old cuſtom annual⯑ly to preſent the king with a lamprey pye, vi. 273
• Glow-worm, male and female of this ſpecies differ en⯑tirely from each other, viii. 140—how and in what [] manner in which light ſent forth by the glow-worm is produced, hitherto inexplicable—the light continues to grow paler, and at laſt is totally ex⯑tinct, if the worm be kept for ſome time, viii. 141
• Glue, made of the horns of the rein-deer, iii. 167—Mr. Jackſon found out a method of making glue to anſwer the purpoſes of iſinglaſs, vi. 283
• Glutton, the moſt dangerous, and moſt ſucceſsful per⯑ſecutor of the rein-deer, iii. 169—its manner of killing that deer, iii. 170—belongs to the wea⯑ſel kind—there is no preciſe deſcription of it; ſome reſembling it to a badger, ſome to a fox, others to a hyaena—one brought alive from Siberia was three feet long, and about a foot and an half high, iii. 395—ſo called from its voracious appe⯑tite—countries where found—called carcajou in North America—general deſcription—Ray and others doubt of its exiſtence, iii. 396—takes its prey by ſurprize, and in what manner—darts down from branches of trees upon the elk, or the rein-deer, ſticks its claws between their ſhoulders, and remains there firm, eating their necks, and digging to the great blood-veſſels that lie on that part, iii. 397 to 399—amaſing quantity one of theſe animals can eat at a time; that ſeen by Mr. Klein, without exerciſe or air, taken from its native climate, and enjoying but indifferent health, eat thirteen pounds of fleſh every day, and was not ſatisfied, iii. 399—it continues eating and ſleeping till its prey, bones and all, be devoured—prefers putrid fleſh to that newly killed—it is ſo ſlow that any quadruped can eſcape it, except the beaver—purſues it upon land; but the beaver taking water, the glutton has no chance to ſucceed, iii. 400—called the vulture of the qua⯑drupeds—in what manner it makes up by ſtrata⯑gem the defects of nature, iii. 401—the female goes with young four months, and brings forth two or three, iii. 402—the male and female equal⯑ly [] reſolute in defence of their young—is difficult to be ſkinned, iii. 403—does not fear man, iii. 402 is a ſolitary animal, and never in company than—with its female; couples in the midſt of winter—the fleſh not fit to be eaten—the fur has the moſt beautiful luſtre, and preferred to all, except the Siberian fox, or the ſable, iii. 402, 403
• Gnats, in Lapland, fill the air like clouds of duſt—are chiefly enemies to the rein-deer—remedies uſed againſt them, iii. 156—proceed from a little worm, uſually ſeen at the bottom of ſtanding waters—cu⯑rious manner in which the eggs are laid—in their egg ſtate it reſembles a buoy, fixed by an anchor, viii. 152—different ſtates of the inſect—in its laſt transformation, diveſted of a ſecond ſkin; in the next it reſigns its eyes, its antennae, and its tail; and ſeems to expire; from the ſpoils of the amphibious animal appears a little winged inſect, whoſe ſtructure is an object of admiration, viii. 153—deſcription of this inſect, and of its trunk, juſtly deemed one of nature's maſter-pieces—im⯑plement with which the gnat performs its work in ſummer, viii. 154, 155—places where it ſpends the winter—the little brood ſo numerous, that the water is tinged with the colour of the ſpecies, viii. 155—ſome gnats oviparous, others viviparous, and come forth in a perfect form; ſome are males, and unite with the female; ſome are fe⯑males, requiring the male; others are of neither ſex, and produce young, without copulation,—at the ſixth generation their propagation ſtops, the gnat no longer reproduces its likeneſs, but requires the male to renew its fecundity, viii. 156, 157—produced in multitudes beyond ex⯑preſſion in America; and found of all ſizes, from ſix inches long, to a minuteneſs beyond the perception of the common eye—native Indi⯑ans, anointed with oil, ſleep in cottages cover⯑ed with thouſands of gnats, and have not their [] ſlumbers interrupted by theſe cruel devourers, viii. 157
• Goat, its eyes are grey, ii. 83—from Europe im⯑ported into South America, ſoon degenerates; as it grows leſs, it becomes more prolific—imported to the African coaſt, it ſeems to improve, ii. 334—African wild goat of Grimmius, fourth anoma⯑lous of the kind—its deſcription, iii. 81, 82—goat and ſheep propagate together; and may be conſidered as of one family—the buck goat pro⯑duces with the ewe an animal, in two or three ge⯑nerations returning to the ſheep, and retaining no marks of its ancient progenitor, iii. 35—more fit⯑ted for a life of ſavage liberty than the ſheep, iii. 52—is not eaſily confined to its flock, but chuſes its own paſture, and loves to ſtray from the reſt,—delights in climbing precipices—is capri⯑cious and vagrant—is not terrified at ſtorms, or incommoded by rain; immoderate cold affects it, and produces a vertigo, to which this animal is ſubject, iii. 53, 54—proof of its being naturally the friend of man, and that it ſeldom reſumes its foreſt wildneſs, when once reduced into the ſtate of ſervitude, iii. 54—in ſome places they bear twice a year, iii. 55—in warmer climates gene⯑rally bring forth three, four, and five at once, iii. 54, 55—milk of goats medicinal; not apt to cur⯑dle in the ſtomach, iii. 55—fleſh of the goat, pro⯑perly prepared, ranked by ſome not inferior to veniſon, iii. 56—is never ſo good and ſo ſweet, in our climate, as mutton, iii. 57—no man can at⯑tend above fifty goats at a time, iii. 56—fleſh of the goat found to improve between the tropics—remarkable varieties in this kind; that of Natolia, by Mr. Buffon called goat of Angora—its de⯑ſcription, iii. 57—the Aſſyrian goat of Geſner—chiefly kept about Aleppo—little goat of America, the ſize of a kid—has hair as long as the ordinary breed, iii. 58—Juda goat, not larger than a hare—common [] in Guinea, Angola, and the coaſt of Africa—blue goat at the Cape of Good Hope—its deſcription, iii. 59—Bezoar goat, the paſan, found in the moun⯑tains of Egypt, &c. iii. 74—in Syria remarkable for their fine, gloſſy, long, ſoft hair, iii. 212—goats eat four hundred and forty-nine plants, and reject a hundred and twenty-ſix, iii. 176—boundaries between the goat and deer-kind difficult to fix, iii. 70, 83
• Goat-ſucker, a nocturnal ſwallow—deſcription and habits, v. 346
• Gobius, the gudgeon, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 307
• Godignus, in his hiſtory of Abyſſinia, exaggerates the effects of the ſhock of the torpedo, to an in⯑credible degree, vi. 266
• Godwit, its dimenſions, vi. 23—a bird of paſſage, vi. 28
• Goiam, kingdom, where the Nile takes its riſe, i. 213
• Gold, never contracts ruſt, and why,—except in places where much ſalt is uſed, i. 313
• Golden-eye, bird of the duck-kind, vi. 130
• Goldfinch, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314, 315—learns a ſong from the nightingale, v. 345
• Gooſe, marks of the gooſe-kind, vi. 108—food, vi. 110—abſtained from by the ancients as indigeſt⯑ible, vi. 111—one known to live an hundred years, vi. 119—marks of the tame and wild ſort—wild ſuppoſed to breed in the northern parts of Europe, vi. 121—flight regularly arranged, vi. 122
• Brent-gooſe, vi. 123—moſt harmleſs, but for their young purſue dogs and men, vi. 124—uſe of its feathers in beds unknown in countries of the Le⯑vant and Aſia—feathers a conſiderable article of commerce—different qualities of them, vi. 125—the beſt method of curing them, vi. 126
• Soland-gooſe, deſcribed, vi. 71. See Gannet.
• Gooſeander, a round-billed water fowl, its deſcription—feeds upon fiſh, vi. 106, 107
• [] Gordian, the emperor, wrote a poem upon the halcyon, of which are no remains, vi. 144
• Goſs-hawk, of the baſer race of hawks, v. 119—taught to fly at game, little obtained from its efforts, v. 131
• Gottenburgh, in Sweden, a cataract near it, i. 222
• Gouan, a learned Frenchman, his ſyſtem deſerves ap⯑plauſe for more than its novelty—how followed in arranging the ſpinous claſs of fiſhes, vi. 302 to 316
• Graaf, his obſervations upon the progreſs and en⯑creaſe of animals in the womb, ii. 36, et ſeq.
• Grampus, fierce and deſperate in defence of its young—remarkable inſtance, vi. 188—deſcription, and habits, vi. 222
• Graſhopper, a ruminating inſect, or ſeemingly ſo, iii. 6—differences between ours and the cicada of the an⯑cients, vii. 331—great varieties of this animal in ſhape and colour, vii. 332—deſcription of the little graſhopper, that breeds plentifully in meadows, and continues chirping thro' the ſummer—the male of this tribe only vocal, vii. 332 to 334—how their fecundation is performed—the male or female never ſurvive the winter—their eggs, vii. 334, 335—from firſt appearing, poſſeſſed of wings, vii. 337—how it gets rid of the outer ſkin, vii. 338—their food, vii. 339—places where they depoſit their eggs, vii. 340
• Grave, the greateſt care recommended not to commit thoſe deareſt to us to the grave, before real ſigns of certain death be aſcertained, ii. 210
• Greatah, river in Yorkſhire running under ground, and riſing again, i. 224
• Grebe, deſcription of the bird—reſidence, and habits, vi. 40—perpetually diving, and very difficult to be ſhot—never ſeen on land—chiefly ſought for the ſkin of its breaſt, and why—in breeding-time their breaſts are bare, vi. 41
• Greenfinch, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 315, 317
• [] Greenland, Krantz's account of the formation of ice-mountains in that country, i. 246—aurora borealis, its appearance almoſt conſtant in winter—the inha⯑bitants not entirely forſaken in the midſt of their tedious night; this aurora affording them light for the purpoſes of exiſtence, i. 387—they live moſtly upon ſeals—their number daily diminiſhing, and why, iv. 182
• Greenlanders deſcribed, ii. 213—cuſtomary among them to turn Europeans into ridicule, ii. 216—a quiet, or a modeſt ſtranger, they deem almoſt as well bred as a Greenlander, ii. 217
• Grew, his opinion concerning dwarfs and giants, ii. 258
• Greyhound-kind, iii. 284—greyhound-fox, iii. 332
• Gris, the petit gris Mr. Buffon's name for the grey Virginian ſquirrel, iv. 25
• Groſsbeak, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 315
• Grotto of Antiparos, in the Archipelago, the moſt re⯑markable ſubterraneous cavern now known, i. 67—deſcription, i. 67 to 71
• Grotto del Cane, near Naples, ſituation and deſcrip⯑tion—noxious effects, i. 84, 85
• Grous, chiefly found in heathy mountains and piny foreſts, v. 199
• Growth of the child leſs every year, till the time of puberty, when it ſtarts up of a ſudden, ii. 60—growth of the mind in children correſponds with that of the body, and why, ii. 61—of ſome young people ceaſes at fourteen, or fifteen; of o⯑thers continues till two or three and twenty, ii. 79—of fiſhes irregular and tardy, vi. 339, 340
• Guadalquiver, river in Spain buried in the ſands, i. 224
• Guanacoes, a kind of camel in America, iv. 317
• Guanches, ancient inhabitants of the iſland of Tene⯑riff—art of embalming ſtill preſerved among them, when the Spaniards conquered the iſland, ii. 272
• Guariba, Braſilian guariba, or warine, the largeſt of the monkey kind in America, deſcribed, iv. 236
• [] Guayaquil, river in South America, i. 147
• Gudgeon, freſh-water ſort has no bladder, vi. 174—deſcription of that fiſh, vi. 307
• Guiba, animal reſembling the gazelle—its deſcription, iii. 81
• Guillemot, bird of the ſmaller tribe of the penguin kind, vi. 99
• Guinea, the natives kill numbers of hares at a time, and in what manner, iv. 14
• Guinea-aſs, larger and more beautiful than the horſe, ii. 385
• Guinea-hen, deſcribed, v. 192
• Guinea-horſe, remarkable ſports with it among the grandees of that country, ii. 363
• Guinea-pig, by Briſſon placed among the rabbit-kind—native of the warmer climates—rendered do⯑meſtic, and now become common every where—its deſcription, iv. 55, 56—in ſome places a prin⯑cipal favourite; often diſplacing the lap-dog, iv. 55—manner of living among us, iv. 57—moſt helpleſs and inoffenſive, ſcarce poſſeſſed of any cou⯑rage, iv. 56—their animoſity exerted againſt each other; often fight obſtinately, and the ſtronger deſtroys the weaker—no natural inſtinct, the fe⯑male ſees her young deſtroyed without attempting to protect them—ſuffer themſelves to be devoured by cats, iv. 57—fed upon recent vegetables, they ſeldom drink—ſometimes gnaw cloaths, paper, or other things of the kind—drink by lapping—con⯑fined in a room, ſeldom croſs the floor, but keep along the wall—never move a-breaſt together—chiefly ſeek the moſt intricate retreats, and venture out only when all interruption is removed, like the rabbits, iv. 58—in cold weather more active—a very cleanly animal—their place muſt be regularly cleaned, and a new bed of hay provided for them once a week—the young falling into the dirt, or other ways diſcompoſed, the female takes an aver⯑ſion to them, and never permits them to viſit her more—her employment, and that of the [] male, conſiſts in ſmoothing their ſkins, diſpoſing their hair, and improving its gloſs—and take this office by turns—do the ſame to their young, and bite them when refractory—reared without the any artificial heat, iv. 59—no keeping them from fire in winter, if once permitted to approach it—manner of ſleeping—the male and the female watch one another by turns—generally capable of coupling at ſix weeks old—time of their geſtation—the female brings forth from three to five at a time; not without pain, iv. 60—the female ad⯑mits the male the very day ſhe has brought forth, and again becomes pregnant—ſuckles her young about twelve or fifteen days, and ſuffers the young of others, though older, to drain her, to the diſadvantage of her own—produced with eyes open, and in twelve hours, equal to the dam in agility—capable of feeding upon vegetables from the beginning—their diſputes for the warmeſt place, or moſt agreeable food—manner of fighting, iv. 61—fleſh indifferent food—difficultly tamed; ſuf⯑fer no approaches but of the perſon who breeds them—manner of eating—drink ſeldom, and make water often—grunt like a young pig—appear to chew the cud, iv. 62
• Guinea-ſheep, have a kind of dewlap under the chin—breed with other ſheep, therefore not animals of another kind, iii. 48
• Guiratemga, name given by the natives of Braſil, to the little wood-pecker, v. 255
• Gull, places where found in plenty—their food, vi. 77
• Gulls, various ways of impoſing upon each other, vi. 80—conteſts in breeding—reſidence, with their neſts and eggs, vi. 81, 82—their fleſh—method of taking them in the Feroe iſlands, vi. 82, & ſeq.—anciently a law in Norway concerning thoſe who died in taking them, vi. 82
• Gulph, the Perſian—deadly wind along its coaſts, i. 358—chief pearl-fiſhery carried on there, vii. 56—
• [] Gulph of Pluto, a dreadful cavern, i. 61
• Gun, wind-gun, inſtrument determining the elaſti⯑city of the air—a ball from it pierces a thick board, i. 307—great guns, in climates near the equator, with every precaution, after ſome years become uſeleſs, and why, i. 313
• Gunpowder, readily fires with a ſpark, not with the flame, i. 83—will not go off in an exhauſted re⯑ceiver; a train of gunpowder laid, one part in o⯑pen air, the other part in vacuo, the latter will re⯑main untouched, i. 333
• Gurnard, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Guſtavus Adolphus attempted in vain to form a re⯑giment of Laplanders, ii. 215
• Guts, moſt birds have two blind guts, which in qua⯑drupeds are found ſingle, v. 16
• Gymnotus, the carapo, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 311
• Gyr-falcon, exceeds all others in largeneſs of ſize—its deſcription, v. 120
• Gyrle, name given by hunters to the roe-buck, the ſecond year, iii. 136

• Habit contracted during life, to make out pleaſures and pains in extremes, though either can hardly be ſuffered or enjoyed to the utmoſt, ii. 208
• Haddock, a periodical ſhoal appeared on the Yorkſhire coaſts, on December 10, 1766, and exactly on the ſame day in the following year, vi. 326
• Haemorrhois, a kind of ſerpent, vii. 215
• Hail, Carteſians ſay, is a frozen cloud half melted and frozen again in its deſcent, i. 373—the moſt injurious meteor known in our climate, i. 374—hail-ſtones fourteen inches round—ſtruck out an eye of a young man, and killed him on the ſpot, i. 375—a dreadful ſhower recorded by Mezeray, fell in 1510; the hail-ſtones were of a blueiſh colour, and ſome weighed an hundred pounds—the fiſhes [] were great ſufferers in that general calamity, i. 376
• Hair of the Roman ladies praiſed for the redneſs of its ſhade, ii. 76—found moſt different in different climates—marks the country and the diſpoſition of the man—by the ancients held a ſort of excrement, produced like the nails, ii. 86—according to moderns, every hair lives, receives nutriment, fills, and diſtends, like other parts of the body—takes colour from the juices flowing through it—each, viewed with a microſcope, conſiſts of five or ſix leſſer, wrapped up in one common covering, and ſends forth branches at the joints—ſuitable to the ſize or ſhape of the pore through which it iſſues—bulbous at the root, and its end reſembles a bruſh—length and ſtrength of hair a mark of a good conſtitution, ii. 88—Americans and the Aſi⯑atics have it thick, black, ſtrait, and ſhining—in⯑habitants of the torrid climates of Africa have it black, ſhort, and woolly—the people of Scandi⯑navia have it red, long, and curled, ii. 87, 88—opinion that every man has diſpoſitions reſembling thoſe of the inhabitants of countries he reſembles in the colour and nature of his hair—curled hair among us a beauty—the Greeks have taken one of their national diſtinctions from the length and ſtraitneſs of the hair, ii. 88—Americans take the greateſt pains in cutting their hair—variety in cuſtoms and manner of cutting hair, ii. 95, 96, 97—trade of the inhabitants of Angora with the hair of animals of their country—camlet and other ſtuffs made of it, iii. 58—hair of the cat rubbed in the dark ſends forth ſhining ſparks, iii. 207—Syria and Perſia noted for long ſoft hair to the animals bred in them, iii. 212—each hair of the lynx is of three different colours, iii. 257—of the black fox ſo diſpoſed as impoſſible to tell which way the grain lies, iii. 333—coats of hair ſeem to thicken at the approach of winter—among quadrupeds, as among men, thin ſpare diet produces hair, iii. [] 355—on the ſoles of the feet, and on the inſide of the mouths of hares, iv. 8
• Halcyon, rapacious water-fowl, vi. 142. See King fiſher.
• Halley, Dr. his plauſible theory to explain the inva⯑riable motion of the winds, i. 343
• Hallontide, in 1580, an army of mice ſo over-run the marſhes near Southminſter, that they eat up the graſs to the roots, v. 146
• Halos, oftener ſeen in countries near the poles, than any other part of the earth, i. 387
• Hammer, the yellow, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 315, 317
• Hamſter, the cricetus or German rat of Mr. Buffon, iv. 81
• Hand ſufficient to vindicate the dominion of man over other animals, a poor aſſertion, iv. 249—a man, without hands or legs, converts his ſtumps to moſt convenient purpoſes, and performs aſtoniſh⯑ing feats of dexterity, iv. 250, 251
• Harbour of a ſtag, in covert or thicket, iii. 114
• Hare, a gregarious animal, where it has no enemies but beaſts of the foreſt, iii. 2—the ſwifteſt animal for the time it continues to run, iv. 1—animals of the hare-kind inoffenſive and timorous—placed by Pyerius among thoſe that chew the cud—whether or not, certainly the lips continually move ſleeping or waking—that kind remarkably ſalacious, and furniſhed by nature with ampler powers than o⯑thers for propagation, iv. 3—if not thinned by con⯑ſtant depredations, would over-run the earth, of theſe the hare the largeſt and moſt timorous—has large prominent eyes placed backwards to ſee be⯑hind as it runs—theſe never cloſed; it ſleeps with them open—the ears moveable, and capable of di⯑rection to every quarter—muſcles of its body ſtrong and without fat—hinder feet longer than the fore on account of ſpeed, iv 4—perſecuted by dogs, cats, weaſels, and birds of prey—in a ſtate of engendering very early—females go with young [] thirty days, and bring forth three or four at a time, iv. 5—has young of different ages in her womb to⯑gether—though already impregnated, ſhe admits the male, and receives a ſecond impregnation—reaſon of this extraordinary circumſtance—the young brought forth with their eyes open—the dam ſuckles them twenty days, iv. 6—food they are fond of—ſleep or repoſe in their form by day, and live only by night—the rutting ſeaſon begins in February—the male purſues and diſcovers the fe⯑male by the ſagacity of its noſe, iv. 7—the ſlighteſt breeze, or falling of a leaf, diſturbs their revels; they inſtantly fly off, each taking a ſeparate way,—are more eaſily taken than the fox, a much ſlower animal than they, and why—always chuſe to run up hill, and why—have the ſole of the foot furniſhed with hair, and ſeem the only animals with hair on the inſide of the mouth—live ſeven or eight years, and come to perfection in one year—females live longer, vi. 8—Mr. Buffon makes a doubt of it—ſeldom heard to cry, except when ſeiz⯑ed or wounded—their cry nearly like the ſqualling of a child—are eaſily tamed—though never ſo young, regain their native freedom at the firſt opportunity—have a good ear, and been taught to beat the drum, dance to meaſure, and go through manual exer⯑ciſe—make themſelves a form where the colour of the graſs reſembles that of their ſkin, open to the ſouth in winter, and to the north in ſummer, iv. 9—ſore hunted, will ſtart a freſh hare and ſquat in its form—ſome enter holes like the rabbit, by hunters termed going to vault, iv. 10—as it tires, treads heavier, and its ſcent is ſtronger—young hares tread heavier than old—male makes dou⯑blings of greater compaſs than the female—divided by hunters into mountain and meaſled hares, iv. 11—mode of expreſſion, the more you hunt, the more hares you ſhall have, and why—what animals perſecute the hare—its enemies ſo vari⯑ous, that it ſeldom reaches the ſhort term limited [] to it by nature, iv. 12—in countries near the north pole, they become white, and are often in great troops of four or five hundred—their ſkins ſold for leſs than ſeven ſhillings an hundred—the fur known to form a conſiderable article in the hat manufacture—found alſo entirely black, in much leſs quan⯑tity than the former—ſome have been ſeen with horns, but rarely—thoſe in hot countries ſmaller than ours—thoſe in the Milaneſe the beſt in Europe—ſcarce a country where not found, from the torrid zone to the polar circle, iv. 13—natives of Guinea kill numbers at a time; in what manner—the Jews, ancient Britons, and Mahometans all con⯑ſidered it an unclean animal, and religiouſly abſtain⯑ed from it, iv. 14—hare and rabbit diſtinct kinds, refuſe to mix with each other—an inſtance—Api⯑cius ſhews the manner of dreſſing a hare in true Roman taſte, iv. 15—laws made for the preſerva⯑tion of them, iv. 16
• Harfang, or great Hudſon's Bay owl, the largeſt of the nocturnal tribe, v. 141
• Harlequin, a kind of dog, iii. 286, 290
• Harmony of our planetary ſyſtem, i. 4
• Harold, afterwards king of England, went on a moſt important embaſſy into Normandy, and was drawn in bas-relief, with a bird on his fiſt, and a dog un⯑der his arm, v. 118
• Harp, the ſtory of Arion's gathering the dolphins about the ſhip, ii. 168
• Harpies, that ancient idea taken from the rouſette, or the great bat of Madagaſcar, iv. 141.
• Harrier, hound, and beagle, all of the ſame kind, iii. 283, 284—a dog of the generous kind, iii. 286
• Hart, name of the ſtag the ſixth year, iii. 113
• Hartſhorn and muſk, the only medicines of reputation of ſeveral procurable from quadrupeds, iii. 69
• Harvey, his opinion about the formation of the inci⯑pient animal—altercations againſt his ſyſtem, ii. 17
• Hatching, nothing exceeds the patience of birds hatch⯑ing, v. 26—Mr. Addiſon's obſervations to this [] purpoſe, v. 27—the emu very peculiar in the hatching of its young, v. 66—the crocodile's eggs hatched in the ſand, vii. 134, 135
• Hatfield, in Yorkſhire, deſcription of one of thoſe ſpouts called typhons, obſerved there in 1687, i. 394
• Havannah, in the fortunate expedition which gave us that place, the climate left not a fifth part of the army ſurvivors of the victory, i. 323
• Hawfinch, a bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 317
• Hawk-kind, diſtinctive marks from other carnivorous birds, v. 85—in old paintings, the criterion of no⯑bility; no perſon of rank ſtirred out without his hawk on his hand—Harold, afterwards king of England, going on an important embaſſy into Normandy, is drawn in an old bas-relief, em⯑barking with an hawk on his fiſt, and a dog under his arm—in thoſe days, it was ſufficient for noblemen's ſons to wind the horn and carry the hawk fair—this diverſion in ſuch high eſteem among the great all over Europe, that Fre⯑deric, emperor of Germany, wrote a treatiſe upon hawking, v. 118—this amuſement now much given over in this kingdom, and why, v. 117—in the reign of James I. ſir Thomas Monſon gave a thouſand pounds for a caſt of hawks—in the reign of Edward III. it was made felony to ſteal a hawk, v. 118—to take its eggs was puniſhed by impriſon⯑ment for a year and a day, with a fine at the king's pleaſure—in the reign of Elizabeth, the impriſon⯑ment reduced to three months, the offender to lie in priſon till he got ſecurity for his good behaviour during ſeven years—in earlier times, the art of gunning was but little uſed, and the hawk was then valuable for its affording diverſion and procur⯑ing delicacies for the table not otherwiſe to be obtain⯑ed, v. 119—diſtinctive marks of the tribe called the long-winged hawks—their names and deſcriptions—have attachment to their feeder, and docility the [] baſer race are ſtrangers to, v. 119 to 121—names of hawks of the baſer race—thoſe of the generous breed remarkable for courage, ſwiftneſs, and do⯑cility, in obeying the commands and the ſigns of their maſter, v. 122—account of the manner of training a hawk, v. 124—falconers had a language peculiar, in which they converſed and wrote, v. 123—hawk deſtroys mice, iv. 73—perceives a lark at a diſtance which neither men nor dogs could ſpy, v. 10
• Sparrow-hawk purſues the thruſh and the linnet, v. 81—ſaid to be the boldeſt and beſt of all others for the chace, v. 131
• Goſs-hawk and ſparrow-hawk unfit for training—taught to fly at game but little obtained from them, v. 130, 131
• Hawkins, becalmed about the iſlands of Azores for ſix months, ſaw the ſea repleniſhed with gellies, and forms of ſerpents, adders, and ſnakes, in a wonderful manner, i. 239
• Head of man externally and internally different from that of all other animals, the monkey-kind except⯑ed, ii. 101—whence originally the flat heads of the American Indians, ii. 239—of quadrupeds diffe⯑rent from each other, but adapted to their ſeveral ways of living, and how, ii. 314—in all birds, except nocturnal, the head ſmaller and leſs pro⯑portioned to the body than in quadrupeds, v. 9—of the great Greenland whale makes a third of its bulk, vi. 194
• Hearing, extreme delicacy of this ſenſe in birds, v. 11—that ſenſe in whales, vi. 196
• Hearſe, name of the female of the ſtag, the ſecond year, iii. 113
• Heart, a broken heart, in common language, a diſ⯑order cauſed by hunger, ii. 129
• Heat, Boerhaave conſidered it ſo prejudicial to health, that he never went near a fire, i. 325—of the blood in man and other animals about thirty degrees above congelation—in the marmout, and other [] animals which ſleep the winter, it is not above ten, iv. 45
• Hecla, the bellowings of that volcano, believed by the inhabitants of Iceland to be the cries of the damned, i. 88
• Hedge-hog, the moſt harmleſs of animals, iv. 100—its deſcription, iv. 101—uſual appearance upon the approach of danger, iv. 102—to diſguſt its enemy from purſuit, ſheds its urine, the ſmell of which is ſufficient to ſend him off—ſleeps by day, and ventures out by night—places where found—its food—does not ſuck cattle, iv. 103—are not hurtful in gardens or orchards—the ſpines ſo diſ⯑poſed, that no fruit will ſtick upon them—appears ſerviceable in ridding the fields of inſects and worms—Mr. Buffon accuſes it of tricks, of which, from its form and habits, one would not be led to ſuſpect it, iv. 104—he kept males and females toge⯑ther, but they never coupled—time of their cou⯑pling—ſleep during winter, but do not lay up pro⯑viſions for that ſeaſon—at no time eat much, and remain long without food—blood cold, and their fleſh not good for food—their ſkins converted to no uſe, except to muzzle calves from ſucking, iv. 105—deſtroyed and devoured by the fox—in what manner, iii. 327, iv. 121
• Hedge-hog of the ſea, a cartilaginous fiſh of the ſea-orb kind, vi. 291
• Hedge-ſparrow, a ſlender-billed bird, v. 314
• Height, Maximin, the emperor, above nine feet in ſtature, ii. 118
• Heliogabalus, noted for having the brains of ſix hun⯑dred oſtriches dreſſed in one diſh, v. 59
• Hellebore, a quantity of the black ſort pounded care⯑leſsly purged ſeveral perſons who were preſent, and the operator ſtrongly, i. 326
• St. Helmo's fire, or the mariner's light, i. 380
• Helmont, his experiment to ſhow all things made of water, i. 166
• [] Hemiſphere, half illuminated by northern lights, i. 377
• Hemlock eat by the horſe without injury, ii. 341
• Hemuſe, name hunters give the roebuck the third year, iii. 136
• Hen, in the Muſeum at Bruſſels, a creature covered with feathers and hair, ſaid to be bred between a rabbit and a hen, iv. 15
• Hen of the common ſort, moderately fed, lays above a hundred eggs from ſpring to autumn, v. 30—after three years, become effete and barren—clutches one brood of chickens in a ſeaſon—in⯑ſtances of two, very rare—number of eggs of a do⯑meſtic hen in the year above two hundred, being well fed, ſupplied with water, and at liberty—trodden by the cock or not, ſhe continues to lay—eggs of this kind never by hatching produce living animals—her neſt made without care, v. 165—clucking ſeaſon artificially protracted, and entirely removed, in what manner—left to herſelf, would ſeldom lay above twenty eggs without attempting to hatch them—as ſhe lays, her eggs being removed, ſhe continues to encreaſe the num⯑ber—in the wild ſtate, ſeldom lays above fifteen eggs—particularities of incubation, v. 166, 167—affection and pride after producing chickens,—every invading animal ſhe boldly attacks, the horſe, the hog, or the maſtiff—marching before her little troop, by a variety of notes calls her train to their food, or warns them of danger, 167—in⯑ſtance of the brood running for ſecurity into a hedge, while the hen ſtood boldly forth and faced a fox that came for plunder, v. 168—artificial method of hatching chicken in ſtoves practiſed at Grand Cairo, or in a laboratory with graduated heat, effected with woollen hens by Mr. Reaumur—by theſe contrivances, from a hen naturally producing twelve chickens in the year, are obtained artifi⯑cially above two hundred, v. 168, 169—common [] hen ſupplies the place of the hen-pheaſant, when refuſing to hatch her eggs, and performs the taſk with perſeverance and ſucceſs, v. 188
• Guinea hen, or Barbary hen, deſcribed, v. 192
• Water-hen deſcribed, vi. 36—reſidence and food, vi. 37—neſt and habits, vi. 38
• Henry IV. king of Denmark, deſirous of trying the ſkill of a muſician, who boaſted he could excite men to madneſs, ſubmitted to the operation, be⯑came mad, and killed four of his attendants, ii. 170
• Herculaneum overwhelmed in that eruption of Veſu⯑ſuvius in which Pliny the Naturaliſt was ſuffocated—its ruins lately diſcovered at ſixty feet below the ſurface, and forty below the bottom of the ſea, i. 91
• Hermaphrodites, ſuch are all animals of the ſnail kind, vii. 30—the bivalve tribe are ſo too—they require no aſſiſtance from each other towards impregnation, vii. 41
• Hermetical ſealing a glaſs veſſel, the meaning of it, i. 168
• Heron, a ruminating bird, iii. 5—the great heron, in former times, bred familiarly in our marſhes—not now, and why, v. 33—anatomical diſtinction in which herons differ from other birds—of this tribe Briſon has enumerated forty-ſeven ſorts, v. 392—exceſſively deſtructive and voracious—ever have lean and carrion bodies—deſcription of the common heron—flies at the approach of the ſparrow-hawk, v. 393—commits the greateſt devaſtations in freſh waters—a fiſh ever ſo large he will ſtrike at, though unable to carry it away, v. 394—one heron, ſays Willoughby, will deſtroy fifteen thouſand carp in half a year—uſual attitude, waiting for prey—food in cold and ſtormy ſeaſons, v. 395—manner of fiſhing, v. 396—Willoughby's receipt for taking him, v. 397—their neſts, v. 398—never in flocks when they fiſh, but making neſts, [] they love each other's ſociety, v. 397, 398—fleſh of the young eſteemed in France—method uſed to obtain them, v. 398—the young once excluded, the old inceſſantly provide them with an amazing quantity of fiſh, v. 399—inſtance of it—by Mr. Keyſler's account, this bird may exceed ſixty years—recent inſtance of one taken in Holland, with a ſilver plate to one leg, and an inſcription, that it had been ſtruck by the elector of Cologne's hawks thirty-five years before, v. 400—they contract a conſumptive diſpoſition, v. 396
• Heron-hawking, a favourite diverſion among our anceſtors, had laws enacted for the preſervation of the ſpecies—he who deſtroyed their eggs was liable to a penalty of twenty ſhillings for each of⯑fence, v. 393
• Herrera confirms the exiſtence of giants, ii. 261
• Herring, its deſcription, vi. 314—of migrating fiſh, this and the pilchard take the moſt adventurous voy⯑ages, vi. 326—places where the herrings are in greateſt abundance—numerous enemies met in their migrations, vi. 327, 328—in Cheſepeak bay, the ſhoals ſo great as to cover the ſhores, and become a nuiſance, vi. 328—that body upon our coaſts, be⯑gins to appear off the Shetland iſles in April; fore⯑runners of the grand ſhoal deſcending in June, and announced by the gannet, gull, &c. vi. 329—fiſher⯑men take two thouſand barrels at a ſingle draught,—places of Europe where herrings are punctual in their viſitations, vi. 330—doubts in every part of their migration—firſt great bank for herrings was along the Norway ſhore; before 1584, the num⯑ber of ſhips from various parts of Europe reſorting thither, exceeded ſome thouſands—quantity of her⯑rings then aſſembled there, was ſuch that a ſpear ſtuck in the water, as Olaus Magnus aſſerts, would ſtand on end; ſoon after that period, they deſerted the Norway ſhores, and took up along the German coaſts, vi. 331, 332—no cauſe aſſigned for this ſeem⯑ingly [] capricious deſertion—their greateſt colonies now in the Britiſh channel, and upon the Iriſh ſhores, vi. 332—a herring ſuffered to multiply unmo⯑leſted, and undiminiſhed for twenty years, would ſhew a progeny greater in bulk than ten ſuch globes as that we live upon, vi. 335
• Hertfordſhire, a dreadful ſtorm which happened in it, in 1697, deſcribed, i. 375
• Hexagons, with Pappus, the moſt convenient figures in building—cells of bees are perfect hexagons, viii. 70
• Hide of the elk, often known to turn a muſket-ball, iii. 147
• Hiera, iſland in the Mediterranean, riſen and form⯑ed by ſubterraneous exploſions, i. 126, 127
• Hiero, king of Sicily, had a crown of gold weighed hydroſtatically by Archimedes, i. 190
• Hind, or female of the ſtag, has no horns—time of geſtation, and uſual ſeaſon of bringing forth—hides her young in obſcure thickets, iii. 107—ob⯑liged to uſe all arts to conceal them from the ſtag, the moſt dangerous of her purſuers—how ſhe de⯑fends her young, iii. 108—the female ſtag ſtill ſo called, the third year, iii 113—manner of know⯑ing the track of a hind, iii. 115—inhabitants of Canada have no other milk but that of the hind; and no other cheeſe but that made of it, iii. 124—the hunters name for the roe-buck, the firſt year, iii. 136
• Hippocampus, the ſea horſe, its deſcription, vi. 289
• Hippocrates, his opinion about the formation of the incipient animal, ii. 16
• Hippopotamos, its dimenſions, iv. 292—places where it reſides—its food—ſwims with much force, and remains at the bottom for thirty or forty minutes, iv. 393—it commits dreadful havock among the plantations, iv. 294—not afraid ſingly to oppoſe the lion, iii. 225—method the Africans uſe to frighten it back to its element—inoffenſive in its diſpoſition, iv. 294—never attacks mariners in their [] [...] [] [...] [] boats, unleſs inadvertently ſtruck againſt, or o⯑therwiſe diſturbed, then it would ſend them at once to the bottom—inſtances of its great ſtrength, iv. 295—never goes beyond the mouth of freſh water rivers—attacked on ſhore, and incapable of vengeance upon a flying enemy, returns to the river, and plunges in head foremoſt—the negroes, appriſed of its force, do not engage it—continues uncontrouled maſter of the river, all others fly its approach, or become an eaſy prey—moves ſlowly upon land—ſeldom goes from the river ſide, unleſs preſſed by neceſſities of hunger, or of bringing forth its young—lives upon fiſh and vegetables; na⯑natives of Africa ſay it often devours children, and other creatures ſurpriſed upon land, iv. 296—the young are excellent eating, iv. 297—the female ſel⯑dom produces above one at a time; hearing the ſlight⯑eſt noiſe, ſhe daſhes into the ſtream, and the young one follows her with equal alacrity, iv. 296, 297—Dr. Pocock has ſeen their fleſh ſold in ſhambles like beef; their breaſt thought as delicate eating as veal—this creature, once plenty at the mouth of the Nile, now wholly unknown in Lower Egypt, and no where found but above the cataracts, iv. 297
• Hiſtorian, (natural) what his proper buſineſs, i. 7—going too much into ſpeculation certainly wrong, and why, i. 19—method his principal help, ii. 289—faults of ſyſtematic writers, ii. 291, 292
• Hiſtory, (natural) of all other ſciences has the leaſt danger of obſcurity, and why, ii. 300—beſt ſet forth, as Mr. Locke has obſerved, by drawings of animals, taken from life, ii. 307—rule in natural hiſtory, that neither horns, colour, fineneſs, or length of hair, or poſition of ears make actual diſ⯑tinctions in the kinds, iii. 60—accounts of fiſhes little entertaining; philoſophers not ſtudying their nature, but employed in encreaſing their catalogues, vi. 154—Dampier has added more to it than half [] the philoſophers before him, vi. 397—one of the ſtrangeſt diſcoveries in all natural hiſtory, viii. 156
• Hobby, bird of the generous breed of hawks, for ſmaller game, daring larks, and ſtooping at quails, v. 122
• Hogs, animals of this kind reſemble thoſe of the horſe as well as the cow kind, and in what—this kind partakes of the rapacious and the peaceful kinds, iii. 171—offend no animal of the foreſt, iii. 172—remarkable that none of this kind ever ſhed their teeth, iii. 173—any animal dying in the foreſt, or ſo wounded as to make no reſiſtance, is the prey of the hog, who refuſes no animal food, however pu⯑trid, iii. 175—in a ſtate of wildneſs, moſt delicate in the choice of its vegetables, rejects a greater number than any other, iii. 176—they eat but ſeventy-two plants, and reject a hundred and ſeventy—indelicacy of this animal more in our ap⯑prehenſions than in its nature, and why—in or⯑chards of peach-trees in North America, reject the fruit that has lain a few hours on the ground, and watch hours for a freſh wind-fall, iii. 177—have had mice burrowing in their backs while fattening in the ſty, without ſeeming to perceive it—ſcent the hounds at a diſtance—by nature ſtupid, inac⯑tive, and drowſy, has paſſions more active only when incited by venery, or when the wind blows with vehemence, iii. 178—forſees the approach of bad weather—much agitated on hearing any of its kind in diſtreſs—have often gathered round a dog that teazed them, and killed him upon the ſpot—their various diſeaſes—generally live, when permitted, to eighteen or twenty years; the females produce to the age of fifteen—in the wild ſtate leſs prolific, iii. 179
• Guinea hog, and that about Upſal deſcribed, iii. 181
• Water-hog. See Capihara.
• Hog of Bouro. See Babyroueſſa.
• Hog of the iſthmus of Darien, deſcribed by Wafer, iii. 196
• [] Hohanno, a river in Aſia—its courſe, i. 210—receives thirty-five leſſer rivers, i. 217
• Holland, a conqueſt from the ſea, and reſcued from its boſom—the ſurface of its earth below the level of the bottom of the ſea; upon approaching the coaſt, it is looked down upon from the ſea, as into a valley, is every day riſing higher, and by what means—thoſe parts which formerly admitted large men of war, are now too ſhallow to receive ſhips of moderate burthen, i. 276
• Honey, from what part of the flower it is extracted, viii. 75—two kinds of it—which to be prefer⯑red, viii. 89—that gathered by the humble bees not ſo fine, nor ſo good as that of the common bees, viii. 92—gathered by the black bees in the tropical climates, neither ſo unpalatable, nor ſo ſurfeiting as ours—produced by the bees at Gua⯑daloupe, never congeals, remains fluid, of the conſiſtence of oil, with the colour of amber, viii. 90—the polecat and the martin feed upon ho⯑ney, iii. 358, 366
• Honeycomb, name of the ſecond ſtomach of ruminating animals, iii. 3
• Hoof, of the Perſian mares ſo hard, that ſhoeing is unneceſſary, ii. 355
• Hooper, name of the wild ſwan, on account of the harſhneſs of its voice, vi. 115
• Horizon, ſeems wrapt in a muddy cloud, upon the approach of winter, under the line, i. 378
• Horn, to wind it, and to carry the hawk fair, for⯑merly ſufficient accompliſhments for noblemen's ſons, v. 118
• Horns, in what manner thoſe of animals are produc⯑ed, ii. 101—grow differently in deer from thoſe of ſheep or cows—deers horns furrowed along the ſides, and why, iii. 97—in every reſpect reſem⯑bling a vegetable ſubſtance, grafted upon the head of the ſtag, iii. 99—beauty and ſize of thoſe of a ſtag, mark their ſtrength and their vigour, iii. [] 98—the time of ſhedding them—ſevere winters retard ſhedding the horns in ſtags, iii. 99, 100—ge⯑nerally encreaſe in thickneſs and height from the ſecond year to the eighth—partake of the nature of the ſoil, iii. 100—their horns ſhed, they ſeek the plainer part of the country, remote from thoſe ani⯑mals they are then unable to oppoſe; and walk with their heads ſtooping down, as to prevent ſtriking againſt the branches of trees, iii. 101—of a ſtag, called his head—their names according to diffe⯑rent ages of the ſtag, iii. 113, 114—of the elk ap⯑plied to the ſame purpoſes as hartſhorn, iii. 148—the author ſaw one, of ten feet nine inches from one tip to the other, iii. 141—of the rein-deer converted into glue, iii. 167—of the rhinoceros ſometimes from three to three feet and an half long, compoſed of the moſt ſolid ſubſtance, and pointed to inflict moſt fatal wounds, iv. 286—of owls nothing more than two or three feathers that ſtand up on each ſide of the head, over the ear, v. 140
• Horſes, characteriſtic marks given by Linnaeus—eats hemlock without injury, ii. 341—near as the ape approaches man in internal conformation, ſo the horſe is the moſt remote, ii. 342—wild horſes herd together, and feed in droves of five or ſix hundred—one among their number always ſtands a centinel, ii. 343—there are but three animals of the horſe kind, ii. 390—a ruminating ani⯑mal, iii. 5—in a courſe of years impoveriſh the ground, iii. 10—eats two hundred and ſixty-two plants, and rejects two hundred and twelve, iii. 176—famiſhed horſes more hairy than thoſe fed plentifully, iii. 355—a horſe will not carry upon its back, a weight of more than two or three hun⯑dred pounds, ii. 112—to eſtimate the ſtrength of a horſe, is not to try what he can carry, but what he can draw—he draws a load ten men can⯑not move; and in ſome caſes a draft horſe draws better being ſomewhat loaded, ii. 114—allured by [] muſic, ii. 169—not readily attacked by the lion—the combats between them in Italy, ii. 319—for hunting lions, muſt be of that ſort called charoſſi; all others fly at the ſight of the lion, iii. 226—are kill⯑ed by wild aſſes, ii. 380—deſtroyed by the Ame⯑rican bat, called vampyre, in South America, iv. 145—one fond of oyſters, ii. 327—from what country the horſe came originally uncertain—according to the ancients, wild horſes once in Europe—the colder climates do not agree with them, ii. 344—how wild horſes are caught—ſet at liberty they never become wild again—the bucca⯑neers agreeably ſurpriſed to ſee their faithful horſes preſent themſelves again with their uſual aſſiduity, and receive the rein, ii. 345—wild horſes finding a tame horſe to aſſociate with them, gather round him, and oblige him to ſeek ſafety by flight, ii. 346—this animal in its ſtate of nature in the old, not the new world, ii. 345—countries where wild horſes are found, ii. 346—the natives of An⯑gola, or Cafraria, catch a horſe only to eat him—Arabian wild horſes, the moſt beautiful breed, the moſt generous, ſwift and perſevering, ii. 347—the negroes ſhew terror and ſurprize, when firſt they ſee a horſe, ii. 346—no Arabian, however poor, but has his horſe—tame Arabian horſes, ſome valued at a thouſand ducats, ii. 349—different claſſes among the Arabians—they know the race of a horſe by his appearance—Arabians preſerve the pedigree of their horſes with care, for ſeveral ages, ii. 350—coun⯑tries into which the race of their horſes has ſpread itſelf, ii. 354—they take the wild horſes with traps—the young horſe conſidered by them as a great delicacy; they feaſt upon him while any part is remaining—the uſual manner of trying the ſwift⯑neſs of Arabian horſes, by hunting the oſtrich; and an horſe of the firſt ſpeed is able to out⯑run it, ii. 348—treat their horſes gently—hold a diſcourſe with them—written atteſtations given to [] perſons who buy Arabian horſes, ii. 351—they ſtand ſtock ſtill in the midſt of their career, the rider hap⯑pening to fall, ii. 352—keep them ſaddled at their tents from morning to night, to prevent ſurprize—when the Arabians begin to break their horſes, ii. 353—how the Arabians dreſs and feed their horſes, ii. 352—firſt began the management of horſes in the time of ſheque Iſmael, ii. 349—the rapidity of the flight of Arabian horſes is ſuch that the dogs give up the purſuit, ii. 347—upon computation, the ſpeed of the Engliſh horſes is one fourth great⯑er, carrying a rider, than that of the ſwifteſt barb without one, ii. 355—Numidian race much de⯑generated—the Tingitanians and Egyptians have the fame of rearing the fineſt horſes, for ſize and beauty, ii. 356—horſes of Barbary—an Italian peculiar ſport, in which horſes of this breed run againſt each other, ii. 354—Spaniſh genette de⯑ſcribed, ii. 356—thoſe of Andaluſia paſs for the beſt, and preferred as war horſes to thoſe of every other country—Italian horſes have a particular aptitude to prance, ii. 357—the horſes of India, weak and waſhy, ii. 362—fed with peas, ſugar, and butter—one brought to England not much larger than a common maſtiff—climates exceſſively hot ſeem unfavourable to horſes—remarkable ſports on horſeback—the horſes of the Gold Coaſt and Guinea extremely little, but very manageable, ii. 363, 364—of China, weak, little, ill-ſhaped, and cowardly—thoſe of Corea ſo timorous, as not to be ſerviceable in war—Tartar horſes very ſerviceable in war; they were properly the con⯑querors of China, ii. 364—march two or three days without ſtopping—continue five or ſix, without eating more than a handful of graſs at every eight hours; and remain without drinking four and twenty hours—loſe all their ſtrength when brought into China or the Indies; thrive pretty well in Perſia and Turkey, ii. 365—ancient opinions on [] the nature and qualities of the horſes of Theſſaly, Achaia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Afric, Italy and par⯑ticularly of Apulia, of Sicily, Capadocia, Syria, Armenia, Media, Perſia, of Sardinia and Corſica, of Spain, Walachia, Tranſylvania, of Denmark, Scandinavia, Flanders, of the Gauliſh horſes, of the German, Swiſs, Hungarian, and laſtly of the In⯑dian horſes, ii. 365, 366—Daniſh horſes of ſuch excellent ſize and ſtrong make, that they are preferred to all others for draught, ii. 357—ſome ſtreaked like the tyger, or mottled like the leopard—German and Hungarian horſes—Dutch horſes are good for draught; the beſt come from the province of Friezeland—the Flanders horſes—few French horſes good, ii. 358—in ge⯑neral are heavy ſhouldered—the beſt of that coun⯑try come from Limoſin, and Normandy furniſhes the next—American tame horſes admirable, ii. 359—method of hunting with them, ii. 360—iſlands of the Archipelago have very good horſes—thoſe of Crete were in great reputation among the ancients, at preſent little uſed in the country itſelf, becauſe of the unevenneſs of the ground—the original horſes of Morocco, ſmaller than the Arabian breed—in Turkey there are horſes of all races—Perſian horſes, in general, the moſt beautiful and moſt valuable of all the Eaſt, ii. 361—ſome greatly eſteemed in the Ukraine, in Walachia, Poland, and Sweden, ii. 365—with buſhy tails, and manes down to the ground, ii. 366—Engliſh horſes excel the Arabian in ſize and ſwiftneſs; are more durable than the barb, and more hardy than the Perſian—one in⯑ſtance of their great rapidity, in the admirable Childers, frequently known to move above eighty-two feet and a half in a ſecond, ii. 367, 368—fault of our manner of breaking horſes—the French managed horſe never falls before, but more uſually on one ſide—the Engliſh are for ſpeed and diſ⯑patch, the French, and other nations, are more [] for parade and ſpirit, ii. 368—Engliſh hunters con⯑ſidered the nobleſt and the moſt uſeful horſes in the world—Roger de Belegme, the firſt recorded to have attempted mending our native breed, ii. 369—number of horſes in London in the time of king Stephen, ſaid to have amounted to twenty thouſand—in the times of queen Elizabeth, the kingdom could not ſupply two thouſand horſes to form the cavalry—Powiſland, in Wales, for many ages famous for a ſwift and generous race of horſes, and why, ii. 370—perfections which a horſe ought to have, according to Camerarius, ii. 372, 373—the horſe and the aſs differ not ſo much in form as the cow and the biſon, yet the former are diſtinct animals, and the latter animals of the ſame kind, iii. 15
• Sea-Horſe, deſcribed, vi. 289
• Hortenſius, the orator, the firſt who had peacocks ſerved up at an entertainment in Rome, v. 173
• Hoſpitals erected in India, for the maintenance of all kinds of vermin, ii. 225—for mon⯑kies, erected by the Bramins, iv. 234—Aldrovan⯑dus, having ſpent a fortune for the purpoſes of en⯑lightening mankind, was at laſt ſo geatly reduced as to want bread, to feel the ingratitude of his country, and to die a beggar in a public hoſpital, vi. 117
• Hottentots, outſtrip lions in the chace, as travellers report, ii. 114—make much and very extraordi⯑nary uſe of the biſon, iii. 21, 22
• Hound, harrier, and beagle, all of the ſame kind, iii. 283—grey-matin hound, tranſported to the North, becomes a great Daniſh dog; and this, ſent into the South becomes a grey-hound of different ſizes; and the ſame, tranſported into Ireland, the Uk⯑raine, Tartary, Epirus, and Albania, becomes the great wolf dog, known by the name of the Iriſh wolf-dog, iii. 284—the blood hound, a dog of the generous kind—and likewiſe the gaze-hound, and [] the grey-hound, iii. 286—the blood hound a dog of great uſe, and in high eſteem among our anceſ⯑tors—its employ—the gaze-hound hunted, like our grey-hound, by the eye, not by the ſcent, iii. 287
• Grey-hound-fox, the largeſt, talleſt, and boldeſt of the kind, iii. 332
• Howlet, a kind of owl without horns, v. 141
• Hudſon's-Bay, above twelve thouſand martins ſkins annually imported from thence into England, iii. 272
• Huers, name given to the men employed to give ſig⯑nals where to extend the nets in the pilchard-fiſh⯑ery, vi. 333
• Hughes, has deſcribed a ſpecies of polypus, but miſ⯑taken its nature, and called it a ſenſitive flowering plant, viii. 191
• Hull, had the honour of firſt attempting that profit⯑able branch of trade, the whale-fiſhery, vi. 205
• Humber, a new iſland formed at the mouth of this ri⯑ver—it is about nine miles in circumference, and worth to the proprietor about eight hundred pounds a year, i. 132
• Humming-bird, is the ſmalleſt of birds, and ſeems nearly allied to the inſect, v. 40—belongs to the ſparrow-kind, v. 314—the ſmalleſt of them about the ſize of a hazel-nut—its deſcription—the larger humming-bird is near half as big as the common wren—its deſcription—are ſeen fluttering about the flowers, without ever lighting upon them—their wings in ſuch rapid motion, it is im⯑poſſible to diſcern their colours, except by their glittering, v. 356—but only extracting the honey as with a kiſs—their neſts and the number of eggs, v. 357—their time of incubation, v. 358—inſtance of their docility—countries where found—in the Leeward Iſlands, they continue in a torpid ſtate during the ſeverity of winter, v. 359—Labat aſ⯑ſerts, that beſide the humming noiſe produced by their wings, they have a pleaſing melancholy me⯑lody in their voices, ſmall and proportioned to their [] organs—the Indians made uſe of this pretty bird's plumage—in what manner the children take them—when taken, they are inſtantly killed, and hung up in the chimney to dry; ſome dry them in ſtoves, v. 360—at preſent the bird is taken rather for ſelling as a curioſity to Europeans, than an ornament for themſelves, v. 361
• Hump of the biſon of different ſizes, weighing from forty to fifty pounds, ſometimes leſs—cuts and taſtes like a dreſſed udder, iii. 23—in a few genera⯑tions it wears away, iii. 24
• Hunger, every animal endures the wants of ſleep and hunger with leſs injury to health than man, ii. 124—hunger kills man ſooner than watchfulneſs—more dreadful in its approaches than con⯑tinuance, ii. 125—dreadful effects of hunger, re⯑lated to the author by the captain of a ſhip, who was one of ſix that endured it in its extremities, ii. 126, 127—different opinions concerning the cauſe of hunger, ii. 128—few inſtances of men dy⯑ing, except at ſea, of abſolute hunger—thoſe men whoſe every day may be conſidered as an happy eſ⯑cape from famine, at laſt die of a diſorder cauſed by hunger, ii. 129—the number of ſuch as die in London of hunger ſuppoſed not leſs than two thou⯑ſand in a year, ii. 130—method of palliating hunger among the American Indians, ii. 133—inſtances of amazing patience in hunger, ii. 217
• Hunters, the Engliſh conſidered as the nobleſt and the moſt uſeful horſes in the world, ii. 369—terms uſ⯑ed by hunters in purſuing the ſtag, iii. 114—names invented by them for the ſtag, iii. 113—for the fallow-deer, iii. 128
• Hunting, the natural right of hunting made royal, and when, iii. 109—the ſtag and the buck per⯑formed in the ſame manner in England, and how, iii. 112, 116—the wolf, iii. 318, 319—wolves uſed in hunting, iii. 321—hunting of the fox, iii. 328—ancient manner of hunting the ſtag, iii. 119 []—the manner in Sicily, iii. 120—and in China, iii. 122—hunting the ſable chiefly the lot of the exiles in Siberia, iii. 375—the ouran-outang, or wild man, in Borneo, iv. 200—a favourite amuſe⯑ment of the king, 200—of the elephant at the Cape of Good Hope, iv. 280—the method uſed to take it alive, iv. 271, 272—manner of hunting the oſtrich by the Arabians, v. 59, 60—and by the Struthophagi, v. 61—manner of hunting the tur⯑key, v. 179
• Hurco, (Aufidius) charged by Pliny with being the firſt who fatted peacocks for the feaſts of the luxu⯑rious, v. 172
• Hurricane, the cloud preceding a hurricane, called by ſailors, bull's eye, deſcribed, i. 359—houſes, made of timber, bend to the blaſt of the hurricane like oſiers, and recover their rectitude—hurricanes of⯑fenſive to the ſenſe of ſmelling—maggots brought with them—common in all tropical climates; on the coaſts of Guinea, frequently three or four in a day, i. 360—their ſeaſons upon thoſe coaſts, at Loango and the oppoſite coaſt of Africa, i. 361—the hurricane called tornado, its dreadful effects, i. 361 et ſeq.
• Hus, in Greek ſignifies a ſow, and huoina derives from it, iii. 342, 343
• Huſo, the iſinglaſs fiſh, caught in great quantities in the Danube, from October to January—furniſhes the commodity called iſinglaſs—often above four hundred pounds weight—its fleſh ſalted is better taſted, and turned red like ſalmon, vi. 282
• Hyena, no words give an idea adequate to this ani⯑mal's figure, deformity, and fierceneſs, iii. 343—more ſavage and untameable than any quadruped—its deſcription, iii 341, 342—defends itſelf a⯑gainſt the lion, is a match for the panther, and at⯑tacks the ounce, which it ſeldom fails to conquer—an obſcene and ſolitary animal—its firſt howl ſome⯑times miſtaken for the voice of a man a moaning—its latter like the violent efforts of reaching, iii. [] 343—whence it firſt took its name, iii. 342—na⯑tive of the torrid zone, reſides in the caverns of mountains, the clefts of rocks, or dens it has form⯑ed under earth, iii. 344—taken ever ſo young, it never can be tamed—ſometimes attacks man, and carries off cattle—its eyes ſhine by night; and it is aſſerted that it ſees better by night than by day—ſcrapes up graves, and devours dead bodies, how putrid ſoever—abſurdities of the ancients about this animal, iii. 344, 345

• Jabiru, and jabiru-guacu, birds of the crane kind, na⯑tives of Braſil, v. 388—their deſcriptions, v. 389
• Jackalls, hunt in a pack, and encourage each other by mutual cries—what has given riſe to the report of its being the lion's provider, ii. 322—travel⯑lers have miſtaken the jackall for the fox, iii. 333—one of the commoneſt wild animals in the Eaſt; yet ſcarce any leſs known in Europe; or leſs diſ⯑tinctly deſcribed by natural hiſtorians—its de⯑ſcription—its cry a lamentation reſembling that of human diſtreſs—is more noiſy in its purſuits than the dog, more voracious than the wolf—never goes alone, but always in a pack of forty or fifty together—ſeems little afraid of man; purſues its game to the doors, without apprehen⯑ſion—enters inſolently into ſheep folds, yards, and ſtables, and finding nothing elſe, devours leather harneſſes, boots, and ſhoes—ſcratches up new made graves, and devours the corpſe how putrid ſo⯑ever, iii. 335—the corpſe how dug up—follows armies, and keeps in the rear of caravans—the moſt putrid ſubſtances it greedily devours—hides in holes by day, and appears abroad at night-fall, iii. 336—hunts by the ſcent, iii. 337—irreconcileable an⯑tipathy between it and the dog, iii. 338—no won⯑der it be voracious and why—is as ſtupid as im⯑pudent []—inſtance of it—Indian peaſants often chace it as we do foxes, iii. 338, 339
• Jack-daw, its deſcription, v. 230—rings found in the neſt of a tame jack-daw, v. 222
• Jacobines, a kind of pigeons, v. 293
• Jaculus, the ſwifteſt ſerpent, its manner of progreſ⯑ſion by coiling, vii. 182
• Jaguar, or the panther of America, iii. 252, 253
• James, the hermit, ſaid to have lived an hundred and four years, ii. 132
• Japan, the emperor made a preſent, to the value of ſixty thouſand crowns, for a zebra, which a go⯑vernor of Batavia had given to him, ii. 398
• Japaneſe, deſcription of that people, ii. 222
• Jaw, the upper, thought by many quite immove⯑able; that it moves in man, an eaſy experiment will evince—has its proper muſcles behind the head for thus raiſing and depreſſing it, ii. 90—the under jaw in the embryo much advanced before the upper; in the adult, it hangs more backward, ii. 91—and in a Chineſe face it falls ſtill more back⯑ward than with us; the difference is thought half an inch, the mouth being ſhut naturally—M'Laurin, a profeſſor at Edinburgh, was ſub⯑ject to have his jaw diſlocated—the under jaw has often an involuntary quivering motion; and often a ſtate of langour produces another, that of yawn⯑ing, a very ſympathetic kind of languid motion, ii. 92—ridiculous inſtance of this ſympathetic affection commonly practiſed upon the ſame famous M'Lau⯑rin, ii. 92
• Jay, one of the moſt beautiful of the Britiſh birds—its deſcription—feeds upon fruits, kills ſmall birds, and is extremely docile, v. 241, 242—lays its eggs in the holes deſerted by the wood-pecker, v. 253
• Ibex, a native of the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the mountains of Greece—its deſcription, iii. 62
• Ibis, the Egyptians paid divine honours to this bird, [] v. 384—different opinions concerning the ancient and modern ibis—Maillet's obſervations to this purpoſe—the true ibis thought a bird of the vul⯑ture kind, called by ſome the capon of Pharoah, v. 385
• Ice, very elaſtic, i. 180—floats of it diffuſed into plains of above two hundred leagues in length—and mountains of it riſing amidſt them—flat ice, and mountain ice, i. 243—their formation, i. 244—mountains of it preſenting the reſemblance of a glory, i. 245
• Ichneumon, by ſome injudiciouſly denominated the cat of Pharoah, one of the boldeſt and moſt uſeful animals of the weaſel-kind—uſed in Egypt for the ſame purpoſes as cats in Europe—deſcrip⯑tion, iii. 376—diſcovers and deſtroys the eggs of the crocodile, iii. 377—ſerpents its moſt natural food—grows faſt and dies ſoon, iii. 379—eaſily ſtrangles a cat ſtronger and larger than itſelf, iii. 378—countries where found, iii. 379—attacks every living thing it is able to overcome, and fears not the force of the dog, nor the claws of the vul⯑ture, iii. 377—takes the water like an otter, and will continue under much longer, iii. 378—not able to ſupport the rigour of our winters—one come from the iſland of Ceylon climbed up the walls and the trees with very great eaſe, iii. 379—this animal one of thoſe formerly worſhipped by the Egyptians, iii. 380
• Ichneumon fly, of all others the moſt formidable to inſects of various kinds, viii. 46—it makes the body of the caterpillar the place for depoſiting its eggs, viii. 47—the tribe is not the caterpillar's offspring, as was ſuppoſed, but its murderers, viii. 48—deſcription—whence its name—fears not the waſp, and plunders its habitations, viii. 111—its weapon of defence—flies of this tribe owe their birth to the deſtruction of ſome other inſect, within whoſe body they have been depoſited, and upon whoſe vitals they have preyed, till they came [] to maturity, viii. 12—various appetites of the va⯑rious kinds of this fly, viii. 113—the millions of inſects this fly kills in a ſummer inconceivable, viii. 114
• Ichneumon, a root the Indians believe an antidote for the bite of the aſp or the viper, iii. 377
• Idra, the deplorable infirmities of the workmen in the quickſilver mines near it, i. 79
• Jean-le-Blanc, a kind of eagle—its diſtinctive marks, v. 98
• Jeniſca, in Tartary, a river, i. 210—receives above ſixty leſſer rivers, i. 217
• Jenkins, a peaſant, lived to an hundred and ſixty-five years, without much regularity, ii. 201
• Jeſter, in England, as late as the times of king James I. the court was furniſhed with a jeſter, ii. 251
• Jevraſka, name given to the marmout in Siberia, iv. 48
• Jewels, the richeſt jewels found in an Aethiop's ear, a proverb, ii. 98
• Ignis fatuus, or wandering fire, i. 380
• Iguana, deſcription of this animal, vii. 149—its fleſh the greateſt delicacy of Africa and America—its food, vii. 150—in what manner it is taken, vii. 151
• Jiboya, the Great, of Java and Braſil, the dimenſions of this ſerpent, vii. 225
• Ilex, the berry-bearing ilex, viii. 143
• Imagination by day, as well as by night, always em⯑ployed, ii. 143—very remarkable inſtance of its power in women, ii. 245, 246
• Impaling, in ſome courts of the more barbarous princes of India, they employ the elephant to im⯑pale the criminals on its enormous tuſks, iv. 279
• Impregnation, the hare, though already impregnated, admits the male, and receives a ſecond impregna⯑tion, iv. 6—in what manner the ſea and garden ſnails impregnate each other reſpectively, vii. 22, 30, 31—the bivalve ſhell-fiſh require no aſſiſtance from [] each other towards impregnation, vii. 41—frogs impregnated without any apparent inſtruments of generation, an object of enquiry; continues in great obſcurity—experiments made to this purpoſe, vii. 78, 79
• Impulſion, manner of acting upon the heavenly bo⯑dies, i. 4
• Incas, father Acoſta, and Garcilaſſo de la Vega, have ſeen the bodies of ſeveral incas perfectly preſerved from corruption, ii. 273
• India (Eaſt) in the warm countries of India, the women are marriageable at nine or ten, and the men at twelve or thirteen, ii. 71—deſcription of the inhabitants of the iſlands that lie ſcattered in the Indian ocean, ii. 223—over all India, chil⯑dren arrive ſooner at maturity, than in Europe—they often marry, and conſummate, the huſband at ten years old, and the wife at eight, and fre⯑quently have children at that age, vi. 224—In⯑dians have long been remarkable for cowardice and effeminacy—they may be conſidered as a feeble race of ſenſualiſts—their dreſs, ii. 225—the horſes of India are weak and waſhy, ii. 362—lions are found to diminiſh in their numbers in this coun⯑try, iii. 215—the Indians eagerly purſue the por⯑cupine, in order to make embroidery of its quills, and to eat its fleſh, iv. 112—they eat bats in the Eaſt Indies, iv. 141—in ſome courts of the more barbarous princes, the elephants are uſed as exe⯑cutioners—in what manner that animal performs this horrid taſk—and impales criminals on its enor⯑mous tuſks, iv. 279—in the whole peninſula of India, they employ the elephant in carrying or drawing burthens, iv. 278—and alſo in launching ſhips, iv. 279
• India (Weſt) whence originally comes the flat heads of the American Indians, ii. 239
• Indus, river, its courſe, i. 212—its water, and that of the Thames, the moſt light and wholeſome in [] the world, i. 170—the tide at the mouth of this river the greateſt known, i. 257
• Infants juſt born, may be ſaid to come from one ele⯑ment into another; and why, ii. 53—open their eyes the inſtant of their birth, ii. 54—more capable of ſuſtaining hunger, and more patient of cold than grown perſons; and why, ii. 58—infants have milk in their own breaſts—their life very precarious, till the age of three or four, ii. 59—inſtances of it, ii. 60—the comparative progreſs of the underſtanding greater in infants, than in children of three or four years old, ii. 61
• Inundations generally greater towards the ſource of rivers, than farther down; and why, i. 207—ſome diſtribute health and plenty—others cauſe diſeaſes, famine, and death, i. 218—every inun⯑dation of the ſea attended with ſome correſpondent dereliction of another ſhore—one of the moſt con⯑ſiderable inundations in hiſtory, is that which hap⯑pened in the reign of Henry I.—an inundation in the territory of Dort, deſtroyed an hundred thou⯑ſand perſons—and yet a greater number round the Dullart—remarkable inundations in Friezland and Zealand, in which more than three hundred vil⯑lages were overwhelmed—their remains continue viſible at the bottom of the water in a clear day, i. 278—ſome in which the ſea has overflowed the country, and afterwards retired, i. 279—in⯑undation of the Thames at Dagenham, in Eſſex, i. 283—inſtantly produced by land ſpouts, i. 396
• Inſects, many of the tribes brought forth from the egg, ii. 27—in the internal parts of South Ame⯑rica, and Africa, they grow to a prodigious ſize; and why—thoſe of the minute kind in the northern climates not half ſo large as in the temperate zone, ii. 6—the ocean has its inſects—their feet are placed upon their backs, and almoſt all without eyes, ii. 7—in ſome countries almoſt darken the air, and a candle cannot be lighted, without their inſtantly flying upon it, and putting out the flame, [] ii. 12, and viii. 158—many may be multiplied by being cut in pieces, ii. 23—have no eye-lids what⯑ſoever, ii. 85—the Indians are fearful of killing the meaneſt, ii. 225—quickly brought to change, and adapt themſelves to the climate, ii. 312—have their ſtomachs compoſed of muſcular fibres—of a ruminating kind, iii. 6—afford ſo great a variety, as to elude the ſearch of the moſt in⯑quiſitive purſuer, v. 3—thoſe with the greateſt num⯑ber of legs move the ſloweſt, vii. 63—the general definition of inſects, vii. 239—the different claſſes, vii. 241 to 244—general characteriſtics of inſects without wings, vii. 246—of thoſe that have wings, vii. 315—Swammerdam has excelled the inſects he diſſected, in patience, induſtry, and perſeve⯑rance, vii. 17—ſome continue under the form of an aurelia not ten days; ſome twenty; ſome ſe⯑veral months, and even for a year, viii. 26—ge⯑neral rule, that the female is larger than the male, viii. 39—every inſect that lives a year after its full growth, is obliged to paſs four or five months without nouriſhment, and will ſeem to be dead all that time, viii. 125—deſcription of that which forms and reſides in the gall-nut, viii. 148
• Inſtinct of animals in chuſing the proper times of copulation, ii. 337—the Guinea pig has not that natural inſtinct ſo common to almoſt every other creature, iv. 57
• Inteſtines of ſheep found to be above thirty times the length of the body, iii. 209—thoſe of the wild cat not above three times the length of its body, iii. 210—this ſhortneſs ſtill unaccounted for, iii. 211—in⯑teſtines of ruminating animals enlarged by nature, to take in a greater ſupply—thoſe of the carnivo⯑rous kind are ſhort, iii. 2—alſo thin and lean; but of the ruminating are ſtrong, fleſhy, and co⯑vered with fat, iii. 4—in all animals the ſize of the inteſtines proportioned to the nature of the food, ii. 318—of the rein-deer waſhed like our tripe, in high eſteem among the Laplanders, iii. [] 167—of the bat, in ſome meaſure reſemble thoſe of man, iv. 135—thoſe of the manati longer, in proportion, than thoſe of any other creature, the horſe excepted, iv. 185—the tribe of wood-peckers want that inteſtine, called the caecum, v. 249—the lamprey ſeems to have but one, vi. 272—thoſe of the crab have many convolutions, vi. 368
• Johndory, Quin noted for a ſauce for this fiſh, vi. 182
• Joints, hair in its growth ſends forth branches at the joints, ii. 87
• Jonelin, has obliged the curious with the firſt accu⯑rate deſcription of the form and nature of the ſa⯑ble, iii. 373
• Ireland not infeſted with wolves, iii. 319—frogs de⯑ſignedly introduced into that kingdom ſome years before the Norway rat, iv. 66—that rat put a ſtop to their encreaſe, and the frog is once more almoſt extinct in that kingdom, iv. 67—the mole utterly a ſtranger there, iv. 91
• Iron extracted from all the ſubſtances upon earth, i. 74
• Iſatis, an animal very common in all northern coun⯑tries bordering upon icy ſea, and ſeldom found in warm climates—deſcription, iii. 339—burrows like the fox, and when with young, the female retires to her kennel, in the ſame manner as the fox—its kennel very narrow, and extremely deep, has many out-lets—manner of coupling, time of geſ⯑tation, and number of young, all ſimilar to what is found in the fox—brings forth at the end of May, or the beginning of June, iii. 340—conſi⯑dered as between the dog and the fox, iii. 339—changes its colour, and is at one time brown, at another white, iii. 340—time in which it is called the croſt-fox, iii. 341
• Iſinglaſs ſerviceable in medicine, and many arts, vi. 282—manner of making it—principally furniſhed from Ruſſia, where great quantities are prepared ſurpriſingly cheap—Mr. Jackſon found out a me⯑thod [] of making a glue that anſwered the purpoſes of iſinglaſs, vi. 282, 283
• Iſlands, new formed, in two ways, i. 125—thirteen iſlands in the Mediterranean appearing at once emerging from the water, i. 126—one new formed in the year 1720 near that of Tercera, i. 128—formed at the mouths of many rivers, and how, i. 130—a beautiful and large one formed at the mouth of the river Nanquin in China, not leſs than ſixty miles long, and about twenty broad, i. 131—ap⯑pear, at firſt, infinitely greater than they naturally are, i. 388—ſeem to travel to the ſhore, and re⯑preſent a wood—the ſcene then ſhifted, repreſents curious figures, ſhips with ſails, ſtreamers, and flags; antique elevated caſtles, and at length vaniſh into nothing, i. 389
• Iſmael, ſheque, in his time the Arabians firſt began the management of horſes, ii. 349
• Iſpahan, the prince's meſſengers go on foot thirty-ſix leagues in fourteen hours, ii. 114
• Italy, the horſes there have a particular aptitude to prance, ii. 357
• Jucatan, a peninſula in the gulph of Mexico, for⯑merly a part of the ſea, i. 276
• Juda-goat common in Guinea, Angola, and all along the coaſts of Africa, not much larger than a hare, iii. 59
• Jugular fiſh, name given to that fiſh which has the ventral fins placed more forward than the pectoral, vi. 303
• Julian's Bay (St.) an American harbour, forty-nine degrees ſouth of the line—Ferdinand Magellan happened to winter in it, ii. 260
• Juniper, the Laplanders drink water, in which theſe berries have been infuſed, ii. 216—its ſhade was fatal, if we credit the ancients, i. 326
• Ivory, the tuſks of the babyroueſſa are a very fine ivory, ſmoother and whiter than that of the ele⯑phant, but not ſo hard or ſerviceable, iii. 194—that of the morſe more eſteemed than that of the [] elephant, being whiter and harder, iv. 182—al⯑moſt all our ivory comes from Africa, where the greateſt part is found in the foreſts, iv. 281—the tuſks of the mammouth converted to the purpoſes of ivory, iv. 282—teeth of the narwhal far ſurpaſs ivory in all its qualities, vi. 212
• Juſtinian, the emperor, till his time the ſea was open to all nations, i. 232
• Ivy-berries, ſhowers of them raiſed by tempeſts in one country, and falling in another, i. 390

• Kabaſſou, or cataphractus, one of the largeſt kinds of the armadilla, iv. 133
• Kamſkatka, deſcription of its natives, ii. 213
• Kanguroo, an animal firſt diſcovered and deſcribed by Mr. Banks, iv. 351, et ſeq.
• Kempfer very well deſcribes the effects of the ſhock of the torpedo, vi. 262
• Keratophites, among the coraline fungi, viii. 197
• Kermes, an inſect of great uſe in medicine and dying—its deſcription, viii. 143—the differences of the male from the female—the harveſt of the kermes greater or leſs in proportion to the ſeverity of the winter—women gather them before ſun-riſing, tearing them off with their nails, viii. 144
• Keſtril, a bird of the generous breed of hawks, v. 122
• Kevel, name of a ſecond variety of gazelles made by Mr. Buffon, iii. 73
• Kilda (St.) a rocky iſland—its ſhores to the Weſt ſix hundred fathom perpendicular above the ſurface of the ſea, i. 272—its rocks more than three quarters of a mile high, vi. 78—the inhabitants conſume annually near twenty-three thouſand young gan⯑nets, and a great quantity of their eggs, vi. 73
• Killer, a cetaceous animal of ſurpriſing ſtrength, which attacks the whale, vi. 204
• [...]inds of animals not actually diſtinguiſhed by horns, [] colour, poſition of the ears, or fineneſs of hair, iii. 60—difficult to fix preciſe boundaries be⯑tween the goat-kind, and the deer, iii. 70—the gazelles form a diſtinct kind, iii. 71—all of the deer kind have no gall bladder, iii. 94
• Kine, in Iceland are without horns, iii. 19
• King, a queſtion in ſchools, which man moſt happy, the beggar by night, and king by day; or the beg⯑gar by day, and king by night, ii. 139
• King-fiſher, a remarkable bird—its deſcription, vi. 142—places it frequents, and how it takes its prey—the plumage a beautiful variety of brilliant co⯑lours, vi. 143—inſtances of credulity with reſpect to this bird, iv. 144—its neſt, or rather hole, very different from that deſcribed by the ancients, vi. 145, 146—feeds upon fiſh in that hole—ſoetid from the remains of fiſh—the king-fiſher is found with from five to nine eggs, which the female continues to hatch—though diſturbed and robbed, ſhe returns, and lays again—Reaumur's account of this—ſeaſon for excluding the brood—the male, faithful beyond the turtle, brings the female large proviſions of fiſh, and keeps her plump and fat—he uſed to twitter before, now enters the neſt quietly and privately—the young hatched in twenty days—differ in their ſize and beauty, vi. 146, 147
• King-fiſher, the Halcyon—Cicero has written a long poem in praiſe of this bird, of which but two lines remain—the emperor Gordian has alſo written a poem on it, nothing of which is left—St. Ambroſe's credulity concerning this bird, vi. 144—fa⯑bles the modern vulgar have of it, vi. 147, 148—its fleſh unfit to be eaten, and its beautiful plumage preſerves its luſtre longer than any other, vi. 148
• Kircher, his calculations of the heights of the moun⯑tains are incredible, and why, i. 154—has ſet the voices of birds to muſic, v. 143
• Kite, one of the baſer race of hawks, v. 119—diſ⯑tinguiſhed by its forky tail, and ſlow floating mo⯑tion, [] v. 129—from the greateſt height darts down on its prey with unerring aim, v. 10—ſeems ever upon the wing, and to make no effort in flying—lives upon accidental carnage, every bird in the air being able to make its retreat from it—ſmall birds wounded, or ſtraying chickens it ſeizes with rapa⯑city, v. 129, 130—uſed for training falcons, and how lured with the great horned owl, when caught for that purpoſe, v. 144, 145
• Kitten, of all young animals none more prettily play⯑ful, iii. 202
• Klein, his method of claſſing animals, ii. 296
• Knobber, name of the ſtag the ſecond year, iii. 113
• Knot, ſmall bird of the crane kind, vi. 23—a bird of paſſage, vi. 28
• Kob, the name of the ſixth variety of gazelles by Mr. Buffon, iii. 74
• Koba, name of the fifth variety of gazelles by Mr. Buffon, iii. 74
• Kraken, all that has been ſaid of this great fiſh ſeems fictitious, yet there is a poſſibility of its exiſtence, vi. 193
• Krantz's account of the origin and formation of the ice-mountains in Greenland, i. 246

• Labrus, the wraſſe, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 307
• Labyrinth of Candia, a ſubterranean wonder, ſuppoſed the work of art, i. 63
• Labyrinth, convolutions in the wind-pipe and lungs of ſome birds, v. 13
• Lama, the camel of the new world, iv. 312—coun⯑tries where found—their fleſh an excellent food—their hair, or rather wool, ſpun into beautiful cloathing—carry their burdens over precipices and craggy rocks, where men can ſcarce accompany them, iv. 313—deſcription and age—manner of cou⯑pling, iv. 314—its food—exceeds the camel in tem⯑perance—requires little water, being ſupplied with [] quantities of ſaliva, the only offenſive weapon it has to teſtify its reſentment—the Indians ſay, where this ſaliva falls, it will from its acrimonious nature burn the ſkin, or cauſe dangerous eruptions, iv. 315—colour and wool—habits and marks of agility in the ſtate of nature—ſeems the largeſt of the camel kind in America—the natives hunt the wild lama for its fleece, iv. 316—a ſmaller weaker ſort of the camel-kind, called alſo gua⯑nacoe and paco—the manufacture of ſtuffs, carpets, and quilts, made of the wool of the paco, form a conſiderable branch of commerce in South America, and might uſefully be extended to Eu⯑rope, iv. 317
• Lambs, how to be produced all the year round, ii. 338—the third an ewe brings forth ſuppoſed the beſt, iii. 45
• Lamprey, its food, vi. 272—a fiſh every way reſem⯑bling the lamprey, was poſſeſſed of the numbing quality of the torpedo, vi. 267—people will not venture to touch thoſe of Ireland—a ſpecies very different from ours ſerved up as a delicacy among the modern Romans—doubtful whether it be the murena of the ancients, which our lamprey is not—ours differently eſtimated, ac⯑cording to the ſeaſon, vi. 269—thoſe of the river Severn the moſt delicate of all fiſh—de⯑ſcription of the fiſh, extraordinary power of adher⯑ing to ſtones—inſtance of it, vi. 270—Muralto, giving the anatomy of this fiſh, makes no mention of the lungs, for which it has abſolute neceſſity to breathe in the air, vi. 271—its time of leaving the ſea annually, in order to ſpawn, is the beginning of ſpring—after a few months, it returns to the ſea—peculiar preparation for ſpawning—the young from eggs—the female remains at the place where produced they are excluded till they come forth, has her family playing about her, and conducts them in triumph to the ocean, vi. 272—ſome continue in freſh water till they die—a ſingle brood the extent of the female's fertility, two years being the limit [] of her exiſtence—beſt ſeaſon for them the months of March, April, and May—are uſually taken in nets with ſalmon; ſometimes in baſkets at the bottom of the river—old cuſtom for the city of Glouceſter annually to preſent the king with a lamprey-pye, vi. 273—a ſenator of Rome uſed to throw into his ponds ſuch of his ſlaves as diſpleaſed him, to feed the lampreys, vi. 274
• Lands, new, produced from the ſea, and in what manner, i. 277
• Lanner, bird of the generous breed of hawks, now little known in Europe, v. 121
• Lapland, its diviſion, iii. 153—mountains there pre⯑ferred to the woods—the country abounds more than others with marſhy bottoms and weedy lakes—gnats and gad-flies formidable there, iii. 155, 157—the manner of travelling in it, iii. 162—Laplanders caſtrate the rein-deer with their teeth, iii. 363—the wolf never attacks a rein-deer that is haltered, and why, iii. 321—the iſatis found in this country, iii. 340—in the foreſts, ſquirrels obſerved to change their habitation; they remove in numbers from one country to another, iv. 32
• Laplanders, one of the firſt diſtinct race of men round the polar regions—deſcription of their perſons and manners, ii. 213 to 218—have in every family a drum for conſulting the devil, ii. 214—Guſtavus Adolphus attempted in vain to form a regiment of Laplanders—uſe ſkates to run and ſlide, and how, ii. 215—are all hunters—offer their wives and daughters to ſtrangers, ii. 216—wants ſupplied and riches derived from the rein-deer, iii. 149, 155, 166, 167—manner of life, iii. 154—boil milk with wood-ſorrel, and keep it in caſks under ground to be eaten in winter, iii. 166—when the lemins draw up to fight, they form ominous prognoſtics from their arrangement, iv. 88—happy when an army of lemins comes down among them; they then feaſt upon their fleſh, which dogs and cats deteſt, iv. 90
• [] Lapwing, a ſmall bird of the crane-kind, vi. 23—its arts to lead off men and dogs from their neſts, vi. 32—their ſeaſons of courtſhip, vi. 31
• Lark, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314—the ſky, the wood, or the tit-lark diſtinguiſhable from other little birds by length of heel and loud ſong, v. 333—neſt, number of eggs, and habits, v. 334—thoſe that remain with us the year throughout are birds of paſſage in Sweden, v. 318
• Sea-Lark, a ſmall bird of the crane-kind, vi. 23—breeds in this country, vi. 29
• Lava, matter diſcharged by the eruptions of volca⯑nos, i. 103
• Laughter, in what manner produced, ii. 92
• Launce, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 311
• Lauricocha, a lake wherein the river Amazons has its ſource, i. 215
• St. Lawrence, a river—its riſe and courſe, i. 216—receives about forty rivers, i. 218—its cataract, i. 223
• Laws, one in the Orkney Iſlands, entitling any per⯑ſon that kills an eagle to a hen from every houſe in the pariſh where killed, v. 92
• Layer, the impreſſion on the place where the ſtag has lain, iii. 114
• Layers of the earth regularly diſpoſed, but not of the ſame kind in every place, i. 56—enumeration of layers of earth in a well dug at Amſterdam, and of another dug at Marly, i. 57, 58—a layer, as far as it extends, always maintains the ſame thickneſs—proceeding to conſiderable depths, every layer is thicker—are ſometimes very extenſive, and often found to ſpread over a ſpace of ſome leagues in cir⯑cumference, i. 58—remarkable layers of earth round the city of Modena, i. 282
• Lead-Mine, one in Flintſhire, iv. 282
• Leather called chamois, made of the ſkin of that ani⯑mal, and alſo from thoſe of the tame goat, the ſheep, and the deer, iii. 69
• Leather harneſs devoured by the jackall, iii. 335
• [] Leaves, two of a fig-tree, by experiment, imbibed from the earth, two ounces of water in five hours and a half, i. 195
• Leech, different kinds—its deſcription—takes a large quantity of food, vii. 306, 307—has no anus or paſ⯑ſage to eject it from the body when digeſted, vii. 308—in what it differs from the reſt of the reptile tribe, vii. 309—the leech uſed in medicine, vii. 306—a girl of nine years old killed by leeches, vii. 310—beſt way of applying leeches, vii. 311
• Legs, a man without them performed aſtoniſhing feats of dexterity, iv. 250
• Leming, a bold animal of the rat kind, native of Scandinavia, iv. 84—often pours down in myriads from the northern mountains, and, like peſtilence, deſtroys all the productions of the earth—Lapland⯑ers believe they drop from the clouds—their deſcrip⯑tion, iv. 85—they move, in a ſquare, forward by night, and lying ſtill by day—whither their motions are turned nothing can ſtop them; a fire, a deep well, a torrent does not turn them out of their direction—they never retreat—inter⯑rupted by a boat acroſs a river, they go over it, iv. 86—ſtopped by a ſtack of hay or corn, they gnaw their way through; and obſtructed by a houſe they cannot get through, continue before it till they die—eat nothing prepared for human ſubſiſtence—never enter a houſe to deſtroy proviſions—paſſing through a meadow, deſtroy it in a ſhort time, and leave it with the appearance of being burnt up and ſtrewed over with aſhes—a man imprudently at⯑tacking one of them, the animal furiouſly flies at him, barking ſomewhat like a puppy, faſtens, and does not eaſily quit its hold, iv. 87—their leader forced out of the line after a long defence, and ſeparated from the reſt, ſets up a plaintive cry, not of anger, and hangs itſelf on the fork of a tree—they deſtroy and devour each other—after incredible devaſta⯑tions, they ſeparate into armies, oppoſed with deadly hatred, and move along the coaſts of the larger lakes and rivers—the Laplanders form [] prognoſtics from the manner of their arrangement—what prognoſtics—the diviſions continue their engagements and animoſity until one party be over⯑come; then they diſappear, iv. 87, 88—and it is ſuppoſed that having nothing to ſubſiſt on, they de⯑vour each other—their carcaſes ſometimes infect the air for miles around, and produce malignant diſ⯑orders—they ſeem alſo to infect the plants, the cattle often dying in the places where they paſſed—the male larger and more beautifully ſpotted than the female—are extremely prolific—breeding does not hinder their march, ſome carrying one young in their mouth and another on their back—are greatly preyed upon by the ermine, and even by the rein-deer, iv. 89—dogs and cats deteſt their fleſh, but, the Laplanders eſteem it good eating, and de⯑vour it greedily, iv. 90
• Leo, the emperor, granted the nations in poſſeſſion of the ſhore the ſole right of fiſhing before their re⯑ſpective territories, i. 232
• Leona (Sierra) a kind of apes in that province of Af⯑rica, called baris, properly inſtructed when young, ſerve as uſeful domeſtics, iv. 198
• Leopard, the large, and the leopard or panther of Senegal—differences between thoſe animals, iii. 251—leopard will not fly at the approach of the lion, iii. 226—the American is neither ſo fierce nor ſo valiant as that of Africa and Aſia, ii. 332
• Lepadogaſter, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 312
• Leproſy, in what manner the Indians endeavour to prevent the Arabian leproſy, or the elephantiaſis, a diſeaſe to which man and the elephant are equally ſubject, iv. 265
• Lerot, the middle dormouſe, according to Mr. Buf⯑fon, iv. 76
• Leymmer, a dog of the generous kind, iii. 286, 288
• Libella, the dragon-fly—general characteriſtics, vii. 316, et ſeq.—eggs, vii. 317—food of the young, [] vii. 318—how they prepare to change from the reptile to the flying ſtate—deſcription, vii. 319—the ſtrongeſt and moſt courageous of all winged in⯑ſects, vii. 320—the buſineſs of impregnation, how performed, vii. 321, 322
• Liboya, the greateſt of the ſerpent kind, vii. 173
• Lichen rangiferinus, the food of the rein-deer, a moſs in Lapland of two kinds; the white in the fields, and the black on the trees, iii. 154, 159
• Lidme, name of the eleventh variety of gazelles, by Mr. Buffon, iii. 79
• Life, formerly ſuppoſed producible only by oviparous and viviparous generation; but later diſcoveries in⯑duce many to doubt whether animal life may not be produced merely from putrefaction, ii. 22—the beginning of our lives, as well as the end, is mark⯑ed with anguiſh, ii. 48—that of infants very pre⯑carious till the age of three or four—inſtances of it, ii. 59, 60—the duration of life in general nearly the ſame in moſt countries, ii. 202—the moſt uſe⯑leſs and contemptible of all others the moſt difficult to deſtroy, viii. 173
• Light, the hand expoſed to broad day-light for ſome time, then immediately ſnatched into a dark room, will ſtill be luminous and remain ſo for ſome time, and why—dangerous to the ſight to look ſteadily upon bright and luminous objects, and why, ii. 159, 160—ſuch perſons as read or write for any continuance ſhould chooſe a moderate light, ii. 160
• Light ſent forth by the glow-worm, how produced hitherto inexplicable, viii. 141—ſent forth by the ſtar-fiſh reſembles that of phoſphorus, viii. 175
• Lightning is an electrical flaſh produced by the oppo⯑ſition of two clouds, i. 374—of the torrid zone is not ſo fatal or ſo dangerous as with us, otherwiſe thoſe regions would be uninhabitable, i. 379—flaſhing without noiſe illuminates the ſky all around in the torrid zone, i. 377, 379
• [] Lights, northern lights illuminate half the hemiſphere, i. 377
• Limbs of the inhabitants near the poles are ſometimes frozen and drop off, i. 387—ſome animals live without, and often are ſeen to reproduce them, viii. 170
• Lime, manner of making it in Perſia, i. 862
• Line, upon the approach of the winter months under the line, the whole horizon ſeems wrapt in a muddy cloud, i. 378—in America, all that part of the continent which lies under the line is cool and pleaſant, ii. 233—in general, as we approach the line, we find the inhabitants of each country grow browner, until the colour deepens into perfect blackneſs, ii. 235
• Linnaeus, the celebrated naturaliſt, ſuppoſes man a native of the tropical climates, and only a ſojourner more to the north—argument to prove the contra⯑ry, ii. 240—his method of claſſing animals, ii. 298, 299—makes the female of the bat a primas, to rank it in the ſame order with man, iv. 138
• Linnet, a bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 315, 317—taught to whiſtle a long and regular tune, v. 345
• Lion, produced under the burning ſun of Africa, is the moſt terrible and moſt undaunted creature, iii. 214—deſcription of this noble animal, iii. 219 to 222—he degenerates when removed from the torrid zone, iii. 213—to compare the ſtrength of the lion with that of man, it ſhould be conſidered that the claws of this animal give a falſe idea of its power, aſcribing to its force what is the effect of its arms, ii. 111—leaps twenty feet at a ſpring, ii. 322—a ſingle lion of the deſert often attacks an entire ca⯑ravan, iii. 216—he crouches on his belly, and continues ſo with patient expectation, until his prey comes within a proper diſtance, iii. 223—the female has no mane, iii. 221—his roaring is ſo loud, that when heard in the night, and re-echoed [] by the mountains, it reſembles diſtant thunder, iii. 224—does not willingly attack the horſe, and only when compelled by the keeneſt hunger, ii. 319—combats between a lion and a horſe in Italy—the lion ſtunned and left ſprawling, the horſe eſcapes; but the lion ſucceeding, ſticks to his prey, and tears the horſe in pieces inſtantly, ii. 319, 320—attends to the call of the jackall, iii. 337—in coun⯑tries tolerably inhabited, the lion is cowardly, and often ſcared by the cries of women and children, iii. 201
• Lions, thoſe inhabiting the peopled countries of Mo⯑rocco or India ſcared away with a ſhout—the keep⯑ers play with him, plague, and chaſtiſe him with⯑out a cauſe; he bears it with compoſure, but his anger once excited, the conſequences are terrible—an inſtance from Labat, iii. 217—numberleſs ac⯑counts aſſure his anger noble, his courage mag⯑nanimous, and his natural ferocity ſeldom exerted againſt his benefactors—he has ſpared the lives of thoſe thrown to be devoured by him, afforded them part of his ſubſiſtence, and ſometimes abſtains from food himſelf to ſupport them, iii. 218—neceſſi⯑ty alone makes him cruel, iii. 219—the man⯑ner of hunting them by Hottentots and others, iii. 215, 227—horſes for hunting them of that ſort called charoſſi, all others fly at the ſight of him, iii. 226—the lion prefers the fleſh of camels to other food—is alſo fond of that of young elephants—when old, finding men and quadrupeds toge⯑ther, he attacks the latter, and never meddles with men, unleſs provoked, iii. 228—manner of copu⯑lation, time of geſtation, number brought forth, and time taken to come to perfection, all known, iii. 229—a lion in the Tower of London above ſeven⯑ty years, iii. 230—the lioneſs fearing her retreat diſcovered, hides her tracks, by running back, or bruſhing them out with her tail, iii. 231—becomes terrible with young ones to provide for, iii. 230—lions, incited by deſire, fight bloody battles, till [] one becomes victorious over the reſt, iii. 228—the ſize of the lion between three and four feet; the female in all dimenſions about one third leſs—there are properly no lions in America; the puma has received the name of the America-lion, but, when compared, is a very contemptible animal, iii. 332—thoſe of mount Atlas have not the ſtrength or ferocity of thoſe of Biledulgerid or Zaara—ſpecies of this animal diminiſhing daily—Mr. Shaw obſerves, the Romans carried fifty times as many lions from Lybia in one year, for their amphitheatres, as are in the whole country at this time, iii. 214—the ſame remark made with regard to Turky, Perſia, and the Indies; where the lions diminiſh in their number daily, iii. 215—reported that he ſuſtains hunger a long time, but thirſt he cannot ſupport—ſome believe him in a continual fever—he drinks as often as he finds water, and laps it—he requires about fifteen pound of raw fleſh in a day—he rather hunts for a freſh ſpoil, than returns to that he had before—his breath is offenſive, and his urine inſupportable, iii. 224
• Lion-cat, or Angora-cat, a beautiful animal, a native of Syria or Perſia, iii. 212
• Sea-lion, deſcribed in Anſon's voyages, regarded as the largeſt of the ſeal family, iv. 181
• Lipidopus, the garter-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 312
• Lips, thoſe of the hare and of the ſquirrel continually move, whether ſleeping or waking, iv. 3
• Lithophytes, and coralline ſubſtances, viii. 192
• Litters, in all animals, intermediate litters moſt fruit⯑ful; firſt and laſt generally produce feweſt and weakeſt of the kind, ii. 336
• Littorales, Latin name for thoſe ſhells that are caſt upon ſhore, vii. 13
• Liver of a ſhark affords three or four quarts of oil, vi. 247
• Lizards, differ from every other claſs of animals, and from each other, vii. 112, 113—whence the [] greateſt diſtinction, vii. 115—general character⯑iſtics, vii. 116—along the coaſts of Guinea their fleſh eſteemed a delicacy, iii. 298—the water kind changes its ſkin every fourth or fifth day, vii. 145—ſprinkled with ſalt, the whole body emits a viſcous liquor, and the lizard dies in three minutes, in great agonies—the whole of the kind ſuſtain the want of food in a ſurpriſing manner, vii. 146
• Chalcidian lizard of Aldrovandus deſcribed, vii. 157
• Flying lizard of Java, account of it by Gentil, vii. 157
• Loach, the deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 314
• Lobſter, a ruminating fiſh, iii. 5—very voracious, though without warmth in its body, or red blood in its veins, vi. 358—whatever it ſeizes upon and has life periſhes, however well defended; they de⯑vour each other, and, in ſome meaſure, eat them⯑ſelves; changing their ſhell and ſtomach every year, the old ſtomach is the firſt morſel to glut the new, 358, 364—at firſt ſight the head may be miſtaken for the tail—its deſcription, iii. 358, 359—the food of the young, vi. 361—the molting ſea⯑ſon, vi. 362—how they change their ſhells—many die under this operation, vi. 362, 363—ſpeedy growth of the new ſhell—and of itſelf after the change—the claws of unequal magnitude, and why—at certain ſeaſons they never meet without an engagement—wonders this extraordinary creature offers to imagination—are endowed with a vital principle that furniſhes out ſuch limbs as have been cut away, vi. 365, 366—varieties of this animal with differences in the claws, little in the habits or conformation—the ſhell black when taken, but turns red by boiling—common way of taking the lobſter, vi. 367
• Locuſt, the great brown locuſt ſeen in ſeveral parts of England in 1748; in ſome ſouthern kingdoms they are ſtill formidable—deſcription of this inſect, vii. 340, 341—in what manner they take [] the field—their devaſtations, vii. 342—are ſtill more noxious when dead, vii. 343—inſtance of it—account of their devaſtations in Ruſſia, Poland, Lithuania, and Barbary, vii. 343, 344—transfor⯑mations, vii. 345—eaten by the natives in many kingdoms of the Eaſt; and caught in ſmall nets for that purpoſe—their taſte—are conſidered as a great delicacy in Tonquin, by the rich and the poor—muſt have been a common food with the Jews, vii. 347—deſcription of the great Weſt-Indian locuſt, the moſt formidable, vii. 348
• Loir, the greater dormouſe, ſo called by Mr. Buffon, iv. 76
• Longevity, perſons remarkable for it, ii. 200, 201
• Lorenzini, his experiments upon the torpedo, vi. 266
• Lori, the longeſt of all animals, in proportion to its ſize—deſcription—a native of the iſland of Ceylon, iv. 241
• Loricaria, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313
• Lories, a kind of parrot, v. 272
• Louſe, its deſcription, vii. 270—whether diſtinguiſh⯑ed by the parts of generation into males and fe⯑males, not yet diſcovered, vii. 273—the louſy diſeaſe frequent among the ancients, vii. 274
• Wood-louſe, the deſcription, vii. 286—of great uſe in medicine, vii. 287
• Leuwenhoeck, his opinion about the rudiments of ani⯑mals, ii. 18
• Luminous appearance of the waves in the night, the cauſe, i. 247, 248
• Lump-fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 287—flung into a pail of water, will ſtick ſo cloſe to the bottom, that on taking the fiſh by the tail, the pail and ſeveral gal⯑lons of water may be lifted—their fleſh, vi. 288
• Lungs, animals before birth make no uſe of their lungs, iv. 171—no anatomiſt has deſcribed the lungs of the lamprey, vi. 271—caterpillars have eighteen lungs, and live ſeveral days in the exhauſted receiv⯑er of the air-pump, viii. 14
• [] Lybia, its inhabitants uſe oſtriches as horſes—alſo at Joar—inſtance of it at the factory of Podore, v. 62
• Lyboija, of Surinam, a kind of ſerpent, thirty-ſix feet long, vii. 172
• Lynx, diſtinguiſhed from the ounce, and deſcribed—firſt ſtriking diſtinction between it and thoſe of the panther-kind is the tail—each hair of this animal is of three different colours—it is not above the ſize of the ounce, iii. 257—chiefly met with in the cold countries bordering on the pole, in the north of Germany, Lithuania, Muſcovy, Siberia, and North America—thoſe of the new con⯑tinent are ſmaller than in Europe—this animal has been called lupus cervarius, but for what rea⯑ſon hard to gueſs—in its nature it exactly reſem⯑bles the cat, is bigger, and near two feet long, is alſo bolder and fiercer—is more delicate than the cat—reſembles the wolf in nothing, except its cry—ſeveral reports of the lynx, propagated by igno⯑rance or impoſture, iii. 264, 265
• Lyſter, ſtrangeneſs of his theory to explain the inva⯑riable motion of winds, i. 342

• Macaguo, a kind of monkey deſcribed by Mr. Buf⯑fon, iv. 233
• Maccaw, the large kind of parrot the ſize of a raven, v. 275
• Machinel-tree, in America, its ſhade fatal, i. 362—no plant will grow under it, ii. 4
• Machines, the invention of many has rendered human ſtrength leſs valuable, ii. 119
• Mackarel, deſcribed, vi. 307—produces five hundred thouſand eggs, in one ſeaſon, vi. 178—its growth, vi. 340
• Madagaſcar, its natives deſire nothing ſo ardently as to proſtitute their wives or daughters to ſtrangers, [] and for the moſt trifling advantages, ii. 74—the great bat of that iſland deſcribed, iv. 141, 142
• Madder, uſed by Mr. Belcher to diſcover the circula⯑tion of the blood through the bones, ii. 194
• Madneſs produced by want of ſleep, ii. 135—cured by muſic—and alſo cauſed by it—inſtance in Hen⯑ry IV. of Denmark, who in his rage killed his at⯑tendants, ii. 170
• Maelſtroom, Dutch name for a whirlpool, one upon the coaſt of Norway, conſidered as moſt dreadful and deſtructive, i. 267—the body of water forming this whirlpool, extended in a circle of above thirteen miles, i. 268
• Magellan, (Ferdinand) a Portugueſe of noble extrac⯑tion, firſt diſcovered the gigantic race of mankind, towards the extremity of South America, ii. 259—account of this diſcovery—he was ſlain upon one of the Molucca iſlands, ii. 260
• Magni, an Italian traveller diſcovered the remarkable grotto of Antiparos, in the Archipelago, i. 67
• Maggot of Buffon, the cynocephalus, the laſt of the ape kind—its deſcription, iv. 207
• Magpie thieviſh; rings found in the neſt of a tame magpie, v. 222—habits and food—when ſatisfied for the preſent, it lays up the remainder for another time, v. 238, 239—places where it builds and neſts deſcribed, v. 240—number of eggs—in its domeſtic ſtate, preſerves its natural cha⯑racter ſtrictly—fooliſh cuſtom of cutting its tongue to teach it to ſpeak, puts the animal to pain, and baulks the intention, v. 241
• Mahometans, conſidering the hare an unclean animal, religiouſly abſtain from its fleſh, iv. 14
• Maimon, the laſt of the baboons, Edwards calls it the pigtail—its deſcription—native of Sumatra, does not well endure the rigours of our climate, iv. 215
• Maire, (James Le) a traveller who confirms the ex⯑iſtence of giants in America, ii. 261
• Maki, the laſt of the monkey-kind, iv. 188, 238 []—their deſcription—many different kinds of theſe animals, iv. 239, 241
• Malabar, land and ſea breezes upon thoſe coaſts, i. 351
• Malacopterigii, the barbarous Greek name given to the ſoft-finned fiſh; the prickly-finned ſort termed Acanthopterigii, vi. 303
• Malahallo, a very conſiderable volcano in South Ame⯑rica, i. 99
• Malebranche, grounds his beautiful theory of mon⯑ſtrous productions upon a famous inſtance related by him; and ſome theory from which he deduces the effects of imagination upon the foetus, ii. 245, 246
• Malbrouk, a monkey of the ancient continent, iv. 233—its deſcription—the Bramins have hoſpitals for ſuch as are ſick, or diſabled, iv. 234
• Maldivia iſlands, have lands in them at one time co⯑vered with water, and at another free, i. 279
• Mallard, a kind of duck, vi. 130—with very parti⯑cular faculties for calling, vi. 134
• Malphigi, his famous experiment upon the ſtigmata of caterpillars, viii. 14
• Mammouth, its tuſks, which are uſed as ivory, and ſuppoſed to belong to the elephant, often weigh four hundred pounds, iv. 282
• Man, differences in his ſpecies leſs than in animals, and rather taken from the tincture of the ſkin than variety of figure—there are not in the world above ſix diſtinct varieties in the race of men, ii. 212—firſt race in the polar regions, deep brown, ſhort, oddly ſhaped, ſavage, ii. 213 to 219—ſecond, the Tartar race, olive coloured, middle ſized, ugly, ro⯑buſt, ii. 219 to 221—third, the ſouthern Aſiatics, dark olive, ſlender ſhaped, ſtrait black hair, feeble, ii. 223 to 226—fourth, the negroes of Africa, black, ſmooth ſkin, woolly hair, well ſhaped, ii. 226 to 228—fifth, the Americans, copper colour, ſtrait black hair, ſmall eyes, ſlight limbed, not ſtrong, [] 229—ſixth the Europeans and bordering nations, white of different tints, fine hair, large limbed, vigorous, ii. 230, 231—endures a greater variety of climates than the lower orders are able to do, and why, i. 319—may be called the animal of every climate, ii. 9—intended naturally to be white, ii. 233—white men reſemble our common parent more than the reſt of his children, ii. 239—a native of the tropical climates, and only a ſo⯑journer more to the north, according to Linnaeus—argument ſufficient to prove the contrary, ii. 240—marriageable in the warm countries of India at twelve and thirteen years of age, ii. 71—juſt come into the world gives a picture of complete imbecil⯑lity, ii. 52—vain man ventures to excite an audi⯑tor's attention, at the riſk of incurring his diſlike, ii. 99—as man has a ſuperiority of powers over other animals, ſo is he proportionably inferior to them in his neceſſities—nature has made him ſub⯑ject to more wants and infirmities than other crea⯑tures; but all theſe wants ſeem given to multiply the number of his enjoyments—and in what man⯑ner, ii. 123—firſt ſenſations of a man newly brought into exiſtence, and the ſteps by which he arrives at reality pointed out by Mr. Buffon, ii. 187—in thoſe countries where men are moſt bar⯑barous and ſtupid, there brutes are moſt active and ſagacious, iv. 231—the only animal that ſupports himſelf perfectly erect—the buttock, in man, dif⯑ferent from that of all other animals—man's feet alſo different from thoſe of other animals, the apes not excepted—the nails leſs in man than in any animal, ii. 105—ſaid to be tall when from five feet eight inches to ſix feet high, ii. 108—probability that men have been, in all ages, much of the ſame ſize they are at preſent—many corroborating proofs of this, ii. 265—generally lives to ninety or a hun⯑dred years, if not cut off by diſeaſes—how men lived ſo much longer in earlier times than at pre⯑ſent, [] ii. 203—proportionably ſtronger for his ſize than any other animal—to compare the ſtrength of the lion with that of man, it muſt be conſidered the claws of the animal give a falſe idea of its power; and aſcribe to its force the effects of its arms—another manner of comparing the ſtrength of man with that of animals, is by the weights which either can carry, ii. 111—Dr. Deſaguliers ſpeaks of a man able to raiſe two thouſand pounds, by diſtributing the weights in ſuch manner that every part of his body bore its ſhare, ii. 112—exerciſed in running, outſtrips horſes; a ſtout walker, in a journey, walks down a horſe, ii. 114—thoſe employed as meſſengers at Iſpahan in Per⯑ſia, runners by profeſſion, go thirty-ſix leagues in fourteen hours, ii. 114—every animal endures the wants of ſleep and hunger with leſs injury to health than man, ii. 124—he cannot, uninjured, live four days without eating, drinking, and ſleeping, ii. 125—one ſaid to live without food for ſeven days, ii. 132—requires ſleep for double motives, the refreſhment of the mental as well as the bodily frame, ii. 134—more difficult for man than any other animal to procure ſleep, ii. 136—has a lump upon the wind-pipe, not to be ſeen in wo⯑man, ii. 102—a young man deaf and dumb from his birth, knew nothing of death, and never thought of it till the age of twenty-four, when he began to ſpeak all of a ſudden, ii. 176—account of a man ruminating, iii. 6, 7—one, without hands or legs, by practice uſed his ſtumps for the moſt convenient purpoſes, and per⯑formed aſtoniſhing feats of dexterity, iv. 250—man dies under wounds which a quadruped or a bird could eaſily ſurvive, viii. 170
• Manufactures, the woollen manufacture not carried on here till ſeveral ages after ſheep were propagated in England, iii. 43—unavailing efforts of our kings to introduce and preſerve it—the Flemings [] poſſeſſed the art in a ſuperior degree—the inhabi⯑tants of the Netherlands improved us in this art, and when, iii. 43, 44—the woollen manufacture ſuppoſed for ſome time decaying amongſt us, iii. 44—of ſtuffs of the wool of the pacos, a conſiderable branch of commerce in South America, iv. 317
• Manati, may indiſcriminately be the laſt of beaſts, or the firſt of fiſhes—its deſcription—the female has breaſts placed foreward, like thoſe of women—the tongue ſo ſhort, ſome have pretended it has one, iv. 183, 184—never entirely leaves the water, only advances the head out of the ſtream, to reach the graſs on the river ſides—it feeds entirely on vegetables, iv. 184, 185—places where found—graze among turtles and other cruſtaceous fiſhes, giving or fearing no diſturbance—unmoleſted, they keep together in large companies, and ſurround their young—bring forth in autumn; and ſuppoſed to go with young eighteen months—the manati has no voice nor cry—its inteſtines are longer, in proportion, than thoſe of any other creature, the horſe excepted—the fat which lies under the ſkin, expoſed to the ſun, has a fine ſmell and taſte, and exceeds the fat of any ſea animal, iv. 185—the heat of the ſun does not make it rancid; it taſtes like the oil of ſweet almonds, and ſerves every way inſtead of butter; any quantity may be taken inwardly, having no other effect than to keep the body open—the fat of the tail, boiled, more delicate than the former—the lean takes a long time in boiling, and eats like beef—the fat of the young like pork, and the lean like veal, iv. 186
• Mandril, the largeſt of the baboon kind—its deſcrip⯑tion—when diſpleaſed, weeps like a child—is a native of the Gold Coaſt, iv. 214
• Mangabey, a monkey of the ancient continent—its deſcription, iv. 234
• Mangrove-tree, that grows down in the water of the Senegal river, i. 220
• [] Manks-Puffin, or coulterneb, a ſmall water-fowl—de⯑ſcribed, vi. 199 to 105
• Manyfold, name of the third ſtomach of ruminating animals, ii. 4
• Map of the bottom of that ſea which lies between Africa and America, given by M. Buache, i. 290
• Marcaſites, their compoſition—experiment by way of proof, i. 76, 77
• Mares, their exportation prohibited by a law in A⯑rabia, ii. 353—ſtuds in Perſia of ten thouſand white mares, with hoofs ſo hard, that ſhoeing is unneceſſary, ii. 355—a law in England, prohibiting the exportation of mares and ſtallions; and one ſimilar to this obtained ſo early as the times of Athelſtan, ii. 369
• Marikina, a monkey of the ſagoin kind, with a mane round the neck, and a bunch of hair at the end of the tail, like a lion, iv. 237
• Mariners, to multiply their numbers, queen Eliza⯑beth enjoined that her ſubjects ſhould faſt from fleſh on Fridays and Saturdays, ii. 131
• Marle, different ſorts found in a well dug at Marly, i. 57
• Marmoſe, only differs in ſize from the oppoſſum, be⯑ing leſs; inſtead of the bag to receive the young, has only two longitudinal folds, within which the premature young, continue to ſuck—when firſt produced not above the ſize of a bean; but ſtick to the teat until they arrive at maturity, iv. 247
• Marmout, or marmotte, a ruminating animal, iii. 5—a native of the Alps—its deſcription—is eaſily tamed, readily taught to dance, weild a ſtick, and obey the voice of its maſter, iv. 38—it has an antipathy to the dog—ſtrength and agi⯑lity—ludicrous ſaying that the Savoyards, the only chimney-ſweepers of Paris, have learned their art from the marmotte they carry about for ſhew—is apt to gnaw the furniture—other affections of this [] animal—its food—is cleanly, but has a diſagree⯑able ſcent—ſleeps during winter, iv. 39 to 41—form of its hole reſembles the letter Y, iv. 42—manner of making it, iv. 41—they live together, and work in common to make their habita⯑tions ſnug and convenient—when they venture abroad, one is placed as a centinel upon a lofty rock, iv. 43—Mr. Buffon ſays it does not ſleep during winter, is rather in a torpor, a ſtagnation of all faculties—its heat not more than ten degrees above congelation, iv. 45—the fleſh ſaid to have a wild taſte, and to cauſe vomiting—countries where it is found, iv. 48—inhabitants of the Alps do not till winter open its hole—produces but once a year, and brings forth three or four at a time—they grow faſt, and their lives are not above nine or ten years, iv. 47
• Marriage and conſummation of the Indians, the huſ⯑band at ten years old, and the wife at eight; fre⯑quently have children at that age, ii. 224
• Marriotte, his experiment proves that water acts as a menſtruum upon air, i. 369
• Marrow, ſpinal, and the brain, the firſt ſeen as begun in the embryo, ii. 146
• Marſigli (count) his opinion upon corals and ſpunges, viii. 193
• Martin, its deſcription, iii. 367, 368—the moſt beau⯑tiful of all Britiſh beaſts of prey—its ſcent a pleaſing perfume, iii. 367—the yellow-breaſted martin—its fur more valuable than the white-breaſted ſort—Mr. Buffon ſuppoſes them a diſtinct ſpecies, that diſtinction unneceſſary, iii. 368—of all the wea⯑ſel kind the moſt pleaſing, iii. 368, 369—feeds as they do, and is fond of honey, iii. 358—ſeldom meets the wild-cat without a combat, iii. 369—the wild-cat not a match for the martin—kept tame by Geſner and Mr. Buffon—of⯑ten ſlept for two days, and then was two or three days without ſleeping—the yellow-breaſted [] penetrating, is likely to be the menſtruum of one leſs ſo—Marriotte's experiment ſhews that water will act as a menſtruum upon air, i. 369—cold diminiſhes the force of menſtruums, and often pro⯑motes evaporation, i. 370
• Merlin, the ſmalleſt of the hawk or falcon-kind, ſcarce larger than a thruſh, diſplays a degree of courage rendering him formidable to birds far a⯑bove his ſize—kills a partridge or a quail at a ſin⯑gle pounce from above, v. 122—the purſuit of the lark by a couple of merlins is a moſt delightful ſpectacle, v. 128
• Merolla ſays the zebra, when tamed, is not leſs eſtim⯑able for ſwiftneſs than beauty, ii. 397
• Metals, the richeſt, in their native ſtate, leſs glitter⯑ing and ſplendid than uſeleſs marcaſites, i. 74, 75—thoſe trades that deal in their preparations, always unwholſome, i. 326—all pieces ſwallowed by ani⯑mals loſe part of their weight, and often the ex⯑tremities of their figure, v. 55
• Meteors, between the tropics, and near the poles, aſ⯑ſume dreadful and various appearances, i. 377—in thoſe countries where the ſun exerts the greateſt force in raiſing vapours, there are the greateſt quan⯑tity of meteors, i. 378—one of a very uncommon kind, ſeen by Ulloa, at Quito, i. 383
• Method, the principal help in natural hiſtory; with⯑out it little progreſs made in this ſcience, ii. 289—the moſt applauded of claſſing animals, ii. 294—the author's method of claſſing them, ii. 301—that of deſcribing all things by words alone, a fault that has infected moſt of our dictionaries, and bo⯑dies of arts and ſciences, ii. 307, 308—Mr. Locke has obſerved, that a drawing of an animal, taken from life, is the beſt method of advancing natural hiſtory, ii. 307
• Mew, ſaid of ſtags when they caſt their heads, iii. 114
• Mice, have burrowed in the back of hogs, while fat⯑tening in the ſty, without being felt, iii. 178—[] and rats cannot endure the ſcent of the genett, iii. 388—in 1580, at Hallontide, an army of mice over run the marſhes near Southminſter, and eat up the graſs to the roots; but ſoon after they were all devoured by a number of ſtrange painted owls, v. 146
• Mico, the leaſt and moſt beautiful monkey of the ſa⯑goin kind—its deſcription by Mr. La Conda⯑mine, iv. 237. 238
• Microſcope, encreaſes the magnitude of an object, and that of its motion alſo, ii. 21—the pupil and hu⯑mours of the eye of the mole diſcovered by it, iv. 92
• Migrating fiſhes, vi. 324—the herring and the pilchard take the moſt adventurous voyages, vi. 326—ſtated returns, and regular progreſs of the migrating fiſhes, one of the moſt extraordinary cir⯑cumſtances in the hiſtory of nature, vi. 324
• Migration, cauſes of migrations of birds, v. 32—in what manner they perform them, v. 35—at what times, v. 32—rather follow weather than country, and go on as they perceive the atmo⯑ſphere more ſuitable to their wants and diſpoſitions, v. 36, 37—migration of ſome ſwallows, and retreat of others into old walls, to avoid the rigour of winter, wrap this ſubject in great obſcurity, v. 37—of bees, ſeveral ſigns previous to it, viii. 82
• Milan, hares bred in the Milaneſe, thought the beſt in Europe, iv. 13
• Milk, infants have it in their own breaſts, ii. 59—ſometimes found in the breaſts of men, as well as in thoſe of women, ii. 102—in carnivorous ani⯑mals more ſparing than in others, ii. 337, and iii. 366—of goats medicinal, and not apt to curdle upon the ſtomach as that of the cows, iii. 55—of the rein-deer thinner than that of the cow, but ſweeter, and more nouriſhing, iii. 158—boiled up with wood ſorrel, by the Laplanders kept in caſks under ground, to be eaten in winter, iii. 166—in⯑jected [] into a vein, kills with more certainty than the venom of a viper, vii. 199, 200
• Millipedes multiplied by being cut in pieces, ii. 23
• Milo, an inſtance of his ſtrength, when he ſtood upright, ii. 118
• Milton makes Satan perſonate the cormorant, a moſt nauſeous bird—objection againſt him on this ac⯑count—his vindication, vi. 66
• Minerals mere inactive and inſenſible bodies, ii. 4
• Miners firſt become paralytic, then die conſumptive, for the trifling reward of ſeven-pence a day, i. 79—peculiar contrivance to ſupply light for their operations—make uſe only of wooden inſtruments in digging, and take out the nails from their ſhoes before they enter the mine, i. 82
• Mines, the deepeſt that at Cotteberg in Hungary, not more than three thouſand feet deep, i. 51—a coal-mine in the North of England ſaid to be eleven hun⯑dred yards deep, i. 73—air different in them, pro⯑portionably as the magazines of fire lay nearer the centre, i. 75—other cauſes of this difference, i. 76—Mendip lead-mines in Somerſetſhire—their deſcription, i. 77, 78—mines of coal generally leſs noxious than thoſe of tin; tin than thoſe of cop⯑per; but none are ſo dreadfully deſtructive as thoſe of quickſilver, i. 78—deplorable infirmities of workmen in the mines near the village of Idra, i. 79—metallic, often deſtroy all vegetation by their volatile corroſive fumes—ſalt mines naturally cold, i. 83—natives of countries abounding in mines too often experience the noxious effects of their vici⯑nity, i. 326—in a lead-mine in Flintſhire were found two grinding teeth, and part of the tuſk of an elephant, at forty-two yards depth, iv. 282
• Mingrelians, among the ſixth variety of the human ſpecies, deſcribed, ii. 230
• Mint, cats exceſſively fond of the cat-mint, iii. 206
• Mire-drum, the bittern, deſcribed, vi. 2 to 5. See Bittern.
• [] Miſletoe, a plant thought propagated by ſeeds voided by birds, v. 316
• Miſſiſſippi, a great river in North America, i. 216—its ſource and length—receives forty rivers, i. 218
• Miſts continually riſe upon approach of the winter months, under the line, i. 378—called froſt ſmoke, raiſes bliſters on ſeveral parts of the body, in the regions round the poles, i. 386
• Mite-fly, not found in Lapland, iii. 166
• Miume, a river in America—enormous ſkeletons lately diſcovered near it, iv. 282
• Mock-bird, deſcription of the American mock-bird, v. 324—its habits—can aſſume the tone of every animal in the wood, from the wolf to the raven—no bird in the foreſt it has not at times deceived by mimicking its call, v. 325
• Mock-ſuns, meteors and other phoenomena, in the northern regions, i. 377, 388
• Mococo, firſt of the maki-kind, which is the laſt of the monkies—its deſcription—a native of Mada⯑gaſcar—its qualities, iv. 239, 240—eats its own tail, and ſeems to feel no pain—ſome other mon⯑kies do the ſame, iv. 336, 337
• Modena, a city in Italy—its remarkable wells—other rarities round it, i. 282
• Mogul, in the Indian language ſignifies a white man, ii. 224
• Mold, black, or garden-earth, the firſt layer on the ſurface of the globe—is formed from animal and vegetable bodies decayed—ſoil fertile, in propor⯑tion to the quantity that putrified mold bears to the gravelly mixture, i. 52, 53
• Mole, a ruminating inſect, or ſeemingly ſo, iii. 6—no quadruped fatter, none with a more ſleek gloſſy ſkin—an utter ſtranger in Ireland—formed to live under the earth, iv. 90, 91—its deſcription, 91 to 95—the ancients, and ſome moderns, of opinion, that the mole was blind; but Derham, by a micro⯑ſcope, diſcovered all the parts of the eye known in [] other animals, iv. 92—a mole let looſe in the midſt of a field, like a ghoſt on a theatre, in⯑ſtantly ſinks into the earth; and an active labourer, with a ſpade, purſues it in vain, iv. 93—peculiar advantage of the ſmallneſs of its eyes, iv. 94—when once buried in the earth, it ſeldom ſtirs out—it chuſes the looſer ſofter grounds—chiefly preys upon worms and inſects—is moſt active, and caſts up moſt earth, immediately before rain, and in winter, before a thaw—in dry weather, it ſeldom forms hillocks—readily evades the purſuit of animals ſtronger and ſwifter than it⯑ſelf—its greateſt calamity is an inundation—in ſome places conſidered by the farmer as his greateſt peſt—couples towards ſpring, and the young found about the beginning of May—generally four or five at a time, v. 96—deſcription of the mole-hill, in which the female has brought forth her young, iv. 97—is ſcarcely found, except in cultivated coun⯑tries—the varieties are but few—that of Virginia is black, mixed with a deep purple—that of Po⯑land is white—Agricola ſays he ſaw hats made of mole-ſkins, the fineſt and moſt beautiful imagin⯑able, iv. 98
• Moloſſian breed of dogs, and its perfections, ſet forth by Nemeſianus, iii. 294
• Molting, annually ſuffered by birds—its effects, v. 18—artificially accelerated, and how—the manner in which nature performs the operation, v. 19—the ſeaſon commonly obtains from the end of ſum⯑mer to the middle of autumn, v. 20
• Molucca iſlands, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portugueſe of noble extraction, ſlain upon one of them, ii. 260
• Mona, the cephus of the ancients, a monkey of the ancient continent—its deſcription, iv. 234
• Mona, name given to the marmout in Canada, iv. 48
• Mongooz, of the maki-kind, the laſt of the monkies []—its deſcription—is a native of Madagaſcar, iv. 240
• Monkey, one general deſcription will not ſerve for all the animals of the monkey-kind, iv. 189—La Condamine aſſerts it would take up a volume to deſcribe the differences of monkies found along the river of Amazons, iv. 216—and we are ſure that every one of theſe is different from thoſe on the A⯑frican coaſt, iv. 217—an elaborate deſcription of each muſt be uſeleſs and tireſome, their numbers being very great, and their differences very trifling—thoſe of two cantons never found to mix—of all kinds leſs than the baboon, have leſs power of do⯑ing miſchief, and their ferocity diminiſhes with their ſize, iv. 217, 218—do nothing deſired without beating; their fears once removed, they are the moſt inſolent headſtrong animals in nature—in their native woods, are the peſts of other ani⯑mals, and the maſters of the foreſt where they re⯑ſide—the tiger, nor the lion will not venture to diſ⯑pute dominion with creatures, who from the tops of trees with impunity carry on an offenſive war, and by their agility eſcape all purſuit, iv. 219—yet they ſometimes fall a prey to the lion in deſerts and foreſts, iii. 223, 224—birds have not leſs to fear from their continual depredations—ſuch be⯑ing their petulant delight in miſchief, that they fling the eggs againſt the ground when wanting ap⯑petite to devour them, iv. 219—one only animal in the foreſt ventures to oppoſe them, that is the ſerpent—larger ſnakes often wind up the trees where they reſide, and happening to ſurprize them ſleeping, ſwallow them whole, before they can make defence—they generally inhabit the tops of trees, and the ſnakes cling to the branches nearer the bottom, in this manner they are near each o⯑ther, like enemies in the ſame field of battle—ſome ſuppoſed their vicinity rather argued mutual friend⯑ſhip—father Labat has ſeen them playing their gambols upon thoſe branches on which the ſnakes [] were repoſing, and jumping over them without re⯑ceiving any injury, iv. 220—they provoke the ſnake as the ſparrows twitter at a cat—when attacked, they ſhow perfect ſkill in defending and aſſiſting each other—they regularly begin hoſtilities againſt thoſe who enter their woods, iv. 221—they take moſt deſperate leaps, and ſeldom come to the ground—one being wounded, the reſt come round, put their fingers into the wound, as de⯑ſirous of ſounding its depth—the blood flowing in any quantity, ſome ſtop it, while others get leaves, chew, and thruſt them into the opening—are often killed in numbers before they make a retreat, with the ſame precipitation as they at firſt came on—in this retreat the young are clinging to the back of the female, who jumps away, ſeem⯑ingly unembarraſſed by the burthen, iv. 222—uſual way of taking them alive—the monkey not killed outright, does not fall; but clinging to ſome branch, continues, when dead, its laſt graſp, and remains where ſhot, until it drops by putrefaction, iv. 223—ſkinned and ſerved up at negroe-feaſts, ſo like a child, an European is ſhocked at the ſight, iv. 224—the negroes ſeeing Europeans buy young and tame monkies, with equal care brought rats to the factors for ſale, and were greatly diſappointed find⯑ing no purchaſer—negroes cannot comprehend ad⯑vantages ariſing from educating or keeping animals who come in companies to lay waſte fields of corn or rice, or plantations of ſugar-canes—they carry off what they are able, and deſtroy ten times more, iv. 224, 225—manner of their plundering—are un⯑der a kind of diſcipline, exerciſed among themſelves, iv. 225—account to this purpoſe by Morgrave—one ſpecies, by Mr. Buffon called the ouarine, remarkable for loudneſs and diſtinctneſs of voice—uſe to which they convert it—are generally together in com⯑panies, march in exact order, and obey the voice of ſome chieftain, remarkable for his ſize and gra⯑vity, iv. 226—chief food of the tribe, iv. 227—ex⯑traordinary [] manner of managing an oyſter—manner of drawing crabs from the water,—no ſnare, how nicely baited, takes a monkey of the Weſt Indian iſlands—female brings forth one, and ſometimes two at a time—rarely breed when brought into Europe—the male and female never tired of fondling their young, and in⯑ſtruct it with no little aſſiduity—often ſeverely cor⯑rect it, if ſtubborn, or diſinclined to profit by their example—manner of carrying their young in the woods, iv. 227, 228—dexterity in paſſing from one tree to another, by forming a kind of chain, lock⯑ing tail in tail, or hand in hand, iv. 229—one amuſed itſelf for hours impoſing upon the gravity of a cat—and playing its pranks among rabbits, iv. 230—faithful ſervices which father Carli received from the monkies in Angola, where he went to convert the ſavage natives to Chriſtianity—ſavages of Africa and America, ſuppoſe monkies to be men; idle, ſlothful, ra⯑tional beings, capable of ſpeech and converſa- but obſtinately dumb, for fear of being compelled to labour—monkies of Africa moſt expert and entertaining, iv. 231—ſhew a greater degree of cunning and activity—three marks by which mon⯑kies of the new continent are diſtinguiſhed from thoſe of the old, iv. 232—Mr. Buffon makes but nine ſpecies of monkies belonging to the ancient continent, and eleven to the new—their names, with their deſcriptions, iv. 232 to 238—the red African, the patas, ſecond ſort of the ancient con⯑tinent, iv. 233—the white noſe, or mouſtoc, of the ancient continent, moſt beautiful, its deſcription—the green of St. Jago, alſo called callitrix, is of the ancient continent—its deſcription, iv. 234—ſome of the kinds eat their own tail, and ſeem to feel no pain, iv. 336—the Bramins have hoſpitals for thoſe that happen to be ſick, or diſabled, iv. 234—thoſe monkies of the new continent with muſcular holding tails, are called ſapajous, and [] thoſe with feeble uſeleſs tails, are called ſagoins, iv. 235—the fox-tailed monkey, iv. 237—makies, the laſt of the kind—their deſcription, iv. 238
• Monkey-bezoar, a factitious concrete, iii. 76. See Be⯑zoar.
• Monoculus, the arboreſcent water-flea—its deſcrip⯑tion—are of a blood-red colour; and ſometimes in ſuch multitudes on ſtanding waters, as to make them appear all over red, whence the water has been thought turned into blood, vii. 288—its branching arms, and the motion made with them in the water, deſerve great attention, vii. 289
• Monſoons, ſo called from a famous pilot of that name, who firſt uſed them in navigation with ſucceſs—in that part of the ocean between Africa and India thoſe of the eaſt winds begin in January, and end at the commencement of June; in Auguſt, or September, the contrary takes place; and the weſt winds blow for three or four months, i. 347—monſoons prevail, at different ſeaſons, through⯑out the Indies, i. 348
• Monſters, after a catalogue of them, Linnaeus parti⯑cularly adds the ſlender waiſts of the women of Europe, ii. 243
• Monſtrous productions, father Malbranche's ingeni⯑ous theory of, ii. 246—remarkable inſtance re⯑lated by him, ii. 245
• Montaigne, well known to have diſliked thoſe men who ſhut one eye in looking upon an object, ii. 94
• Mooſe-deer, name in America for the elk, iii. 140—its deſcription, iii. 144, 145
• Mormyrus, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 315
• Morocco, the original horſes there, much ſmaller than than the Arabian breed, ii. 361
• Moron, a kind of ſalamander, thought venomous, vii. 141
• Morſe, an animal of the ſeal-kind, might be ranked among the fiſhes, ii. 313—generally frequents the [] ſame places where ſeals reſide in, iv. 181—differ⯑ent from the reſt in a very particular formation of the teeth—resembles a ſeal, except that it is much larger—are rarely found, but in the frozen regions near the pole—formerly more numerous than at preſent; the Greenlanders deſtroyed them more before thoſe ſeas were viſited by European ſhips upon the whale-fiſhery, than now, iv. 181—its teeth ge⯑nerally from two to three feet long—the ivory more eſteemed than that of the elephant—the fiſhers have formerly killed three or four hundred morſes at once; their bones are ſtill lying in prodigious quantities, along thoſe ſhores they chiefly frequent⯑ed, iv. 182
• Moſchitoes, exceſſive torments cauſed by them, i. 147—houſes forſaker on account of them, i. 148
• Moſs, the only ſupport of the rein-deer in Lapland—of two ſorts, white and black, iii. 154
• Mother-of pearl, taken from the pearl oyſter, vii. 55
• Moths, difference from butterflies, viii. 38—all the tribe of female moths lay their eggs ſoon after they leave the aurelia, viii. 42
• Motion, keeps the water of the ſea ſweet, i. 249—deſtroys numbers of viler creatures, i. 250—con⯑ſtant motion of the waters of the ſea weſtward, i. 259—principal difference between ſerpentine and vermicular motion, vii. 181—ſome vegetables poſ⯑ſeſſed of motion, viii. 161—and many animals to⯑tally without it—in what manner animals of the worm kind move, viii. 166
• Moufflon, the ſheep in a ſavage ſtate, a bold, fleet creature, able to eſcape from greater animals, or oppoſe the ſmaller with arms received from nature, iii. 39—its deſcription, iii. 50
• Mountains, how formed, and for what deſigned, i. 138 to 140—upon our globe conſidered as angles of ſmall lines in the circumference of a circle, i. 139—give direction to the courſes of the air, i. 338—riſing from places once level, i. 21—countries moſt [] mountainous, are moſt barren and unhabitable, i. 146—ſome vallies are fertilized by earth waſhed down from great heights, i. 162—the more ex⯑tenſive the mountain, the greater the river, i. 142—tops of the higheſt mountains bare and pointed, and why, i. 155—tops of land-mountains appear barren and rocky; of ſea-mountains verdant and fruitful, i. 290—the higheſt in Africa, thoſe called of the moon, giving ſource to the Niger and Nile in Africa, the greateſt and higheſt under the line, i. 142, 146—ſome riſe three miles perpendicular a⯑bove the bottom of the ocean, 146, 153—higheſt in Aſia; mount Caucaſus makes near approaches to the Andes in South America, i. 153—burning in Eu⯑rope, i. 89—in Aſia, i. 98—in the Molucca iſlands—in Africa—in America, thoſe of the Andes—thoſe of Arequipa, Caraſſa, Malahallo and Cotopaxi, i. 99—deſcription of the latter by Ulloa; and an erup⯑tion of it, i. 100
• Mouſe, the moſt feeble, and moſt timid of all quadru⯑peds, except the Guinea-pig, iv. 72—never ren⯑dered quite familiar; though fed in a cage, retains its apprehenſions—no animal has more enemies, and few ſo incapable of reſiſtance—the owl, cat, ſnake, hawk, weaſel, and rat deſtroy them by millions—brings forth at all ſeaſons, and ſeveral times in the year; its uſual number from ſix to ten—theſe in a fortnight ſtrong enough to ſhift for themſelves—places where chiefly found—Ariſtotle, having put a mouſe with young into a veſſel of corn, ſome time after found an hundred and twenty ſprung from that original, iv. 73—its life laſts two or three years—the ſpecies found in all parts of the ancient continent, and has been exported to the new—Geſner minutely deſcribes the variety of mouſe-traps—long-tailed field-mouſe, iv. 74—ſhort-tailed field-mouſe—has a ſtore againſt winter, a buſhel at a time—a deſcription of the ſhrew-mouſe, iv. 75
• Mouſtoc, or white-noſe, monkey of the ancient con⯑tinent; [] a beautiful little animal—its deſcription iv. 234
• Mouth of hares lined with hair—the only animals that have it on the inſide, iv. 8—the ſnails of the tro⯑chus kind have none, vii. 33—mouth of garden, water, and ſea-ſnails, vii. 32
• Mucous liquor, giving the joints an eaſy and ready play, ii. 196
• Mugil, the mullet, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 310
• Mule, engendered between a horſe and a ſhe-aſs, or a jack-aſs and a mare, ii. 386—reputed barren, though Ariſtotle ſays it is ſometimes prolific, ii. 375—inhabitants of mountainous countries cannot do without them—how they go down the preci⯑pices of the Alps and Andes—a fine mule in Spain worth fifty or ſixty guineas—common mule very healthy—lives thirty years and more, ii. 387—in South America deſtroyed by a bat called vampyre, iv. 145
• Mullus, or ſurmulet, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 308
• Multivalve ſhells, third diviſion of ſhells by Ariſtotle, vii. 12—two principal kinds of multivalve ſhell-fiſh, moving and ſtationary, vii. 61
• Mummy, formerly a conſiderable article in medicine, ii. 278—Paraeus wrote a treatiſe on the inefficacy of mummy in phyſic—counterfeited by the Jews, and how—the method of ſeeking for mummies, ii. 279—found in the ſands of Arabia, in Egypt, in wooden coffins, or in cloaths covered with bitu⯑men, ii. 275, 277, 280—remarkable mummy dug up at Auvergne, in France, ii. 283—an in⯑jection of petreoleum inwardly, and a layer of aſ⯑phaltum without, ſuffice to make a mummy, ii. 287
• Muraena, the eel, its deſcription, vi. 311
• Murena of the ancients, not our lamprey, vi. 269
• Muralto, has given the anatomy of the lamprey, but made no mention of lungs, vi. 271
• Muſcardin, name of the leſs dormouſe by Mr. Buffon, iv. 76
• Muſcles, to judge of the ſtrength of animals by the [] thickneſs of their muſcles inconcluſive, ii. 120—thoſe of the hare are ſtrong and without fat, iv. 4—the pectoral muſcles of quadrupeds trifling in compariſon to thoſe of birds—in quadrupeds, as in man, the muſcles moving the thighs and hinder parts are ſtrongeſt, while thoſe of the arms are feeble—in birds, the contrary obtains, v. 8—thoſe of the ſhark preſerve their motion after being ſepa⯑rated from the body, vi. 244
• Muſcle, the ſhell-fiſh, its deſcription—its organs of generation are what moſt deſerve to excite our curioſity, vii. 42—it endeavours to become ſtation⯑ary, and to attach itſelf to any fixed object it hap⯑pens to be near—its enemies, vii. 44—it is ſup⯑poſed that thoſe threads, which are uſually called the beard of the muſcle, are the natural growth of the animal's body, and by no means produced at pleaſure, as Reaumur ſuppoſes, vii. 45—its inſtru⯑ment of motion, by which it contrives to reach the object it wants to bind itſelf to—its food—ſome of this kind have been found a foot long, vii. 46—the natives of Palermo ſometimes make gloves and ſtockings of its beards—the places where found—it requires a year for the peopling a muſcle-bed, vii. 47
• Muſcovy-duck, or the muſk-duck, ſo called from a ſup⯑poſed muſky ſmell, vi. 130
• Muſic, ſaid, by the ancients, to have been invented from the blows of different hammers on an anvil, ii. 165—from the remains of ancient muſic, col⯑lected by Meibomius, one might ſuppoſe nothing powerful in what is loſt, ii. 169—in all countries, where muſic is in its infancy, the half tones are rejected, ii. 166—many barbarous nations have their inſtruments of muſic; and the proportion between their notes is the ſame as in ours—all countries pleaſed with muſic; and where they have not ſkill to produce harmony, they ſubſtitute noiſe, ii. 167—its effects, the ancients give us many ſtrange inſtances of them upon men and ani⯑mals, [] ii. 168—and the moderns likewiſe, ii. 169—madneſs cured by it—and alſo excited by it—re⯑markable inſtance in Henry IV. of Denmark, ii. 170—it is now well known that the ſtories of the bite of the tarantula, and its cure by muſic, are all deceptions—inſtance of it, ii. 171—fiſhes are allured by muſic—horſes and cows likewiſe, ii. 168, 169—the elephant appears delighted with muſic, iv. 258—father Kircher has ſet the voices of birds to muſic, v. 143
• Muſk, a doubt whether the animal producing it be a hog, an ox, a goat, or a deer, iii. 89—no animal ſo juſtly the reproach of natural hiſtorians as that which bears the muſk, iii. 88—it has been variouſly deſcribed, and is known very imperfectly, iii. 90—the deſcription given by Grew, iii. 90, 91—among the numerous medicines procurable from quadrupeds, none, except the muſk and harts-horn, have preſerved a degree of reputation, iii. 69—formerly in high requeſt as a perfume, iii. 93—has for more than a century been imported from the Eaſt, iii. 88—is a duſky reddiſh ſubſtance, like coagulated blood—a grain of it perfumes a whole room—its odour continues for days, without di⯑minution, and no ſubſtance known has a ſtronger or more permanent ſmell, iii. 89—in larger quan⯑tity it continues for years; and ſcarce waſted in weight, although it has filled the atmoſphere to a great diſtance with its parts, iii. 90—the bags of muſk from abroad ſuppoſed to belong to ſome other animal, or taken from ſome part of the ſame, filled with its blood and enough of the perfume to im⯑pregnate the reſt, iii. 92—it comes from China, Tonquin, Bengal, and often from Muſcovy—that of Thibet reckoned the beſt, and of Muſcovy the worſt, iii. 93
• Muſk-rat, three diſtinctions of it, iv. 78—it is called ſtinkard by the ſavages of Canada, iv. 80
• Muſky ſmell, does not make the characteriſtic marks of any kind of animals, iii. 32
• [] Muſmon, or mufflon, reſembles a ram, its deſcription, iii. 49, 50
• Myoides, a broad thin ſkin covering the whole upper fore-part of the body, its effect in women with child, ii. 104

• Nails, how formed in man, ii. 101—thoſe of ſome of the learned men in China longer than their fingers—ſavages that let them grow long, uſe them in flaying animals, ii. 106
• Nanquin, a river in Aſia, receives thirty rivers, i. 217
• Narwhal, the ſea-unicorn—its deſcription, vi. 211—errors concerning the teeth of this animal—the moſt harmleſs and peaceful inhabitant of the ocean—the Greenlanders call it the forerunner of the whale; and why, vi. 212, 213—its food, vi. 214—is a gregarious animal—a century ago its teeth conſidered the greateſt rarity in the world—were believed to belong to a very different ani⯑mal, vi. 215—for ſome time after the narwhal was known, the deceit was continued, vi. 216—they far ſurpaſs ivory in its qualities, vi. 213
• Natolian goat, a remarkable variety in the goat-kind, iii. 57
• Nature laviſh of life in the lower orders of creation, ii. 49—has left no part of her fabrick deſtitute of inhabitants, v. 1—has brought man into life with more wants and infirmities than the reſt of her creatures, ii. 123—and by ſupplying a variety of appetites, has multiplied life in her productions, v. 79—in a courſe of ages ſhapes herſelf to con⯑ſtraint, and aſſumes hereditary deformity—inſtances of it, ii. 238—has contracted the ſtomachs of ani⯑mals of the foreſt, ſuitable to their precarious way of living, ii. 124—what might have led ſome late philoſophers into the opinion that all nature was animated, viii. 199—ſhe has kindly hid our hearts [] from each other, to keep us in good humour with our fellow-creatures, ii. 95
• Nautilus, a ſea-ſnail, moſt frequently ſeen ſwimming—its ſhell very thin, and eaſily pierced, vii. 35—its deſcription, vii. 36—it is certain that it ſome⯑times quits its ſhell, and returns to it again—pe⯑culiarity for which it has been moſt diſtinguiſhed, vii. 37
• Nazareth bird, whether the dodo or not, is uncer⯑tain, v. 78
• Neck, fiſhes have none—birds, in general, have it longer than any other kind of animals, ii. 102—in women, it is proportionably longer than in men, ii. 107
• Nectarium, the part of a flower from which the ho⯑ney is extracted, viii. 75
• Negroes of the Leeward iſlands, by the ſmell alone, diſtinguiſh the footſteps of a Frenchman from thoſe of a negroe, ii. 180—ſeveral of them have white beards, and black hair—deſcribed—their features not deformed by art, ii. 227—the women's breaſts, after bearing one child, hang down below the navel, and are thrown over the ſhoulder to ſuckle the child at their backs, ii. 228—the jet black claim the honour of hereditary reſemblance to our common parent—an argument ſufficient to prove the contrary—two white negroes the iſſue of black parents, ii. 240—ſhew their terror and ſur⯑prize, when they firſt ſee a horſe, ii. 346—of the African coaſts regard the bat with horror, and will not eat it, though ready to ſtarve, iv. 141—happy to ſee numbers of monkies deſtroyed, becauſe they dread their devaſtations, and love their fleſh, iv. 223—cannot comprehend advantages ariſing to Europeans from educating or keeping monkies—and having ſeen young and tame monkies bought, have offered rats for ſale to our factors, and been greatly diſappointed at finding no purchaſer, iv. 224—diſtractedly fond of the fleſh of the ſhark, vi. 247—their manner of killing it, vi. 245
• [] Negroland, or Nigritia, the plague not known in it, i. 328—its inhabitants are the darkeſt of all blacks, ii. 235
• Nerves, wherever they go, or ſend their branches in number, theſe parts are ſooneſt begun, and moſt completely finiſhed, ii. 146
• Neſs, or Nethe, a river near Bruges in Flanders—great quantities of trees found in its mouth, at the depth of fifty feet, i. 281
• Neſt, of every ſpecies of birds has a peculiar archi⯑tecture—where eggs are numerous, the neſt muſt be warm, v. 24—different places which birds chooſe for their neſts, v. 25—deſcription of the neſt of an eagle found in the Peak of Derbyſhire, v. 93—of the bald eagle, large enough to fill the body of a cart, v. 96—hanging neſts in Braſil, v, 254—made in ſuch manner, as to have no opening but at the bottom, v. 256—the Chineſe get thoſe of the ſwallows from the rocks, and ſell them in great numbers in the Eaſt Indies, where they are eſteemed great delicacies, and eat diſſolved in chicken, or mutton-broth, v. 350—that of the waſp one of the moſt curious objects in natural hiſtory—its de⯑ſcription, viii. 97 to 101
• Netherlands, their inhabitants improved us in the woollen manufacture, iii. 44
• Nettles, how uſed to teach capons to clutch a freſh brood of chickens throughout the year, v. 169
• Nettles of the ſea, name given by ſome to the ſtar-fiſh, viii. 175
• New Providence, one of the Bahama iſlands—the Phi⯑loſophical Tranſactions give account of poiſonous qualities in the fiſh found on the coaſt of this iſland—all kinds at different times dangerous; one day ſerving for nouriſhment, and the next proving fatal, vi. 349
• Nicola Peſce, a celebrated diver—his performances re⯑lated by Kircher, i. 293—he often ſwam over from Sicily into Calabria, carrying letters from the king—frequently known to ſpend five days in the midſt [] of the waves, without any other proviſions than the fiſh he caught there, and ate raw, i 294
• Nieper, or Boriſthenes, a river riſing in the middle of Muſcovy, and running three hundred and fifty leagues to empty itſelf in the Black Sea, i. 210
• Niger, this river has a courſe of ſeveral hundred miles from its ſource, at the mountains of the moon, i. 142—confidently aſſerted that it is loſt before it reaches the ocean, i. 225
• Nightingale, a bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314—deſcription of its melody by Pliny, v. 326—its reſi⯑dence—for weeks together, undiſturbed, it ſits upon the ſame tree, v. 328—its neſt, and eggs, v. 328—its long in captivity not ſo alluring, v. 329—Geſner ſays it is poſſeſſed of a faculty of talking—ſtory related by him in proof of this aſſertion, v. 329 to 332—its food, and in what manner they muſt be kept, v. 336 to 337—manner of catching the nightingale, and managing them when caught, v. 337, 338—the black-cap called by ſome the mock-nightingale, v. 335
• Nile, its courſe, i. 212—its ſources aſcertained by miſſionaries—takes its riſe in the kingdom of Goiam—receives many leſſer rivers—Pliny miſtaken, in ſaying that it received none, i. 213—the cauſe of its annual overflowings—time of their encreaſe and decreaſe more inconſiderable now than in the time of the ancients, i. 214
• Noiſe, the mind prediſpoſed to joy, noiſe fails not to encreaſe it into rapture—and thoſe nations which have not ſkill enough to produce harmony, readily ſubſtitute noiſe—loud and unexpected, diſturbs the whole frame; and why, ii. 167
• Noort (Oliver Van) a traveller who confirms the ex⯑iſtence of giants, ii. 261
• Norfolk, along its coaſts, the ſea has gained fifty yards in ſome places, and loſt as much in others, i. 277
• Norway, the laſt hiſtory of that kingdom does not in⯑timate that aſſes have yet reached that country, ii. 385—the iſatis, a ſpecies between the dog and the [] fox, found in this country, iii. 340—the firſt great bank for herrings was along theſe ſhores, vi. 331—there are lands in it at one time covered with water, and another free, i. 279—the ſea has form⯑ed ſeveral little iſlands from its main land, i. 278
• Noſe, that of the Grecian Venus ſuch as would ap⯑pear at preſent an actual deformity, ii. 76—the form of the noſe, and its advanced poſition, pe⯑culiar to the human viſage—among the tribes of ſavage men, the noſe is very flat—a Tartar ſeen in Europe with little more than two holes through which to breathe, ii. 89—whence originally may have come the flat noſes of the blacks, ii. 239
• Noſtrils, wide, add a great deal to the bold and re⯑ſolute air of the countenance, ii. 89—of the ceta⯑ceous tribe, vi. 186—two in the great Greenland whale, vi. 197
• Note of the ſloth, according to Kircher, an aſcend⯑ing and deſcending hexachord, uttered only by night, iv. 347
• Notonecta, the common water-fly—ſwims on its back, to feed on the under-ſide of plants growing in wa⯑ter, vii. 359
• Numbneſs produced by the touch and ſhock of the torpedo deſcribed, vi. 262—conjectures concerning the cauſe of it, vi. 264, 265—more fiſh than this of the ray-kind, poſſeſſed of the numbing quality—this quality ſaid to continue in one kind of torpedo after it is dead; and the very ſkin poſſeſſed of this extraordinary power till it becomes dry, vi. 267
• Numidia, the plague not known in it once in an hundred years, i. 328—its race of horſes much degenerated, ii. 356
• Numidian bird, or guinea-hen, deſcribed, v. 192
• Numidian crane—its peculiar geſtures and contor⯑tions, v. 391
• Nux vomica, ground and mixed with meal, the moſt certain poiſon, and leaſt dangerous, to kill rats, iv. 70—fatal to moſt animals, except man, v. 170
• [] Nyl-ghaw, an animal between the cow and the deer, native of India—its deſcription, iv. 318—diſpoſition and manners of one brought over to this country, iv. 319—its manner of fighting—at all our ſet⯑tlements in India they are conſidered as rarities, iv. 320

• Oaks of Hatfield Chace Levels, as black as ebony, very laſting and cloſe grained, ſold for fifteen pounds a piece, i. 285
• Objects, we ſee them in an inverted poſition, ii. 147—not the feeling only, but the colour and bright⯑neſs of objects, contribute to form an idea of the diſtance at which they appear, ii. 156—the power of ſeeing objects at a diſtance rarely equal in both eyes, ii. 157—in near-ſighted perſons, the beſt eye ſees every object the largeſt, ii. 158
• Oby, in Tartary, a river of five hundred leagues, run⯑ning from the lake of Kila into the Northern Sea, i. 210—receives above ſixty rivers, i. 217
• Ocean occupies conſiderably more of the globe than the land, i, 227—its different names—all the rivers in the world flowing into it, would, upon a rude com⯑putation, take eight hundred years to fill it to its preſent height, i. 228—the bays, gulphs, cur⯑rents and ſhallows of it much better known and examined than the provinces and kingdoms of the earth, and why, i. 233—opinions concerning its ſaltneſs, and that of Boyle particularly, i. 234—winds never change between the tropics in the At⯑lantic and Ethiopic Oceans, i. 340—each has its inſects, ii. 7—and its vegetables, ii. 6—ſavages con⯑ſider it as an angry deity, and pay it the homage of ſubmiſſion, i. 231—when England loſes its ſu⯑periority there, its ſafety begins to be precarious, i. 233
• Ocelot, or cat-o'-mountain, its deſcription, iii. 255, 256—of the panther-kind—one of the fierceſt, and, [] for its ſize, one of the moſt deſtructive animals in the world, iii. 262—its unceaſing appetite rather for the blood than the fleſh of their prey, iii. 263—it generally is on the tops of trees, like our wild cats, iii. 264
• Ocotzimtzcan, a kind of pigeon, one of the moſt ſplendid tenants of the Mexican foreſts, v. 295
• Odours diffuſed by the air as the fluid they ſwim in, i. 334
• Ohio, ſeveral enormous ſkeletons five or ſix feet be⯑neath the ſurface on the banks of that river, lately diſcovered, iv. 282
• Oil, train-oil the drink of the Laplanders, ii. 216—the oil of the fiſh called cachelot is very eaſily con⯑verted into ſpermaceti, vi. 220—the porpeſs yields a large quantity of it, vi. 228—the liver of the ſhark affords three or four quarts of oil, vi. 247—by the the application of ſallad-oil, the viper's bite is effectually cured, vii. 206
• Oker, the North-American Indians paint their ſkins with red oker, ii. 236
• Old man's-beard, a kind of moſs growing in Braſil, v. 255
• Olearius invited by the monarch of Perſia to a ſport of wild aſſes, ii. 377
• Olive colour, the Aſiatic of that colour claims the honour of hereditary reſemblance to our common parent—an argument ſufficient to prove the con⯑trary, ii. 240
• Oliver Van Noort, a traveller, confirms the exiſtence of giants, ii. 261
• Oliver (William) the firſt who diſcovered that the ap⯑plication of ſallad-oil cured the viper's bite effec⯑tually, vii. 206
• Onager, or the wild aſs, is in ſtill greater abundance than the wild horſe, ii. 376
• Ondatra, one of the three diſtinctions of the muſk-rat, iv. 78—a native of Canada—creeps into holes where others ſeemingly leſs cannot follow—the female has two diſtinct apertures, one for [] urine, the other for propagation—this animal in ſorce meaſure reſembles the beaver—its manner of life during winter, in houſes covered under a depth of eight or ten feet of ſnow, iv. 78, 79—ſavages of Canada cannot abide its ſcent, call it ſtinkard—its ſkin very valuable, iv. 80
• Onza, or ounce, of the panther-kind, iii. 254—the onza of Linnaeus, iii. 255
• Ophidium, the gilt-head, by ſailors called the dolphin, its deſcription, vi. 305
• Oppoſſum, an animal in North and South America, of the ſize of a ſmall cat, and of the monkey kind, iv. 148—its deſcription, iv. 242—the female's belly found double—when purſued, ſhe inſtantly takes her young into a falſe belly nature has given her, and carries them off, or dies in the endea⯑vour, ii. 336—a minute deſcription of it—the young, when firſt produced are very ſmall, and immediately on quitting the real womb, they creep into the falſe one, but the time of continuance is uncertain—Ulloa has found five young hidden in the belly of the dam, alive and clinging to the teat, three days after ſhe was dead, iv. 243 to 245—chiefly ſubſiſts upon birds, and hides among the leaves of trees, to ſeize them by ſurprize, iv. 246—cannot run with any ſwiftneſs, but climbs trees with great eaſe and expedition—it often hangs by the tail, and for hours together, with the head downwards, keeps watching for its prey—by means of its tail, flings itſelf from one tree to another, hunts inſects, and eſcapes its purſuers, iv. 246, 247—eats vegetables as well as animal ſubſtances—is eaſily tamed, but a diſ⯑agreeable domeſtic, from its ſtupidity, figure, and ſcent, which, though fragrant in ſmall quantities, is ungrateful when copious, iv. 247—during its geſ⯑tation, the bag in which the young are concealed may be opened and examined without inconve⯑nience; the young may be counted and handled; they keep fixed to the teat, and cling as firm as if they made a part of the body of the mother, iv. 264
• [] Orange-flowers, particularly grateful to the taſte and ſmelling of the elephant, iv. 259
• Orb, deſcription of the ſea-orb, alſo called the ſea-porcupine—is abſolutely poiſonous, if eaten, vi. 291
• Ore of tin is heavier than that of other metals, i. 74—the baſeſt ores in general the moſt beautiful to the eye, i. 75
• Organs of digeſtion, in a manner, reverſed in birds, v. 16
• Organs of generation in fiſhes, vi. 179
• Orifices, or different verges of ſnails, vii. 31
• Original, French name of the American elk, iii. O144
• Orkney Iſlands, on their ſhores, the ſea, when agitated by ſtorm, riſes two hundred feet perpendicular, i. 271—a law in thoſe iſlands entitles any perſon that kills an eagle to a hen out of every houſe in the pariſh in which it is k [...]lled, v. 92
• Oroonoko, a river in South America, its ſource and length, i. 216
• Ortolan, a bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 315
• Oſprey, its fleſh is liked by many, and, when young, an excellent food according to Belonius, v. 85—it chiefly lives upon fiſh, v. 95—its diſtinctive marks, v. 98
• Oſtiac Tartars, a race that have travelled down from the North, ii. 219
• Oſtracion, a fiſh of the cartilaginous kind, is poiſonous, vii. 291
• Oſtrich, the greateſt of birds, makes near approaches to the quadruped claſs, v. 40—its deſcription—ap⯑pears as tall as a man on horſeback—brought into England above ſeven feet high, v. 49—ſurpriſing conformation of its internal parts, v. 52—a native only of the torrid regions of Africa—its fleſh pro⯑ſcribed in Scripture as unfit to be eaten, v. 33—not known to breed elſewhere than where firſt produced—places they inhabit—the Arabians ſay it never drinks—will devour leather, glaſs, hair, [] iron, ſtones, or any thing given, v. 54—in native de⯑ſerts, lead an innoffenſive ſocial life—Thevenot af⯑ffirms the male keeps to the female with connubial fidelity—thought much inclined to venery—ſome of their eggs weigh fifteen pounds—ſeaſon for laying depends on the climate where the animal is bred, v. 56—thoſe birds very prolific, and lay from forty to fifty eggs at one clutch—none has a ſtronger affec⯑tion for her young, nor watches her eggs with great⯑er aſſiduity, ſit on them, like other birds, male and female by turns, v. 57—aſſiduous in ſupplying the young with graſs, and careful to defend them, en⯑countering every danger boldly—way of taking them among the ancients—the plumes uſed in their helmets—the ladies of the Eaſt uſe them as ornaments in their dreſs—plumes uſed in Europe to decorate our hearſes and hats—feathers pluck⯑ed from the animal while alive more valued than thoſe taken when dead, v. 58—ſome ſavage na⯑tions of Africa hunt them for their fleſh—Helio⯑gabalus had the brains of ſix hundred dreſſed in one diſh—a ſingle egg ſufficient entertainment for eight men—eggs well taſted, and extremely nou⯑riſhing—Apicius gives a receipt of ſauce for the oſ⯑trich—of all chaces, that of the oſtrich, though moſt laborious, the moſt entertaining, v. 59—manner in in which the Arabians hunt them, ii. 348 and v. 60—uſe they make of its ſkin—method of hunting of the Struthophagi—its blood mixed with the fat a great dainty with the Arabians—inhabitants of Dara and Lybia breed flocks of them, v. 61—tamed with little trouble—prized for more than feathers in this domeſtic ſtate—often ridden upon and uſed as horſes—Moore aſſures he ſaw a man at Joar travelling upon an oſtrich; and Adanſon afſſerts he had two young oſtriches, the ſtrongeſt of which ran ſwifter than the beſt Engliſh racer, with two negroes on his back, v. 62—an Arabian horſe of the firſt ſpeed ſcarcely outruns them, ii. 348—of all animals uſing wings with legs in running, theſe [] by far the ſwifteſt, v. 60—parts of it convertible to medicinal purpoſes, v. 62—eggs, worſt of all to be eaten according to Galen, v. 63—the American oſtrich, v. 64
• Otter of roſes, a modern perfume, valued for its ve⯑getable fragrance, iii. 394
• Otter, the link between land and amphibious animals, reſembles terreſtrial in make, and aquatic in living—ſwims faſter than it runs—is brown, and like an overgrown weaſel—its deſcription, iv. 149, 150—voracious animal, found near lakes—not fond of fiſhing in running water, and why—when in rivers, always ſwims againſt the ſtream, to meet rather than purſue the fiſh it preys upon—in lakes, deſtroys more than it devours, and ſpoils a pond in a few nights—tears to pieces the nets of the fiſhers, iv. 150—two different methods of fiſhing practiſed by it—infects the edges of lakes with the dead fiſh it leaves, iv. 151—often diſtreſſed for proviſion in winter, when lakes are frozen, and then obliged to live upon graſs, weeds, and bark of trees—its retreat the hollow of a bank made by the water—there it forms a gallery ſeveral yards along the water—how it evades the fowler, iv. 152—time of coup⯑ling—deſcription of its habitation, iv. 152, 153—way of training it up to hunt fiſh, and, at the word of command, drive them up to the corner of a pond, ſeize the largeſt, and bring it in its mouth to its maſter—to take an old otter alive not eaſy—few dogs dare to encounter it, iv. 153 to 156—marks of its reſidence—bites with great fierceneſs, and never lets go its hold—brings forth its young under hollow banks upon beds of ruſhes, flags, or weeds, iv. 154—manner of taking the young alive—how fed when taken, iv. 155—continues long without food, iv. 152—couples about midſummer in Europe, and brings forth at nine weeks end, three or four at a time, iv. 153—ſome dogs trained up to diſcover its retreat, iv. 155—otters met with in moſt parts of the world—in North America and [] Carolina found white, inclining to yellow—deſcrip⯑tion of the Braſilian otter, iv. 156, 157
• Ovale, foramen, in the embryo, a paſſage for the blood from the right cavity of the heart to the left and the great artery, ii. 45—it cloſes when the lungs begin their function, ii. 47—it never cloſes in the ſeal's heart, iv. 171
• Ovaria, two glandular bodies near the womb, reſem⯑bling the cluſter of ſmall eggs found in fowls, ii. 17
• Ouarine ſpecies of monkies ſo called by Mr. Buffon, remarkable for the loudneſs of their voice, and the uſe to which they apply it, iv. 226, 227
• Oviparous animals, diſtinguiſhed from the viviparous, the two claſſes for generation; all other modes held imaginary and erroneous, ii. 22
• Ouran-outang, the wild man of the wood, an animal nearly approaching the human race, is the fore⯑moſt of the ape-kind—this name given to various animals walking upright; but of different countries proportions and powers—the troglodyte of Bon⯑tius, the drill of Purchas, and the pygmy of Tyſon have received this general name, iv. 189—its de⯑ſcription in a comparative view with man, iv. 191—gigantic races of it deſcribed by travellers truly formidable—many are taller than man, active, ſtrong, intrepid, cunning, laſcivious, and cruel—countries where found—in Borneo the qua⯑lity courſe him as we do the ſtag, and this hunting is a favourite amuſement of the king—runs with great celerity—its deſcription, iv. 200 to 202—Battel calls him pongo; aſſures us that in all he reſembles man, but is larger to a gigantic ſtate—a native of the tropical climates—he lives upon fruits, and is not carnivorous—goes in companies; and this troop meeting one of the human ſpecies without ſuccour, ſhew him no mercy—they jointly attack the ele⯑phant, beat him with clubs, and force him to leave that part of the foreſt they claim as their own, iv. 201—is ſo ſtrong, that ten men are not a match [] for it—none of the kind taken but very young—one of them dying, the reſt cover the body with leaves and branches—a negro boy taken by one of theſe, and carried into the woods, con⯑tinued there a whole year without any injury—they often attempt the female negroes going into the woods, and keep them againſt their wills for their company, feeding them plentifully all the time—a traveller aſſures, that he knew a woman of Loango that lived among them for three years—they build ſheds, and uſe clubs for their defence, iv. 202—ſometimes walk upright, and ſometimes upon all fours, when phantaſtically diſpoſed, iv. 203—tho' it reſembles man in form, and imitates his actions, it is inferior in ſagacity even to the elephant or the beaver, iv. 204—two of theſe creatures brought to Europe diſcovered an aſtoniſhing power of imita⯑tion, ſate at table like men, ate of every thing without diſtinction, made uſe of knife, fork, and ſpoon, drank wine and other liquors—the male of theſe two creatures being ſea-ſick, was twice bled in the arm; and afterwards, when out of order, he ſhewed his arm as deſirous of relief by bleeding, iv. 197—another was ſurpriſingly well behaved, drank wine moderately, and gladly left it for milk or other ſweet liquors—it had a de⯑fluxion upon the breaſt which encreaſing cauſed its death in the ſpace of one year from its arrival, iv. 196
• Ounce, or onza, iii. 254—diſtinguiſhed from the pan⯑ther, the ounce of Linnaeus, iii. 255—remarkable for being eaſily tamed, and employed all over the Eaſt for the purpoſes of hunting, iii. 85, 86, and 260—does not purſue by the ſmell like the dog-kind, iii. 261—the hyena attacks it, and ſeldom fails to conquer, iii. 343—one at preſent in the Tower of London, with which the keeper plays without the ſmalleſt apprehenſion, iii, 260—manner of hunting with it, iii. 261
• [] Owl, common mark by which all birds of this kind are diſtinguiſhed from others—general character⯑iſtics of birds of the owl-kind, v. 137 to 142—the ſkreech-owl, and its diſtinctive marks, v. 86—though dazzled by a bright day-light, they do not ſee beſt in darkeſt nights, as imagined, v. 138—ſeaſons in which they ſee beſt—nights of moon⯑light the times of their ſucceſsful plunder—ſeeing in the night, or being dazzled by day, not alike in every ſpecies of this kind, v. 139—inſtances in the white, or barn-owl, and in the brown-horn owl—deſcription of the great horned owl, v. 14O—deſcription of the common horned owl, v. 85, 86, 141—names of ſeveral owls without horns, v. 141—theſe horns nothing more than two or three fea⯑thers that ſtand up on each ſide of the head over the ear, v. 140—times of making their excurſions—places where found in the day-time, v. 142, 143—father Kircher having ſet the voices of birds to muſic, has given all the tones of the owl note, which make a moſt tremendous melody, v. 143—ſome⯑times bewildered—what they do in that diſtreſs, v. 144—averſion of ſmall birds to the owl—how they injure and torment him in the day-time—an owl appearing by day ſets a whole grove into an uproar, v. 143—ſmall birds ſometimes hunt the owl until evening, when recovering ſight, he makes the foremoſt pay dear for their ſport, and does not al⯑ways leave man an unconcerned ſpectator—ſport of bird-catchers, by counterfeiting the cry of the owl—in what manner the great horned owl is uſed by falconers to lure the kite, when wanted for training the falcon, v. 144—places where the great horned owl breeds—its neſt, and number of eggs—the leſſer owl takes by [...] the neſt of ſome other bird—number of eggs—the other owls build near the place where they chiefly prey, v. 145—a ſingle owl more ſerviceable than ſix cats, in rid⯑ding a barn of mice, iv. 146—an army of mice devoured at Hallontide by a number of ſtrange [...]nted owls—are ſhy of man, extremely untract⯑able, [] and difficult to tame—the white owl in cap⯑tivity refuſes all nouriſhment, and dies of hunger—account of Mr. Buffon to this purpoſe, v. 146
• Ox, its eyes are brown, ii. 83—on the fertile plains of India it grows to a ſize four times as large as the ſame kind bred in the Alps, ii. 237—one in England ſixteen hands high; its growth depends on the richneſs of paſture, iii. 13
• Oxney, an iſland near Romney marſh, in what man⯑ner produced, i. 275
• Oyſters, bivalved ſhell-fiſh, are ſelf-impregnated, vii. 48—the particulars in which they differ from the muſcle—growing even amidſt branches of the foreſt, vii. 48, 49—have no other ſeeming food than the afflux of ſea-water—they are depoſited in beds where the tide comes in, at Colcheſter, and other places of the kingdom—theſe ſaid to be better taſt⯑ed, vii. 50—amazing ſize of oyſters along the coaſt of Coromandel, vii. 51—ſurpriſing manner in which monkies manage an oyſter, iv. 227—a horſe known to be fond of oyſters, ii. 327—the pearl oyſter has a large whitiſh ſhell, the internal coat of which is the mother of pearl, vii. 55

• Paca, improperly called American rabbit, an animal of South America—its cry, and manner of eating, iv. 52—is moſt like the agouti, yet differs in ſe⯑veral particulars—its deſcription—places where generally found, iv. 53—its fleſh conſidered a deli⯑cacy, and eaten ſkin and all, like a young pig—is ſeldom taken alive, defending itſelf to the laſt extremity—perſecuted not only by man, but by every beaſt and bird of prey—breeds in ſuch num⯑bers, the diminution is not perceptible, iv. 54
• Pachomac deſerts, where the formidable bird condor is chiefly ſeen, men ſeldom venture to travel, hiſſing ſerpents, and prowling panthers, being the ſcattered inhabitants, v. 105, 106
• Pacific-ſea, the winds never change in it, i. 340
• [] Pacos, a kind of camel in South America—its wool very valuable, iv. 317
• Paddock-moon, the ſilence of frogs in dry weather, may ſerve to explain an opinion, that there is a month in the year ſo called, in which they never croak, vii. 88
• Pain, nothing but repeated experience ſhews how ſeldom pain can be ſuffered to the utmoſt, ii. 208
• Painters never fully imitate that bold relievo, which both eyes give to the object, ii. 150
• Paleneſs often the effect of anger, and almoſt ever the attendant of fright and fear, ii. 93
• Palm-tree, the elephant eats the ſhoots, leaves, and branches, to the ſtump, iv. 259—its juice drank by the rouſette, or the great bat of Madagaſcar, iv. 142
• Pambamarca, mountain at Quito in Peru—a very un⯑common meteor ſeen upon it by Ulloa, i. 383
• Pangolin, vulgarly the ſcaly lizard, is a native of the torrid climates of the ancient continent—of all animals, the beſt protected from external injury, its deſcription, iv. 119—at the approach of an enemy, it rolls itſelf up like the hedge-hog, iv. 120—the tyger, panther, and hyena, make vain attempts to force this animal, when it rolls itſelf up like the hedge-hog—its fleſh is conſidered by the negroes of Africa as a great delicacy, iv. 121—it has no teeth—lives entirely upon in⯑ſects—there is not a more harmleſs inoffenſive creature than this, unmoleſted—cunning in hunt⯑ing for its prey—chiefly keeps in the obſcure parts of foreſts, iv. 123—its tongue, when extended, is ſhot out to above a quarter of a yard beyond the tip of the noſe, iv. 122—countries where found, iv, 124
• Panther, the foremoſt of the miſchievous ſpotted kind, by many naturaliſts miſtaken for the tiger, iii. 250—the panther of Senegal—the large panther—dif⯑ference between theſe two, iii. 251—that of Ame⯑rica, or jaguar, compared with two former, iii. 252, [] [...] [] [...] [] 253—ſometimes employed in hunting—the ga⯑zelle, or leveret, are it's prey—it ſometimes to at⯑tack its employer, iii. 260—it naturally hunts the ſheep and the goat, ii. 320—attends to the call of the jackall, iii. 337
• Par, a peaſant, lived to a hundred and forty-four, without being abſtemious, ii. 201
• Paradiſe-bird, few have more deceived and puzzled the learned than this—it is an inhabitant of the Molucca iſlands—erroneous reports concerning this bird, and what has given riſe to them—the na⯑tive ſavages of thoſe iſlands carefully cut off its legs before they bring it to market; and why, v. 257—two kinds of the bird of Paradiſe, v. 258—their diſtinction from other birds—the deſcription of this bird, v. 259—found in great numbers in the iſland of Aro, where the inhabitants call it God's bird—live in large flocks, and at night perch upon the ſame tree—are called by ſome, the ſwallows of Ternate, and, like them, have their ſtated times of return, v. 260—their king di⯑ſtinguiſhed from the reſt by the luſtre of his plu⯑mage, and the reſpect and veneration paid to him—killing the king, the beſt chance of getting the flock—the chief mark to know the king is by the ends of the feathers in the tail, having eyes like thoſe of the peacock, v. 261—a number of theſe birds taken, the method is to gut them, cut off their legs, dry the internal moiſture with a hot iron, and fill the cavity with ſalt and ſpices, then ſell them to the Europeans for a mere trifle, v. 262—how this bird breeds, or what the number of its young, remains for diſcovery, v. 261—for beauty it ex⯑ceeds all others of the pie-kind, v. 260
• Parakeets, a kind of parrot of a leſſer ſize, v. 273—of that kind in Braſil, Labat aſſures us, there are the moſt beautiful in plumage, and the moſt talk⯑ative birds in nature, v. 281. See Parrot.
• Parana, a river in South America, wherewith at eight hundred leagues from its ſource, the Plata runs to its mouth, i. 216
• [] Paraſina, name given by the Italians to a fiſhing line, not leſs than twenty miles long—baited with ten or twelve thouſand hooks, and ſunk to the bottom along the coaſt in the Mediterranean for that fiſhing called the pielago, vi. 258
• Paraſite plants, not able to ſupport themſelves, grow and fix upon ſome neighbouring tree, ii. 10
• Pard, name given by Linnaeus to the panther, iii. 250
• Pardalis, another name Geſner gives the panther, iii. 250
• Parrot, the middle or ſecond ſize of the kind, deſcrib⯑ed, v. 272 to 274—the eaſe with which this bird is taught to ſpeak, and the number of words it is capable of repeating, are ſurpriſing—a grave writer affirms, that one of theſe was taught to re⯑peat a whole ſonnet from Petrarch—the author has ſeen one taught to pronounce the ninth command⯑ment articulately, v. 270—account of a parrot belonging to king Henry VII. which fell into the Thames, crying, A boat, twenty pound for a boat, v. 271—Linnaeus makes its varieties amount to forty-ſeven; Briſſon extends his catalogue to ninety-five, and the author thinks them number⯑leſs—aſſertion, that the natives of Braſil by art change the colour of a parrot's plumage, v. 272—peculiarities obſerved in their conformation, v. 273—common enough in Europe, will not, however, breed here—loſes ſpirits and appetite during the rigour of winter—inſtances of ſagacity and doci⯑lity, particularly of the great parrot called aicu⯑rous, v. 275 to 277—their habits—their neſts, and the number of eggs, v. 278—uſual method of taking the young—always ſpeak beſt, when not ac⯑cuſtomed to harſh wild notes, v. 279—what fruit or grain theſe birds feed upon, their fleſh partakes of the flavour and taſte—inſtances of it—ſeed of the cotton-tree intoxicates them, as wine does man—wine renders them more talkative and amuſing, v. 280—in France very expert, but nothing to thoſe [] of Braſil, which Cluſius ſays, are moſt ſenſible and cunning, v. 276—natives of Braſil ſhoot them with heavy arrows, headed with cotton, which knock down the bird without killing it—thoſe of the parakeet tribe are delicate eating, v. 280—of this kind in Braſil, Labat aſſures there are the moſt beautiful in plumage, and the moſt talkative poſ⯑ſible—are reſtleſs and ever on the wing—their ha⯑bits, v. 281—their outcry when their companions fall—are very deſtructive on the coaſt of Guinea—more than a hundred different kinds counted on the coaſt of Africa, v. 282—the white ſort called lo⯑ries, v. 272—countries where found—one, north of the Cape of Good Hope, takes its name from the multitude of parrots in its woods—an hundred kinds now known, not one of which naturally breeds in countries that acknowledged the Roman power—the green parakeet, with a red neck, was the firſt of the kind brought into Europe, and the only one known to the ancients from Alexander the Great to Nero, v. 283—diſorders peculiar to the parrot-kind—one well kept will live five or ſix and twenty years, v. 284
• Parſley, pinks, and birch, hares are particularly fond of, iv. 7
• Partridges, in England, a favourite delicacy at the tables of the rich, whoſe deſire of keeping them to themſelves, has been gratified with laws for their preſervation, no way harmonizing with the general ſpirit of Engliſh legiſlation, and why, v. 207—there are two kinds, the grey and the red; the grey is moſt prolific, and always keep on the ground—the red leſs common, and perches upon trees—the partridge is found in every country, and climate—in Greenland, where it is brown in ſummer, becomes white in winter, v. 208, 209—thoſe of Barakonda are larger legged, ſwifter of foot, and reſide in the higheſt rocks—partridges of all ſorts agree in one character, being immoderately addict⯑ed to venery; often to an unnatural degree—the [] male purſues the hen to her neſt, and breaks her eggs, rather than be diſappointed—the young having kept in flocks during the winter, break ſo⯑ciety in ſpring, when they begin to pair; and terrible combats enſue—their manners otherwiſe reſemble thoſe of poultry, but their cunning and inſtincts are ſuperior, v. 209—means the female uſes to draw away any formidable animal that ap⯑proaches her neſt—the covies are from ten to fifteen, and, unmoleſted, they live from fifteen to ſeven⯑teen years—method of taking them in a net with a ſetting-dog, the moſt pleaſant, and moſt ſecure, v. 210—they are never ſo tame as our domeſtic poultry, v. 211
• Paſſage (birds of) cauſes of their emigrations, v. 32—in one country are not ſo in others—many of thoſe kinds which at certain ſeaſons leave England, are ſeen in other climates, never to depart, it is alſo frequent, that ſome birds with us faithful reſidents, in other kingdoms put on the nature of birds of paſſage—inſtances of both, v. 318, 319
• Paſſions, moſt of the furious ſort characterized from the elevation and depreſſion of the eye-brows, ii. 84—freedom from paſſions not only adds to the happineſs of the mind, but preſerves the beauty of the face, ii. 198
• Paſtures, thoſe of Great Britain excellently adapted to quadrupeds of the cow-kind, iii. 9
• Patas, by ſome called the red African monkey—its deſcription, iv. 233
• St. Paul, in Lower Brittany, in that neighbourhood lies a tract of land along the ſea-ſide, which before the year 1666 was inhabited, but is now a deſert covered with ſand, to the height of twenty feet, i. 364
• Paunch, name of the firſt ſtomach of ruminating ani⯑mals, iii. 3
• Pazan, name of the eighth variety of gazelles, by Mr. Buffon, iii. 74
• Peacock, varieties of this bird—ſome white, others [] creſted—that of Thibet, the moſt beautiful of the feathered creation, v. 176—a ſaying among the ancients, as beautiful as is the peacock among birds, ſo is the tiger among quadrupeds, iii. 233—our firſt were brought from the Eaſt Indies; and they are ſtill found in flocks in a wild ſtate in the iſlands of Java and Ceylon—the common people of Italy ſay it has the plumage of an angel, the voice of a devil, and the guts of a thief—in the days of Solomon we find his navies imported from the Eaſt apes and peacocks, v. 171—Aelian relates they were brought into Greece from ſome barbarous country, and that a male and female were valued at thirty pounds of our money—it is ſaid alſo, that when Alexander was in India, he ſaw them flying wild, on the banks of the river Hyarotis, and was ſo ſtruck with their beauty, that he laid a fine and puniſhment on all who ſhould kill or diſturb them—the Greeks were ſo much taken with the beauty of this bird, when firſt brought among them, that it was ſhewn for money; and many came to A⯑thens from Lacedaemon and Theſſaly to ſee it, v. 172—once eſteemed a delicacy at the tables of the rich and great, v. 171—Auſidius Hurco ſtands charged by Pliny with being the firſt who fatted up the pea⯑cock for the feaſts of the luxurious, v. 172—Hor⯑tenſius the orator was the firſt who ſerved them up at an entertainment at Rome—and they are talked of as the firſt of viands—in the times of Francis I. it was a cuſtom to ſerve up peacocks to the tables of the great, not to be eaten, but ſeen; in what manner they ſerved them—its fleſh is ſaid to keep longer unputrefied than any other, v. 173—has a predilection for barley—but as a proud and fickle bird, there is ſcarce any food it will at all times like—it ſtrips the tops of houſes of tiles or thatch, lays waſte the labours of the garden⯑er, roots up the choiceſt ſeeds, and nips favourite flowers in the bud—is ſtill more ſalacious than the cock, v. 174—requires five females at leaſt to at⯑tend [] him; and the number not ſufficient, will run upon and tread the ſitting hen—the pea-hen, as much as poſſible hides her neſt from him, that he may not diſturb her ſitting—ſhe ſeldom lays above five or ſix eggs in this climate—Ariſtotle deſcribes her laying twelve—in foreſts where they breed naturally, they are very numerous—this bird lives about twenty years—and not till the third year has that beautiful variegated plumage of its tail—in the kingdom of Cambaya, ſays Taverner, near the city of Baroch, whole flocks of them are in the fields—deſcription of their habits—decoy made uſe of to catch them there, v. 175
• Sea-peacock, a name given, and by which has been de⯑ſcribed the Balearic crane, from ſome reſemblance in diſpoſition and manners, v. 388 Peak of Teneriff, its volcano ſeldom free from erup⯑tions, i. 99
• Peak, a noted mountain in the Molucca iſlands, ſeen far off at ſea, ſwallowed by an earthquake, and a lake left where it ſtood, i. 162
• Pearl, an animal ſubſtance concreted and taking a tincture from the air, vii. 57—found in all bivalv⯑ed ſhells, the inſide of which reſemble that ſub⯑ſtance called mother of pearl, vii. 53—the forma⯑tion of pearls a diſeaſe or an accident in the animal is not known—common opinion upon this ſubject, vii. 54—the pearl bred from no diſorder in the animal—pearl-oyſter, from which the mother-of-pearl is taken, vii. 55—ſeveral pearl fiſheries—the chief of them in the Perſian Gulph, and the moſt valuable pearls brought from thenceſdif⯑ferent ſizes, figures, and colours, vii. 56—whence their different colours proceed—pearls converted by time and damps into a chalky powder, vii. 57—wretched people deſtined to fiſh for pearls—uſual⯑ly die conſumptive, vii. 58—in what manner they fiſh for them, vii. 59
• Pearls in ſtags, are parts riſing from the cruſt of the beam, iii. 114
• [] Peaſants, the meaneſt of them in Germany, Poland, and Switzerland kills a cow for his own table, ſalts and hangs up, and preſerves it as a delicacy all the year round, iii. 9
• Peccary, or tajacu, an animal a native of America, at firſt view reſembling a ſmall hog—its deſcription—has upon the back a lump like the navel in other animals, iii. 183—it conſiſts of glands producing a liquor of an offenſive ſmell, iii. 184—when killed the parts of generation and the glands on the back muſt be taken inſtantly away, otherwiſe in half an hour the fleſh becomes unfit to be eaten, iii. 186—though like the hog in many reſpects, is never⯑theleſs a diſtinct race, and will not mix nor pro⯑duce an intermediate race—is eaſily tamed, iii. 188—goes in herds of two or three hundred, and unites, like hogs, in each other's defence, iii. 186—delights not in marſhes or mud like our hogs—an unceaſing enemy to the lizard, the toad, and the ſerpent kinds—alſo feeds upon toads and ſer⯑pents, iii. 187—any plunderer ſeizing their young is ſurrounded and often killed, iii. 186
• Pedigree, the Arabians preſerve that of their beſt horſes with great care, and for ſeveral generations back, ii. 350
• Pegu, a river called the Indian Nile, becauſe of the ſimilar overflowings of its ſtream, i. 218
• Pelagii, the Latin name for thoſe ſhells fiſhed up from the deep—thoſe caſt on the ſhore are the littorales, vii. 13
• Pelican, a ruminating bird, iii. 5—a native of Africa and America; once known in Europe, particular⯑ly in Ruſſia—fabulous accounts propagated of it—the deſcription of it, particularly of its bill, and the great pouch underneath, as wonderful—Tertre af⯑firms the pouch will hide fiſh enough to ſerve ſixty hungry men for a meal—this pouch placed at the top of the gullet, conſidered as the crop in other birds, vi. 51 to 53—the deſcription of the bird from [] father Labat, vi. 54—indolent habits in preparing for incubation, and defending their young, vi. 56—their gluttony ſcarcely to be ſatisfied; their fleſh rancid, and taſtes worſe than it ſmells—uſe made by the Americans of their pouches, vi. 57—is not entirely incapable of inſtruction in a domeſtic ſtate—inſtances of it, vi. 58—Aldrovandus mentions one believed to be fifty years old, vi. 59
• Penguin, a heavy water fowl; the wings of this tribe unfit for flight, vi. 90—and their legs ſtill more auk⯑wardly adapted for walking, vi. 91—our ſailors call them arſe-feet—they dive to the bottom, or ſwim between two waters—they never viſit land but when coming to breed, vi. 92—their colour—are covered more warmly with feathers than other birds—de⯑ſcription of the Magellanic penguin, vi. 93—they unite in them the qualities of men, fowls, and fiſhes—inſtances of its gluttonous appetite—their food and fleſh—are a bird of ſociety, vi. 94—ſeaſon of laying, and manner of making their neſts, vi. 95—ſome of this tribe called by our ſeamen the booby—our men firſt coming among them, were not diſtruſted nor avoided, they ſtood to be ſhot at in flocks, till every one was deſtroyed—the females let them take their eggs without any reſiſtance, vi. 96—the penguin lays but one egg; in frequented ſhores—burrows like a rabbit—three or four take poſſeſſion of one hole, and hatch—one is placed as a centinel to warn of approaching danger, vi. 97—union between this bird and the albatroſs, and regularity in their building together, vi. 63
• Peninſula of India, on one ſide the coaſts are near half the year harraſſed by violent hurricanes and north⯑ern tempeſts, i. 348—the people there employ the elephant chiefly in carrying or drawing burthens, iv. 278
• Penpark-hole, in Glouceſterſhire, twenty-five fathom perpendicular depth—its deſcription, from captain Sturmey, i. 66
• [] People, ſo young as fourteen or fifteen often found to ceaſe growing, ii. 19
• Pepper, the Indians prefer that devoured and voided unconcocted by the toucan, before the pepper freſh gathered from the tree, v. 244
• Perch, a prickly-finned thoracic fiſh—its deſcription, vi. 308
• Perfumes, ſome phyſicians think all perfumes un⯑wholeſome—our delight in perfumes ſeems made by habit, ii. 181—many bodies at a diſtance give an agreeable perfume, and nearer have a moſt un⯑grateful odour, ii. 182—no perfume has a ſtrong⯑er or more permanent ſmell than muſk, iii. 89—the ſcent of the martin a moſt pleaſing perfume, iii. 367—ſome of the weaſel kind have a ſmell approach⯑ing to perfume, iii. 380—that of the muſk or the civet, iii. 382—in what manner taken from the pouch, iii. 391—more grateful perfume than muſk, iii. 393—that of Amſterdam the pureſt of any,—is communicated to all parts of the animals body; the fur impregnated, and the ſkin alſo—a perſon ſhut up with one of the ſkins in a cloſe room cannot ſupport the ſcent, iii. 192—this perfume ſold in Holland for about fifteen ſhillings an ounce, iii. 393—it has no analogy with the creature's appetite for generation, iii. 395—a proof of it—has its viciſſi⯑tudes of faſhion, like dreſs, iii. 394
• Perſepolis, paſtures in the plains about that place ex⯑cellent for the purpoſes of rearing horſes, ii. 361
• Perſia ſnow falls in abundance upon its mountains, i. 358—the horſes of that country the moſt beauti⯑ful and moſt valuable of all in the Eaſt, ii. 361—there are ſtuds of ten thouſand white mares toge⯑ther, with the hoof ſo hard that ſhoeing is unneceſ⯑ſary, ii. 355—deſcription of the Perſian horſes by Pietro della Valle, ii. 361—the fleſh of the wild aſs ſo much liked that its delicacy is a proverb there, ii. 378—an entertainment of wild aſſes ex⯑hibited by the monarch to Olearius, ii. 377, 378—two kinds of aſſes there, and ſome of them [] worth forty or fifty pounds, ii. 385, 386—a noted country for giving long ſoft hair to the animals bred in it, iii. 212—lions found to diminiſh in number in this country, iii. 215—the bird of Perſia is the common cock of Ariſtophanes, v. 161
• Perſian Gulph, a very dangerous wind prevails, by the natives called the ſameyel—it ſuddenly kills thoſe it involves in its paſſage, and frequently aſſumes a vi⯑ſible form, darting in a blueiſh vapour along the ſurface of the country, i. 358—the poets of Per⯑ſia and Arabia have deſcribed it as under the con⯑duct of vengeance, who governs its terrors, and raiſes or depreſſes it, as he thinks proper, i. 359—the chief pearl fiſhery carried on there, vii. 56—that gulph choaked up in many places with cora⯑line ſubſtances, viii. 192
• Perſian kings, wore their whiſkers matted with gold thread, ii. 97
• Perſians admire large eye-brows, joining in the mid⯑dle, ii. 76—divided into two claſſes, tyrants and ſlaves, vii. 58
• Perſpiration, an experiment from which the learned may infer upon what foundation the doctrine of Sanctorian perſpiration is built, ii. 110, 111
• Peruvians, father Acoſta, and Garcilaſſo de la Vega, make no doubt but that they underſtood the art of preſerving their dead for a long ſpace of time, ii. 273
• Peter the Great, czar of Ruſſia, celebrated a mar⯑riage of dwarfs, ii. 251—the preparations for this wedding were grand, yet executed in a ſtyle of barbarous ridicule, ii. 252
• Petreoleum, an injection of this bituminous oil in⯑wardly, and an application of aſphaltum without, ſuffice to make a mummy, ii. 287
• Pettichaps, a bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314
• Phalanger, a kind of oppoſſum—its deſcription—has been called the rat of Surinam, iv. 248
• Pharaoh, (the cat of) name given to the ichneumon, iii. 376
• [] Pharaoh, (the capon of) thought to be the true ibis—a devourer of ſerpents, and will follow the cara⯑vans to Mecca, to feed upon the offal of animals killed on the journey, v. 385
• Phaſis, a river of Colchis, in Aſia Minor, from the banks of which the pheaſants were brought into Europe, and ſtill retain their name, v. 184
• Phatagin, an animal leſs than the pangolin—the ex⯑tent of its tail above twice the length of its body—countries where it is to be found, iv. 124
• Pheaſants, at firſt propagated among us, brought in⯑to Europe from the banks of the Phaſis, a river of Colchis, in Aſia Minor, whence they ſtill retain their name—Croeſus, king of Lydia, ſeat⯑ed on his throne, adorned with the barbarous pomp of eaſtern ſplendour, aſked Solon whether he ever beheld any thing ſo fine? Solon replied, that hav⯑ing ſeen the beautiful plumage of the pheaſant, no other finery could aſtoniſh him, v. 184—deſcrip⯑tion of this beautiful bird, v. 185—its fleſh the greateſt dainty—animals of the domeſtic kind, once reclaimed, ſtill continue domeſtic, and perſevere in the habits and appetites of willing ſlav⯑ery; but the pheaſant, taken from its native warm retreats, ſtill continues his attachment to native freedom; and wild among us, is an envied orna⯑ment of our parks and foreſts, where he feeds upon acorns and berries, v. 186—in the woods the hen pheaſant lays from eighteen to twenty eggs in a ſea⯑ſon; but in a domeſtic ſtate ſeldom above ten—when wild, ſhe hatches and leads up her brood with patience, vigilance, and courage; but when tame ſhe never ſits well; and a common hen be⯑comes her ſubſtitute; and for leading her young to their food, ſhe is utterly ignorant where it is found—and the young would ſtarve if left ſolely to her management—it is better left at large in the woods than reduced to its priſtine captivity—its fecundity, when wild, is ſufficient to ſtock the fo⯑reſt, and its fleſh acquires a higher flavour from its [] unlimited freedom—its habits, when tame, v. 187—no birds are ſhot more eaſily, v. 188—when phyſi⯑cians of old ſpoke of wholeſomneſs of viands, the compariſon lay with the fleſh of the pheaſant, v. 186—theſe birds taken young into keeping, be⯑come as familiar as chickens; and when deſigned for breeding, they are put together in a yard, five hens to a cock—the neſt in their natural ſtate—the female refuſing to hatch the eggs, a com⯑mon hen ſupplies her place, and performs the taſk with perſeverance and ſucceſs—the young diffi⯑cult to be reared, v. 188—with what food the young muſt be ſupplied—particularities concerning the rearing of the young ones—the method of Longo⯑lius, to encreaſe the breed and make it more valu⯑able—the pheaſant will at laſt be brought to couple with a common hen, v. 189—many varieties of pheaſants; of all others, the golden pheaſant of China the moſt beautiful, v. 190
• Phlegium, one of the higheſt mountains of Ethiopia, ſwallowed by an earthquake, i. 162
• Pholas, the file-fiſh, places where theſe animals are found, vii. 65, 69—their power of penetrating—the pillars of the temple of Serapis at Puteoli were penetrated by them—they pierce the hardeſt bodies with their tongue, vii. 67—their motion ſlow beyond conception—have no other food but the ſea-water, vii. 68—are accounted a great deliaccy, vii. 69
• Pichincha, a remarkable mountain, near Quito, in South America, i. 151
• Pie, in the claſs of the pie-kind, few, except the pi⯑geon, are of uſe to man; yet, to each other, no claſs of birds ſo ingenious, active, and well-fitted for ſociety, v. 220—they live in pairs, and their attachments are confined to each other—they build neſts in trees or buſhes; the male ſhares in the labour of building, and relieves his mate in the duties of incubation; and the young once ex⯑cluded, both are equally active in making them [] ample proviſion—general laws prevail, and a re⯑publican form of government is eſtabliſhed among them—they watch for the general ſafety of every bird of the grove, v. 221—they are remarkable for inſtinct and capacity for inſtruction—inſtances of it—fetching and carrying untaught, all this tribe are but too fond of—their paſſion for ſhining things and ſuch toys as ſome of us put a value upon—rings found in the neſt of a tame magpie, v. 222—the few general characters in which they all agree, v. 223
• Sea-pie breeds in this country, and reſides in its marſhy parts, vi. 29
• Pigeons are ruminating birds, iii. 5—thoſe that live in a wild ſtate by no means ſo fruitful as thoſe in our pigeon-houſes nearer home—the tame pigeon, and all its beautiful varieties, owe their origin to one ſpecies, the ſtock-dove—colours of the pigeon in a ſtate of nature, v. 285, 286—the dove-houſe pigeon breeds every month, v. 286—the hatching of its eggs, v. 287—a full explanation of the method of feeding their young from the crop, v. 288, 289—pigeons bred to a feather means a diſplay of art by thoſe perſons who employ themſelves in rearing pigeons of different colours, ii. 248—various names of tame pigeons—attempts made to render domeſtic the ring-dove, but hitherto fruitleſs, v. 293—the turtle-dove a bird of paſſage—a pair put in a cage, and one dying, the other does not ſur⯑vive, v. 294—the pigeon called ocotzimtzcan is one of the ſplendid tenants of the Mexican foreſts, v. 295—pigeons of the dove-houſe not ſo faithful as the turtle-dove—two males quarrel for the ſame miſtreſs; and when the female admits the ad⯑dreſſes of a new gallant, her old companion bears the contempt with marks of diſpleaſure, abſtains from her company, or when he approaches is ſure to chaſtiſe her—inſtances of two males diſpleaſed with their mates, who have made an exchange, and lived in harmony with their new companions, v. 290, 291—near fifteen thouſand pigeons may in four years be [] produced from a ſingle pair—the ſtock-dove ſeldom breeds above twice a year—have a ſtronger attach⯑ment to their young than thoſe who breed ſo often—the pigeons called carriers uſed to convey letters, nor trained with as much care as formerly, when ſent from a beſieged city to thoſe coming to relieve it—in an hour and a half, they perform a journey of forty miles—the only uſe now made of them is to be let off at Tyburn, when the cart is drawn away, v. 292
• Pigmy, exiſtence of a pigmy race of mankind founded in error or in fable, ii. 251
• Pigtail is the laſt of the baboons—Mr. Buffon calls it maimon—its deſcription—is a native of Sumatra, not well enduring the rigours of our climate, iv. 215
• Pike, the deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 313—poets have called it the tyrant of the watery plain—inſtances of their rapacity, vi. 345
• Pilchards, little differing from the herring—make the coaſt of Cornwall their place of reſort—the natives ſometimes encloſe a bay of ſeveral miles extent with nets called ſaines—how directed, ſome years ago, to know where to extend the nets, vi. 331, 332—they take twelve or fifteen hundred barrels of pilchards at a draught—ſerve alſo for manure—advantages of this fiſhery, vi. 333—money paid for pilchards exported has annually amounted to near fifty thou⯑ſand pounds, vi. 334
• Pillau, on the Baltic, the ſhores near that place di⯑vided into diſtricts for the ſturgeon-fiſhery, and al⯑loted to companies of fiſhermen, who rent ſome of them at three hundred pounds a year, vi 279
• Pills, of calcined ſhells and tobacco, uſed by the Ame⯑rican Indians undertaking long journies, to palliate hunger, ii. 133
• Pilori, one of the three diſtinctions of the muſk-rat—it is a native of the Weſt-India iſlands iv. 78
• Pilot of the ſhark, name given the ſucking-fiſh or re⯑mora, and why, vi. 246
• [] Pinch, name of a monkey of the ſagoin-kind—its de⯑ſcription, iv. [...]37
• Pinks, hares are as particularly fond of them as of parſley and birch, iv. 7
• Pintada, or the guinea hen, its deſcription—different names given to this bird—its habits—the eggs are ſpeckled, v. 192
• Pintail, a kind of duck has the two middle feathers of the tail three inches longer than the reſt, vi. 130
• Pipal, the Surinam toad, an extraordinary and hideous creature—its deſcription—the young bred and hatched on its back, vii. 108
• Pipe of the ſhepherd, the ſtag ſeems delighted with its ſound, iii. 105
• Pipe-fiſh, cartilaginous and not thicker than a ſwan-quill—its deſcription, vi. 289
• Pipes, conducting water, upon what principle they depend, i. 185—why thoſe in London are extreme⯑ly apt to burſt, i. 186
• Piper-worms, and other little animals, fix their habi⯑tations to the oyſter's ſides, and live in ſecurity, vii. 48
• Pit-falls, a wolf, a friar, and a woman taken in one all in the ſame night—the woman loſt her ſenſes, the friar his reputation, and the wolf his life, iii. 31 [...]
• Pithekos, name given by the ancients to the ape pro⯑perly ſo called, iv. 206
• Pivot, the razor-ſhell, its motion and habits, vii. 252, is allured by ſalt, vii. 53
• Placenta, the burden, or that body by which the ani⯑mal is ſupplied with nouriſhment, ii. 40, 41
• Plague, not well known whence it has its beginning—is propagated by infection, i. 327—ſome countries, even in the midſt of Africa, never infected with it—others generally viſited by it once a year, as Egypt—not known in Nigritia—Numidia it moleſts not once in a hundred years, i. 328—plague ſpread over the world in 1346, after two years travelling from the great kingdom of Cathay, north of China, [] to Europe—the plague deſolated the city of Lon⯑don in 1665, i. 329—its contagious ſteams produc⯑ed ſpots on the walls—for this laſt age, it has abated its violence, even in thoſe countries where moſt common, and why, i. 330—a plague affected trees and ſtones, i. 329
• Plaiſne en Anjou, a village in France, particular ac⯑count of a dwarf born there, ii. 255
• Plaiſter of Paris finely powdered boils and heaves in great waves, like water, i. 181
• Plantane, preferred by the aſs to every other vegetable, ii. 381
• Planets exceed the earth one thouſand times in mag⯑nitude—at firſt ſuppoſed to wander in the heavens without fixed paths—perform their circuits with great exactneſs and ſtrict regularity, i. 3—the leſſer planets attendants upon ſome of the greater, i. 5
• Plants and vegetables compared with animals, ſimili⯑tude—how aſſimilated in different climates and ſoils, ii. 3 to 8—will not grow ſo faſt in diſtilled as undiſtilled water, i. 167—do not vegetate in an exhauſted receiver, i. 315—but thus ceaſing to ve⯑getate, keep longer ſweet than when expoſed to external air, i. 316—their juices rarefied princi⯑pally by the ſun, to give an eſcape to their impri⯑ſoned air, i. 338—ſmell of force ſo powerful as hardly to be endured, i. 219—a certain plant in Ireland ſo ſtrongly affected the perſon who beat it in a mortar, and the phyſician pre⯑ſent, that their hands and faces ſwelled to an enormous ſize, and continued tumid for ſome time after, i. 326—the ſenſitive, that moves at the touch, has as much perception as the freſh-water polypus, poſſeſſed of a ſtill ſlower ſhare of motion, ii. 3—the paraſite fix and depend upon neighbouring trees for that ſupport their rampant diſpoſitions prompts them to ſeek, ii. 10—the moſt pernicious of that race, is the caraguata, in the Weſt Indies; it loads its ſup⯑porter [] with a verdure not its own, takes away its nouriſhment, and entirely deſtroys it, ii 4—many plants propagated from the depoſitions of birds, v. 316—plan [...]s, ſubmarine, corals and other vege⯑tables, covering the bottom of the ſea, i. 288
• Plate, or Plata, a great river in South America—its ſource and length, i. 216—receives above fifty rivers, i. 218
• Platina, or white gold, the moſt obſtinate of all ſub⯑ſtances, i. 74
• Plemonecles, the flumide, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 312
• Pleurs en Champagne, a town in France, buried be⯑neath a rocky mountain, i. 158
• Pliny, in his arrangements different from the preſent, placed the bats among birds, iv. 134
• Plover, the green and grey, are birds of paſſage, vi. 28—the Norfolk plover, vi. 29—ſeaſon of court⯑ſhip, vi. 31
• Plumage of the king-fiſher preſerves its luſtre longer than any other, vi. 148
• Pochard, a kind of duck, vi. 130
• Poetry, our anceſtors excel us in the poetic arts, as they had the firſt rifling of all the ſtriking images of nature, ii. 266
• Point, the central point of a whirlpool is always low⯑eſt, and why, i. 205
• Pointer, a kind of dog, iii. 286
• Poiſon, the moſt deadly poiſons are often of great uſe in medicine, ii. 13—Pliny, Aelian, and Oppian, have ſupplied the weapon of the fireflare with a poiſon that affects even the inanimate creation, vi. 259—but we have every reaſon to doubt of it, vi. 260—fiſhes often live and ſubſiſt upon ſuch ſub⯑ſtances as are poiſonous to the more perfect claſſes of animated nature—that numbers of fiſhes inflict poiſonous wounds, in the opinion of many, cannot be doubted, vi. 348—the greateſt part of the fiſh, on the coaſt of New Providence, one of the Baha⯑ma iſlands, are all of a poiſonous nature—the many ſpeculations and conjectures to which this poiſon⯑ous [] quality in ſome fiſhes has given riſes, vi. 349, 350—ſome crabs found poiſonous, vi. 376—the ſeat where the poiſon in venomous ſerpents lies, i. 194—the ſerpent-poiſon may be taken inwardly, without any ſenſible effects, or any prejudice to the conſtitution, vii. 198—an inſtance of it—if milk be injected into a vein, it will kill with more certain deſtruction than even the poiſon of the vi⯑per, vii. 199, 200
• Poland, the peaſant there kills a cow in autumn for his own table; he ſalts and hangs it up, and thus preſerves it as a delicacy all the year round, iii. 9
• Polar regions, deſcription of them, i. 11, 12—and of the inhabitants round them, ii. 213
• Pole-cat, a diſtinct ſpecies from the ermine, iii. 358—reſembles the ferret ſo much, that ſome have thought them the ſame animal—there are many diſtinctions between them—warreners aſſert the pole-cat will mix with the ferret, iii. 363—Mr. Buffon denies it—deſcription of the pole-cat—very deſtructive to young game, iii. 364—ſeizes the fly⯑ing-ſquirrel, iv. 36—the rabbit its favourite prey; and one pole-cat deſtroys a whole warren by a wound hardly perceptible—generally reſide in woods or thick brakes, making holes two yards deep under ground—in winter, they rob the hen-rooſt and the dairy—particularly deſtructive among pigeons, iii. 365—and feaſt upon their brains, iii. 366—fond alſo of honey, iii. 358 and 366—female brings forth in ſummer five or ſix young at a time, and ſupplies the want of milk with the blood of ſuch animals as ſhe can ſeize—the fur is in leſs eſtimation than of inferior kinds, and why—an inhabitant of temperate climates, being afraid of cold as well as heat, iii. 366, 367—the ſpecies confined in Europe to a range from Poland to Italy, iii. 367—pole-cat of America and Virginia are names for the ſquaſh and the ſkink—diſtinctions of thoſe animals, iii. 380, 381
• [] Poles, trade-winds continually blow from them to⯑wards the equator, i. 343, 344—the winter be⯑ginning round the poles, the ſame miſty appear⯑ance produced in the ſouthern climates by heat is there produced by cold—the ſea ſmokes like an oven there, i. 386—limbs of the inhabitants of thoſe regions, ſometimes frozen and drop off, i. 387—as we approach the north pole, the ſize of the natives proportionably diminiſhes, growing leſs and leſs as we advance higher, ii. 217—the ſtrength of the natives round the polar regions is not leſs amazing than their patience in hunger, ii. 218
• Polynemus, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 310
• Polypus very voracious—its deſcription—uſes its arms as a fiſherman his net, ii. 23—is not of the vege⯑table tribe, but a real animal—examined with a mi⯑croſcope, ſeveral little ſpecks are ſeen like buds, that pullulate from different parts of the body, and theſe ſoon appear to be young polypi, beginning to caſt their little arms about for prey; the ſame food is digeſted, and ſerves for nouriſhment of both, ii. 24—every polypus has a colony ſprouting from its body; and theſe new ones, even while attached to the parent, become parents themſelves, with a ſmaller colony alſo budding from themſthough cut into thouſands of parts, each ſtill retains its vivacious quality, and ſhortly becomes a diſtinct and complete polypus, fit to reproduce upon cutting in pieces—it hunts for its food, and poſſeſſes a power of chuſing it or retreating from danger, ii. 25—di⯑menſions of the ſea-polypus, and of that which grows in freſh waters—the power of diſſection firſt tried upon theſe animals to multiply their numbers—Mr. Trembley has the honour of the firſt diſco⯑very of the amazing properties and powers of this little vivacious creature, viii. 180—this claſs of ani⯑mals divided into four different kinds by Mr. Trem⯑blay—method of conceiving a juſt idea of their figure, viii. 181—manner of lengthening or con⯑tracting itſelf, viii. 182—progreſſive moti [...] [] appearance of an organ of ſight found over the whole body—animals of this kind inclined to turn to⯑wards the light, viii. 183—their way of living, viii. 184—arms ſerve them as lime-twigs do a fowler—how it ſeizes upon its prey—teſtifies its hunger by opening its mouth—having ſeized the prey, opens its mouth in proportion to the ſize of what it would ſwallow, whether fiſh, fleſh, or inſects, viii. 185—when two mouths are joined upon one com⯑mon prey, the largeſt ſwallows the antagoniſt; but after laying in the conqueror's body for about an hour, it iſſues unhurt, and often in poſſeſſion of the prey, the original cauſe of contention, viii. 186—the cold approaching to congelation, they feel the general torpor of nature, and their faculties are for two or three months ſuſpended—ſuch as are beſt ſupplied ſooneſt acquire their largeſt ſize, but they diminiſh alſo in their growth with the ſame facility, if their food be leſſened, viii. 287—ſome pro⯑pagated from eggs; ſome produced by buds iſſuing from the body, as plants by inoculation; while all may be multiplied by cuttings to an amazing degree of minuteneſs, viii. 186, 187—of thoſe produced like buds from the parent ſtem, ſhould the parent ſwal⯑low a red worm, it gives a tincture to all its fluids, and the young partakes of the parental colour; but if the latter ſhould ſeize upon the ſame prey, the parent is no way benefited by the capture, all the advantage thus remains with the young, viii. 189—ſeveral young of different ſizes are growing from its body; ſome juſt budding forth, others acquir⯑ing perfect form, and others ready to drop from the original ſtem; thoſe young, ſtill attached to the pa⯑rent, bud and propagate alſo, each holding depend⯑ence upon its parent, viii. 189, 190—artificial method of propagating theſe animals by cuttings, viii. 190—Mr. Hughes deſcribes a ſpecies of this animal, but miſtakes its nature, and calls it a ſenſitive flow⯑ering plant, viii. 191
• [] Polypus-coral, the work of an infinite number of rep⯑tiles of that kind, viii. 194—in every coraline ſub⯑ſtance are a number of polypi, viii. 197
• Pomerania, a large part of it covered by the ſea, i. 278
• Pongo, name given by Battel to the ouran-outang, iv. 200
• Poppies affect with drowſineſs thoſe who walk through fields of them, or are occupied in preparing the flowers for opium, i. 326
• Porcelain, an artificial compoſition of earth and water, united by heat, i. 166
• Porcupine, as to quills, might be claſſed among the birds, ii. 313—an enlarged hedge-hog—its deſcrip⯑tion, iv. 107—of all theſe brought into Europe, not one ever ſeen to launch its quills, though ſufficient⯑ly provoked—their manner of defence—directs its quills pointing to the enemy—and Kolben relates, the lion then will not venture an attack—feeds on ſerpents and other reptiles—the porcupine and ſerpent are ſaid never to meet without a mor⯑tal engagement, iv. 110, 111—how it deſtroys and de⯑vours the ſerpent—porcupine of Canada ſubſiſts on vegetables—thoſe brought to this country for ſhew uſually fed on bread, milk, and fruits; do not refuſe meat when offered—is extremly hurtful to gardens—the Americans, who hunt it, believe it lives from twelve to fifteen years—during the time of coupling, in the month of September, the males become fierce and dangerous, and often deſtroy each other with their teeth—time of their geſtation—the female brings forth one at a time; ſhe ſuckles it about a month, and accuſtoms it to live like herſelf, upon vegetables and the bark of trees, iv. 111—the female very fierce in the defence of her young; at other ſeaſons, fearful, timid, and harmleſs—the porcupine never attempts to bite or any way injure its purſuers, manner of eſcaping, when hunted by a dog or a wolf—the Indians pur⯑ſue [] it to make embroidery with its quills and eat its fleſh—circumſtances concerning it remaining to be known, iv. 113—little known with pre⯑ciſion, except what offers in a ſtate of captivity—deſcription of one kept in an iron cage, iv. 113—the porcupine of America differs much from that of the ancient continent—two kinds, the couando and the urſon—deſcription of both, iv. 114
• Porcupine of the ſea deſcribed, vi. 291
• Pork, unpalatable with us in ſummer, is the fineſt eating in warmer latitudes, and preferable to hog's fleſh in Europe, ii. 378, 379
• Porpus, or porpeſs, a fiſh leſs than a grampus, with the ſnout of a hog—its deſcription and habits, vi. 222—a fiſhery for them along the weſtern iſles of Scotland, in the ſummer ſeaſon, when they abound on that ſhore—live to a conſiderable age, though ſome ſay not above twenty-five or thirty years—ſleep with the ſnout above water—poſſeſs, propor⯑tionably to their bulk, the manners of whales, vi. 228—places where they ſeek for prey, vi. 226—deſtroy the nets of fiſhermen on the coaſts of Cornwall—manner of killing them in the Thames, vi. 227—yield a large quantity of oil—the lean, of ſome not old, ſaid to be as well taſted as veal—caviar prepared from the eggs of this fiſh, vi. 228
• Portugueze pretend to have tamed the zebra, and ſent four from Africa to Liſbon, ſo far brought under as to draw the king's coach, ii. 397—its ſwiftneſs a proverb among them, ii. 396
• Ports choaked up with ſand by the vehemence of the wind, i. 349
• Pouch, or bag, the receptacle of the civet, differs in its opening from that of the reſt of the weaſel kind—deſcription of it, iii. 390—of the buſtard under the tongue, capable of holding near ſeven quarts of water, v. 197—of the pelican, hides as [] many fiſh as will ſerve ſixty hungry men for a meal, vi. 53—its deſcription, vi. 51, 52
• Poultry, general characteriſtics of the poultry-kind, v. 152—they live together; and each, conſcious of his ſtrength, ſeldom tries a ſecond combat, where he has been once worſted—kept in the ſame diſtrict, or fed in the ſame yard, they learn the arts of ſubordination, v. 153—the young of the kind not fed with meat put into their mouths, peck their food—the female intent in providing food for her young clutch, and ſcarce takes any nouriſhment at all—among the habits of this claſs of birds, is the peculiarity of duſting themſelves, v. 156—nearly all domeſtic birds of this kind maintained in our yards, are of foreign extraction, v. 151—the courtſhip of this kind is ſhort, and the congreſs fortuitous—the male takes no heed of his offſpring—though timorous with birds of prey, he is incredibly bold among his own kind; the ſight of a male of his own ſpecies produces a com⯑bat—the female takes all the labour of hatching and bringing up her young, chuſing a place re⯑mote from the cock, v. 155, 156
• Powis Land, in Wales, for many ages famous for a ſwift and generous race of horſes; and why, ii. 370
• Powters, a variety of the ſame pigeons, v. 293
• Pregnancy of all animals, in point of time, is pro⯑portioned to their ſize, ii. 336—the duration in the female of the elephant, ſtill unknown, iv. 270—of ſome women found to continue a month be⯑yond the uſual time, ii. 47—in that ſtate no ani⯑mals, except the hare, receives the male, iv. 6
• Preſſure, perpendicular in rivers, always in exact pro⯑portion to the depth, i. 201
• Prey, all the males of theſe birds a third leſs, and weaker than the females, v. 84. See Birds.
• Pricket, name hunters give the buck the ſecond year, iii. 128
• Primas, appellation of a firſt rate animal—Linnaeus beſtows it upon the female of the bat, iv. 138
• [] Propagation of gnats, one of the ſtrangeſt diſcoveries in natural hiſtory, viii. 156—a new kind lately diſcovered in a moſt numerous tribe of animals, propagated by cuttings, viii. 162—different man⯑ners of that operation in the polypi, to the aſto⯑niſhment of the learned of Europe, viii. 187
• Propolis, a reſinous gum, with which the bees plaiſter the inſide of their hives, viii. 72
• Proportion of the human figure, little known with preciſion in regard to it, ii. 106—different opi⯑nions upon the ſubject, ii. 107
• Proſpect, ſketch of a delightful African proſpect, on the banks of a moſt dreadful river, i. 220
• Provider of the lion, what has given riſe to the jack⯑all's being called ſo, ii. 322—alſo why the ſiaguſh is called by that name, iii. 266
• Pſalmodi, in France, an iſland in A. D. 815, now more than ſix miles from the ſhore, i. 277
• Ptarmigan, ſort of grous, chiefly found in heathy mountains, and piny foreſts, at a diſtance from mankind—ſize and colour, v. 199
• Pthiriaſis, the louſy diſeaſe, frequent among the an⯑cients—principal people who died of this diſorder, vii. 274—plants and animals are infeſted with diſ⯑eaſes of this kind—a vegetable louſe from America over-run all the phyſic-garden of Leyden, vii. 275—the leaf-louſe deſcribed vii. 276—the males have four wings, the females never have any, vii. 278—when they perceive the ant behind them, they kick back with their hind feet, vii. 279—three princi⯑pal and conſtant enemies to theſe inſects, vii. 280
• Puffin, or coulterneb, marks that diſtinguiſh this bird, vi. 99—its reſidence, vi. 101—migrations, 101, 105—found by hundreds, caſt away upon ſhores, lean and periſhed with famine, vi. 101—lays one egg—few birds or beaſts venture to attack its retreats—in what manner it defends itſelf againſt the ra⯑ven, vi. 102—the manks puffin is itſelf one of the moſt terrible invaders—inſtances of it—places which abound with them, vi. 103—in what manner [] their young are fed—their food—formerly their fleſh was allowed by the church on Lenten days—they bite extremely hard, and keep ſuch hold of what they ſeize, as not eaſily diſengaged, vi. 104—their noiſe, when taken, very diſagreeable, like the efforts of a dumb perſon attempting to ſpeak, vi. 105—quantity of oil in their bodies, vi. 106
• Puget, adapted the cornea of a fly in ſuch a poſition, as to ſee objects through it by the means of a mi⯑croſcope—ſtrangeneſs of the repreſentations, viii. 36
• Puma, an animal decorated with the name of Ame⯑rican lion, though, when compared, ſo contempti⯑ble as to be inferior to that called the American tyger, iii. 232
• Pump, the air-pump, an inſtrument contrived to ex⯑hauſt the air from a round veſſel, called a receiver—in what manner it acts, i. 307—explained in an experiment upon a carp placed under ſuch a re⯑ceiver, vi. 169
• Purre, a ſmall bird of the crane-kind, with a ſhorter bill, and thighs bare of feathers, vi. 23
• Puteoli, a city ſwallowed up by an earthquake, had a temple of Serapis, the pillars of which, while un⯑der water, were penetrated by the pholas, or file-fiſh, vii. 67
• Putrefaction, a new cauſe of animal life—later diſco⯑veries have induced many to doubt whether ani⯑mal life cannot be produced merely from thence, ii. 22
• Pyramids of Egypt, one of them entirely built of a kind of free-ſtone, in which petrified ſhells are found in great abundance, i. 47
• Pyrard, his account of a kind of apes called baris, which properly inſtructed when young, ſerve as uſeful domeſtics, iv. 198
• Pygmy of Tyſon, is the ouran-outang, or the wild man of the wood, iv. 189
• Pyrites, their compoſition—ſulphur and iron blended and heated with air or water, will form theſe and marcaſites, i. 77

• Quadrupeds, of all ranks of animated nature, they bear the neareſt reſemblance to man, ii. 310—are leſs changed by influence of climate or food, than the lower ranks of nature—ſome are of ſo equivo⯑cal a nature, it is hard to tell whether they ought to be ranked in this claſs, or degraded to thoſe below them, ii. 312—inſtances of it, ii. 313—ſome formed for the ſurface of the fields, others framed to live upon the tops of trees, and others made to dwell under the earth, iv. 90—of all kinds, none ſo juſtly reproach the natural hiſtorian's inaccuracy, as that which bears the muſk, iii. 88—the weaker races exert all efforts to avoid their in⯑vaders, ii. 323, 324—next to human influence, the climate ſeems to have the ſtrongeſt effects upon their nature and form, ii. 328—both at the line and the pole, the wild are fierce and untameable, ii. 330—one claſs of theſe entirely left to chance; no parent ſtands forth to protect them, and no in⯑ſtructor leads, or teaches them arts of ſubſiſtence; theſe bring forth above two hundred young at a time, ii. 339—of all quadrupeds, the elephant the ſtrongeſt and the largeſt, iv. 254—none that will not breed in its own native climate, except the elephant, under the dominion of man, iv. 269—the moſt untractable, and for its ſize, the moſt terrible of all, the hyaena, iii. 343—the mouſe moſt feeble, and moſt timid of all, except the guinea-pig, iv. 72—the largeſt are found in the torrid zone, iii. 28—and theſe are all fond of the wa⯑ter, iii. 29—America inferior to us in theſe pro⯑ductions—opinion, that all in South Ame⯑rica are a different ſpecies from thoſe moſt re⯑ſembling them in the old world, ii. 332—ſuch as peculiarly belong to the new continent are with⯑out any marks of the perfection of their ſpecies, ii. 333—the only that migrate from one part of the [] world to another are the ſeals, iv. 174—their heads different from each other, are adapted to their way of living; and how, ii. 314—the large and for⯑midable produce but one young at a time; while the mean and contemptible are prolific, ii. 334—it has been wiſely ordered ſo by Providence, ii. 335—the change of colour in the hair, obtains in them all to a degree plainly obſervable, iii. 354—it is obſervable, that a thin ſparing diet pro⯑duces hair, iii. 355—none fatter, none more ſleek, or of gloſſy ſkin, than the mole, iv. 91—the hog in a wild ſtate moſt delicate in the choice of vege⯑tables, and rejects a greater number than any other animal, iii. 176—the carnivorous have not milk in plenty, iii. 366—are not fond of en⯑gaging each other, iii. 369—thoſe that ruminate are harmleſs, and eaſily tamed, iii. 1—they are chief⯑ly the cow, the ſheep, and the deer-kind, iii. 5—the chevrotin, or little guinea-deer, the leaſt of all cloven-footed animals, and perhaps the moſt beau⯑tiful—its deſcription, iii. 82—none can be more beautiful than the tyger, iii. 233—thoſe that are am⯑phibious have motion in the lower eye-lid alone, ii. 85—general deſcription of amphibious quadru⯑peds, iv. 148—medicines procured from them, iii. 69
• Quail, a bird of paſſage, v. 212—deſcription of it—time of its migrations, v. 32, 212, 213—opinion, that it only goes from one part of a country to an⯑other—their long journies doubtful, v. 213—how caught by a call—number of their eggs—fight deſ⯑perately at the ſeaſon of courtſhip, and eaſily taken at that time, v. 214
• Quail-fighting, a favourite amuſement among the Athenians—abſtained from the fleſh of this bird, ſuppoſing it fed upon white hellebore—reared num⯑bers of them for fighting, and betted ſums of mo⯑ney, as we do no cocks, v. 214
• Quarry of Maeſtricht, i. 63—forty thouſand people may take ſhelter in it—deſcription of it, i. 64
• [] Quickſilver, remarkable effects of it at the mines near Idra, related by Dr. Pope in the Philoſophical Tranſactions, i. 79—the heavieſt ſubſtance in the world, except gold—floats upon water by a parti⯑cular experiment, i. 188—ſeventy-one pounds and an half found equal in bulk to a hundred pound weight of gold, i. 190
• Quills of the porcupine; the Indians embroider with them their belts, baſkets, and ſeveral other ne⯑ceſſary pieces of furniture, iv. 112—enquiry whe⯑ther the quills of the porcupine can be ſent off with a ſhake, iv. 113
• Quito, in South America, capital city of, one of the moſt charming regions upon earth—this part higher than any other country in the world, i. 150—chace of the wild aſs in that kingdom, ii. 379

• Rabbit, a ruminating animal, iii. 5—rabbit and hare diſtinct kinds—refuſe to mix with each other—in⯑ſtance of it—a creature covered with feathers and hair, ſaid to be bred between a rabbit and an hen, iv. 15—have eyes of a red colour, ii. 83—few quad⯑rupeds can overtake the rabbit in a ſhort run, iv. 1, 2—their fecundity greater than that of the hare—breed ſeven times a year, and bring eight young each time, iv. 16—love the ſunny field, and open paſture—the female ſuckles the young about a month—the male attends the young, leads them out, and conducts them back—have an external retreat at a diſtance from the warren, as a kind of country-houſe, iv. 17—female brings forth in a part of the warren, ſeparate from the male, and digs herſelf a hole, more intricate, at the bottom of which is a more ample apartment—ſome hair ſhe pulls from her belly makes a bed for her young, iv. 18—the male after ſix weeks acknowleges them as his offſpring, ſmooths their ſkin, and licks their eyes, iv. 19
• [] Rabbits (tame) in a warren, continue expoſed to wea⯑ther, without burrowing—in two or three gene⯑rations they find the neceſſity and convenience of an aſylum, iv. 19, 20—various colours of rabbits—the mouſe-colour kinds originally from an iſland in the river Humber—ſtill continuing their general colour, after a number of ſucceſſive gene⯑rations—account of their production, iv. 20—ſurpriſing obedience and ſubmiſſion of deſcendents to their common parent—the deſcendents quarrel⯑ling, his appearance reſtores peace and order—ſometimes he puniſhes them, as an example to the reſt—other inſtances of ſuperiority of the common parent—the rabbit generally fatter, and lives longer than the hare—its fleſh leſs delicate, iv. 21—native of the warmer climates—it has been imported into England from Spain—in ſome of the iſlands of the Mediterranean they multiplied in ſuch num⯑bers, that military aid was demanded to deſtroy them—love a warm climate—Engliſh counties moſt noted for them—delight in a ſandy ſoil, iv. 22—the tame larger than the wild—indulged into great plenty of moiſt food, as the feeders expreſs it, are apt to grow rotten—their hair employed in Eng⯑land for ſeveral purpoſes—the ſkin of the male preferred, iv. 23
• Rabbit (Syrian), remarkable for the length, gloſs, and ſoftneſs of its hair, iii. 212, and iv. 23—in ſome places curled at the end like wool, and ſhed once a year in large maſſes; and ſome part dragg⯑ing on the ground, appears like another leg, or a longer tail, iv. 23, 24—no rabbits natural in A⯑merica—thoſe carried from Europe multiply in the Weſt India iſlands abundantly; on the conti⯑nent there are animals reſembling the European rabbits, iv. 24
• Rabbit (Braſilian), ſhaped like the Engliſh, but with⯑out a tail—does not burrow like ours, and is not above twice the ſize of a dor-mouſe, iv. 54—Guinea-pig placed by Briſſon among animals of the rabbit-kind, iv. 55
• [] Racoon, with ſome the Jamaica rat—its deſcription, iv. 333—and habits—do more injury in one night in Jamaica, than the labours of a month can repair, iv. 334—capable of being inſtructed in amuſing tricks; drinks by lapping as well as by ſucking—its food, iv. 334, 335
• Rains of blood, the excrements of an inſect at that time raiſed into the air, i. 390
• Rainbows, circular rainbows in the Alps, i. 145—and between the tropics and near the poles, i. 377—one of the three rainbows ſeen by Ulloa, at Quito, was real, the reſt only reflections thereof—a glaſs globe, filled with water, will aſſume ſucceſſively all the colours of the rainbow, i. 385—upon the tops of very high mountains circular rainbows are ſeen, and why, i. 386—a lunar rainbow, near the poles, appears of a pale white, ſtriped with grey, i. 387—the ſolar rainbow, in Greenland, appears of a pale white, edged with a ſtripe of duſky yellow, i. 388
• Rain fowl, the name given in ſome parts of the country to the wood-pecker, and why, v. 249
• Rams, it is no uncommon thing in the counties of Lincoln and Warwick, to give fifty guineas for a ram, iii. 44
• Ranguer, the name of the ninth variety of gazelles made by Mr. Buffon, iii. 78
• Rapacious, in the rapacious kinds the dam leads her young forth for months together, iv. 6
• Rarefaction of air, produced by the heat of the ſun⯑beams in countries under the line, being flat and ſandy, low and extenſive, as the deſarts of Africa, i. 344
• Rats, muſk rat, three diſtinctions of that ſpecies—the ondatra, deſman, and pilori—the ondatra differs from all others, having the tail flatted and carried edge-ways—in what they reſemble each other, iv. 78—female of the ondatra has two aper⯑tures, one for urine, the other for propagation—they can creep into a hole where others, ſeemingly much leſs, cannot follow, and why—they re⯑ſemble [] the beaver in nature and diſpoſition—man⯑ner of life—their houſes during winter are covered under a depth of eight or ten feet of ſnow, iv. 79, 80—the ſavages of Canada think the muſk-rat into⯑lerably foetid, but deem its fleſh good eating, iv. 80—great rat, called alſo rat of Norway, though unknown in all northern countries—origi⯑nally from the Levant, and a new comer into this country—firſt arrival upon the coaſts of Ire⯑land, with ſhips trading in proviſions to Gibraltar, a ſingle pair enough for the numerous progeny now infeſting the Britiſh empire—called by Mr. Buffon the ſurmalot—its deſcription, iv. 65, 66—the Nor⯑way rat, has deſtroyed the black rat, or common rat, as once called, iv. 66—and, being of an amphibious nature, has alſo deſtroyed the frogs in Ireland—great miſchief done by the Norway rat, iv. 67—it ſwims with eaſe, dives with celerity, and ſoon thins the fiſh pond—the feebler animals do not eſcape the rapacity of the Norway rat, except the mouſe—they eat and deſtroy each other—the large male keeps in a hole by itſelf, and dreaded by its own ſpecies, as a moſt formidable enemy—produce from fifteen to thirty at a time; and bring forth three times a year, iv. 68—quadrupeds avhich have anti⯑pathies againſt the rat, iv. 69—the black rat has propagated in America in great numbers, intro⯑duced from Europe, and are become the moſt noxious animals there—its deſcription—black water-rat, not web-footed, as fſppoſed by Ray—its de⯑ſcription, iv. 71—its food—is eat, in ſome countries, on faſting days, iv. 72—the nux vomica, ground and mixed with meal, the moſt certain poiſon, and the leaſt dangerous to kill rats, iv. 70—the German rat deſcribed, iv. 81—their ſagacity in conſtructing their habitations, iv. 82
• Rat of Surinam. See Phalanger.
• Rat of Jamaica, a name by ſome given to the racoon, iv. 333
• Rattle-ſnake, its deſcription, and dimenſions, vii. 208 []—effects of its bite, vii. 211—the remedies againſt it, vii. 212—power of charming its prey into its mouth—facts related to this purpo—e, vii. 213—kind of friendſhip between it and the armadilla, or tatou, frequently found in the ſame hole, iv. 131
• Ravens how diſtinguiſhed from the carrion-crow and rook, v. 224—manners and appetites—raven found in every region of the world, v. 225—white ravens often ſhown, and rendered ſo by art, v. 226—trained up for fowling like a hawk; taught to fetch and carry like a ſpaniel—to ſpeak like a parrot; and to ſing like a man, with diſtinct⯑neſs, truth, and humour—amuſing qualities, vices, and defects—food in the wild ſtate, v 226, 227—places for building neſts—number of eggs—will not permit their young to keep in the ſame diſtrict, but drive them off when ſuffi⯑ciently able to ſhift for themſelves—three of the Weſtern Iſlands occupied by a pair of ravens each, that drive off all other birds with great cries and impetuoſity—pick out the eyes of ſheep and lambs when ſick and helpleſs, v. 228—the Romans thought it ominous, and from fear paid it pro⯑found veneration—Pliny's account of one kept in the temple of Caſtor, and flew down into the ſhop of a taylor—ſome have lived near a hun⯑dred years—in clear weather they fly in pairs to a great height, making a deep loud noiſe, different from their uſual croaking, v. 229, 230—the horn⯑ed Indian raven, v. 235
• Ravenna, once ſtood by the ſea-ſide, and is now con⯑ſiderably removed from it, i. 276
• Ray, his method of claſſing animals, ii. 294
• Ray, figure of the fiſh of this kind, and their diffe⯑rences, vi. 248—amazing dimenſions of one ſpeared by negroes at Guadaloupe, vi. 251—to credit the Norway biſhop, there are ſome above a mile over—ſuppoſed to be the largeſt inhabitants of the deep—chuſes its retreat in ſuch parts of the ſea as have a black muddy bottom—the ſmall approach [] the ſhores—their food—they generate in March and April, when they ſwim near the ſurface of the water, ſeveral males purſuing one female, vi. 352—adhere ſo faſt in coition, that the fiſhermen frequently draw up both together, though only one was hooked—three hundred eggs taken out of the body of a ray—in what manner the eggs drop into the womb from the ovary, or egg-bag—breeding ceaſes in October, and in May are in higheſt per⯑fection, vi. 253—account of the method of taking them, vi. 254—all extremely delicate in their choice of baits; a piece of herring or haddock twelve hours out of the ſea, and then uſed as a bait, they will not touch—beſt weather for taking them, vi. 257—method uſed by the Italians in the Mediterranean to take this fiſh—they bait a line of twenty miles long, with ten or twelve thouſand hooks, vi. 258—no way of ſeizing the rough ray, but by the little fin at the end of the tail, vi. 259
• Rays of light moderated, and their violence diſſipated by the air, i. 334
• Rays of the ſun, darted directly upon the ſurface of the water, compared to ſo many bars of red-hot iron, i. 370
• Razor-fiſh, the coryphaena of the prickly-finned tho⯑racic kind—its deſcription, vi. 307
• Razor-ſhell, the pivot, its motion and habits, vii. 52—is allured by ſalt, vii. 53
• Reaumur, his chymical elaboratory for hatching chickens, v. 168
• Red-breaſt, a ſong bird, ſeemingly mild; claims a diſ⯑trict, whence it ſeldom moves, but drives away every one of the ſame ſpecies without pity, v. 31—its voice has the delicacy of the flute—places where found, v. 332—its neſt, and the number of eggs, v. 333
• Red ſtart, bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314
• Red-wing, or field-fare, bird of paſſage—its neſt and eggs, v. 323
• Reed, ſtuck into the ground in Perſia, where the [] earth is impregnated with inflammable vapours, continues to burn like a flambeau, i. 86
• Reeve, name given to the female of the ruff, vi. 34
• Reflection of ſound, its laws not as well underſtood as thoſe of light, ii. 171
• Regions, the higheſt region in the world, i. 150—a⯑bove that of ſtorms, all is calm and ſerene, i. 253
• Rein-deer, killed by eight Engliſhmen upon the coaſt of Greenland, for their ſubſiſtence, remained ſweet eight months, without any ſalt whatever, i. 314, 315. For the deſcription of this animal ſee Deer.
• Relievo, painters can never fully imitate that bold re⯑lievo, which both eyes give to the object, ii. 150
• Remora, the ſucking-fiſh, it ſticks to the ſhark, and drains away its moiſture; the ſeamen believe it at⯑tends the ſhark to point out prey; and apprize him of danger; for this reaſon it is called the ſhark's pilot, vi. 246
• Reproduction, the firſt diſcovery of the power of repro⯑duction in animals owing to Mr. Trembley—ex⯑periments made to this purpoſe, viii. 172
• Reptiles, grow to a prodigious ſize in the internal parts of South America and Africa, and why, ii. 6, 332—many of the more humble kinds not only confined to one country, but to a plant; nay, even to a leaf, ii. 7—entirely aſſimilated to the plant they feed on; aſſume its colour, and medi⯑cinal properties—taken from that, they in⯑ſtantly die—infinite numbers of them not ſeen in this part of the world, and why, ii. 8
• Reſemblance to the common parent of all, the olive coloured Aſiatic, and the jet black negroe, claim the honour of hereditary reſemblance to him—argument ſufficing to prove the contrary, ii. 240—difficult to give a reaſon why the child ſhould reſemble the father or the mother, ii. 248
• Reſpiration in fiſhes, general method of explaining it, vi. 170—particularly in that of the whale kind, vi. 186
• Retreat of the rabbits, an external hole at a diſtance [] from the warren, as a kind of country-houſe, iv. 17
• Rhine, a great river, proceeds from the Alps, i. 142—part of it loſt in the ſands, not far from Ley⯑den, i. 224—the greateſt part arrives at the ocean, i. 225
• Rhinoceros, a ruminating animal, iii. 5—not afraid ſingly to oppoſe the lion, iii. 225—next to the elephant the moſt powerful of animals—general out-line of it, iv. 285, 286—the elephant defeated by it, iv. 287—its horn ſometimes found from three to three feet and an half long—this horn com⯑poſed of the moſt ſolid ſubſtance, and pointed ſo as to inflict the moſt fatal wounds, iv. 286—fabulous reports of this animal, iv. 287—deſcrip⯑tion of its tongue by L'Avocat—a rhinoceros ſent from Bengal to London, not above two years old, coſt near a thouſand pounds for his conveyance and food—how it was fed—of a gentle diſpoſi⯑tion, permitted itſelf to be touched and handled by all viſitors, attempting no miſchief but when a⯑buſed, or hungry; no method of appeaſing its fury then but by giving it ſomething to eat—when angry, it jumped againſt the walls of the room with great violence, iv. 288—its age—its food—places where found, iv. 289—in ſome parts of Aſia, theſe animals are tamed, and led into the field to ſtrike terror into the enemy, but are as dangerous to the employers—method of taking them—ſome found in Africa with a double horn, one above the other, iv. 290—many medicinal virtues aſcribed to this horn, when taken in powder, without any foundation, iv. 291
• Rivers, all our greateſt find their ſource among moun⯑tains, i. 142—their production, according to De la Hire, i. 194—other hypotheſes upon the ſame ſubject, i. 196—the copious fountains of the great⯑eſt moſt remote from the ſea, i. 198—channels of rivers originally formed by the induſtry of man, [] according to Varenius i. 200—make their own beds, and level the bottom of their channels, i. 201, 202—rivers dig and widen themſelves, to a certain de⯑gree, i. 202—their banks appear above water, after inundations, when the adjacent valley is overflown, and why, i. 202, 203—their ſinuoſities and turnings more numerous as they proceed—a certain ſign with the ſavages of North America, they are near the ſea, when they find the rivers winding and of⯑ten changing their direction, i. 203—rivers riſe in in the middle, and the convexity is in proportion to the rapidity of the ſtream, i. 204—when tides flow up with violence againſt the natural current, the greateſt rapidity is then found at the ſides of the river, and why—at theſe times, the middle waters ſink in a furrow, i. 204, 205—a little river re⯑ceived into a large, without augmenting either width or depth, and why, i. 207—inſtance of it—a river tending to enter another either per⯑pendicularly or in an oppoſite direction, will be diverted by degrees from that direction, and obliged to make itſelf a more favourable entrance with the ſtream of the former—the union of two rivers into one makes a ſwifter flow, and why—whatever di⯑rection the ridge of the mountain has, the river takes the oppoſite courſe, i. 208—their branches compared to a number of roots conveying nouriſh⯑ment to ſtately trees—equally difficult to tell which the original, i. 217—every great river, whoſe ſource lies within the tropics, has its ſtated inun⯑dations, i. 218—thoſe of countries leaſt inhabited are very rocky and broken into cataracts, and why, i. 221—ſome loſe themſelves in the ſands or are ſwallowed up by charms in the earth, i. 224—at the poles neceſſarily ſmall, and why, i. 225, 226—the rivers of Europe more navigable and more manage⯑able than thoſe of Africa and of the torrid zone, i. 226—all rivers in the world flowing into the ſea with a continuance of their preſent ſtores, would take [] up, at a rude computation, eight hundred years to fill it to its preſent height, i. 228
• Robin-red-breaſt, a ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, living upon inſects, v. 314
• Rock, great bird, deſcribed by Arabian writers, and exaggerated by fable, ſuppoſed to be but a ſpecies of the condor, between the eagle and vultur, v. 105
• Rocks and precipices, thoſe of St. Kilda are more than three-quarters of a mile perpendicularly—deſcription of a very bold coaſt, vi. 78
• Roe-buck, the ſmalleſt of the deer-kind in our climate—its deſcription, iii. 131—differs from the fallow-deer, from the ſtag, and from all the goat-kind, iii. 132—faces the ſtag, and often comes off victo⯑rious—theſe bucks live in ſeparate families; the ſire, dam, and young aſſociate, and admit no-ſtranger into their community, iii. 133—never leaves its mate—rutting ſeaſon continues but fifteen days, from the end of October to the middle of November—female goes with young five months and a half, iii. 134—produces two at a time, and three rarely—her tenderneſs in protecting them very extraordinary, iii. 135—names given by hunt⯑ers to the different kinds and ages of it, iii. 136—time of ſhedding its horns, iii. 137—its life ſeldom longer than twelve or fifteen years; and tame, not above ſix or ſeven—is of a delicate conſtitu⯑tion—eaſily ſubdued, but never thoroughly tamed—its cry neither ſo loud nor ſo frequent as the ſtags—hunters eaſily imitate the call of the young to the dam, and thus allure her to deſtruction, iii. 138—this animal contented to ſlake its thirſt with the dew on the graſs and leaves of trees—prefers ten⯑der branches and buds of trees to corn and other vegetables—we have but two known va⯑rieties—the fleſh of thoſe between one and two years old the greateſt delicacy known—more com⯑mon in America than in Europe—inhabitants of Louiſiana live upon its fleſh, which taſtes like mutton when well fatted—the breed extremely numerous, and the varieties in proportion, iii. 139 []—found alſo in Braſil, where called cuguacu-apa⯑ra; and in China—its deſcribers there confound it with the muſk-goat, though of a different nature, iii. 140
• Roger de Belegme, the firſt recorded for attempts to⯑wards mending our native breed of horſes, ii. 370
• Roger of Sicily, at his return from the Holy Land, brought workmen for the ſilk manufactory from Aſia Minor, and ſettled them in Sicily and Cala⯑bria, in the beginning of the twelfth century, viii. 50
• Roller, a beautiful bird of the pie-kind; its deſcrip⯑tion, v. 242
• Romans cut down all the woods and foreſts in Britain, and why, i. 286—in battle, opened their ranks to admit the elephant, and ſeparating it from aſſiſtance compelled its conductors to calm its fury and ſub⯑mit, iv. 277—the vanity of their boaſts beſt ſhewn by the parrot-kind, in a hundred ſpecies now known, not one of thoſe birds naturally breeds in any of the countries that acknowledged the Roman power, v. 283—a Roman emperor had fifteen hundred flamingos tongues ſerved up in a ſingle-diſh at a feaſt, vi. 15—a Roman ſenator uſed to throw into his ponds ſuch of his ſlaves as offend⯑ed him, to feed the lampreys, vi. 274—infamous for a Roman to appear in a dreſs, in which ſilk entered into the compoſition, viii. 49
• Rombald, a holy temperate man ſaid to have lived a hundred and twenty years, chearful by ſtrong hopes, and healthy by moderate labour, ii. 132
• Rocks, of the pie-kind; not carnivorous, v. 330—places where they build their neſts—their plan of policy, v. 231—young couples making neſts too near an old pair, a battle enſues, and the old be⯑come victorious—fatigues of the young in making neſts, v. 233, 234—the female beginning to lay, all hoſtilities ceaſe, and ſhe is ſuffered to hatch her brood without moleſtation—a foreign rook at⯑tempting [] to join ſociety with them, would have the grove in arms againſt him, and be expelled without mercy, v. 234—their chief food, v. 235
• Roſes, otter of roſes, a modern delicate perfume, iii. 394
• Rouſette, the great bat of Madagaſcar, a formidable creature, deſcribed, iv. 141—drinks the juice of the palm-tree, iv. 142
• Royſton-crow, a bird of paſſage, deſcribed, v. 230
• Rubeth, the land-toad, the only one of the kind that has the property of ſucking cancerous breaſts, vii. 105
• Ruff, ſmall bird of the crane-kind, vi. 33—manner of taking it, vi. 34—their fleſh in high eſtimation, vi. 35
• Ruminant animals moſt harmleſs and eaſily tamed—ge⯑nerally go in herds for mutual ſecurity—live entire⯑ly upon vegetables, iii. 1—the meaneſt of them unite in each other's defence—are more indolent and leſs artful than the carnivorous kinds, and why—nature has enlarged the capacity of their inteſtines for a greater ſupply of food, iii. 2—their bowels con⯑ſidered as an elaboratory with veſſels in it, iii. 3—made their inteſtines ſtrong, fleſhy, and well co⯑vered with fat, iii. 4—and furniſhed them with four ſtrong and muſcular ſtomachs, iii. 3 and 5—ſome that are not furniſhed with four ſtomachs—ruminant quadrupeds, birds, fiſhes, inſects, iii. 5, 6—men known to ruminate; inſtance in a young man at Briſtol, iii. 6—thoſe of the cow-kind hold the firſt rank, iii. 8—all of this claſs internally much alike, iii. 36—have not the upper fore-teeth, iii. 44—the ſtag performs this with more difficulty than the cow or ſheep, iii. 106
• Runner, the corrira, bird of the crane-kind, its de⯑ſcription, vi. 21
• Runts, a variety of tame pigeons, produced by croſs-coupling, v. 293
• Ruſſian ſoldiers and condemned criminals ſent into [] Siberia to kill ſables, both taxed at a certain num⯑ber of ſkins yearly—a colonel, during ſeven years ſtay, gains about four thouſand crowns for his ſhare, iii. 375
• Ruſt, copper and iron quickly covered and corroded with it—gold contracts no ruſt, and why, except in the elaboratories where ſalt is much uſed, i. 313
• Rut, time when the ſtags feel the deſire of copulating, iii. 101, 102—their neck is then ſwoln—other ef⯑fects which it cauſes in ſtags, iii. 102—their voice at that time terrible, iii. 106

• Sable, its deſcription, from Mr. Jonelin, the firſt ac⯑curate obſerver of this animal, iii. 373—ſables leap with eaſe from tree to tree, and are afraid of the ſun—different colours of their fur, iii. 374—hunt⯑ing the ſable chiefly the lot of ſoldiers and con⯑demned criminals—how directed to ſhoot then, iii. 375
• Sabre, the trachepterus, deſcription of this ſpinous fiſh, vi. 309
• Sacre, bird of the generous breed of hawks, the legs are of a blueiſh colour, and ſerve to diſtinguiſh it, v. 122
• Sago tree eat by the elephant to the ſtump, iv. 259
• Sai, the bewailer, a monkey of the new continent, iv. 236
• Sail, a ſtag hard hunted, taking to the water, is ſaid to go ſail, iii. 114
• Saines, name of the nets uſed in the pilchard-fiſhery on the coaſt of Cornwall, vi. 332
• Sajou, third ſort of the ſapajou, a monkey of the new continent, iv. 236
• Saki, the cagui, the largeſt monkey of the ſagoin kind—its deſcription, iv. 237
• Sal ammoniac, trade of the urine of camels, iv. 311
• Salamander, there is no ſuch animal exiſting as that deſcribed by the ancients—the modern ſalamander a lizard—its conformation and habits, vii. 139—[] reports concerning their venom, vii. 140—idle no⯑tion of its being inconſumable in fire, vii. 142—internal conformation of the lizard, vii. 143—manner of its bringing forth young alive, all am⯑phibious, vii. 145—ſuſtain want of food ſurpriſing⯑ly, vii. 146
• Saliva, in the lama, or American camel, ſupplied by nature in ſuch abundance, that it ſpits on all occa⯑ſions, and ſeems the only offenſive weapon of this harmleſs creature—the Indians think it of ſo acri⯑monious a nature, as to burn the ſkin, or cauſe dangerous eruptions, iv. 315
• Salmon, ſaid to be a ruminating fiſh, iii. 5—a ſoft-finned abdominal fiſh, vi. 313—the young conti⯑nue in the egg from the beginning of December till the beginning of April, vi. 180
• Salt water, opinions about the ſaltneſs of the ſea, par⯑ticularly that of Boyle, i. 234—method of finding out the age of the world by the ſaltneſs of the ocean, i. 235—ſaltneſs found to prevail in every part of the ocean, as much at the ſurface as at the bottom—alſo found in ſome lakes, i. 236—conſi⯑dered as a principal cauſe in preſerving the ſea from putrefaction—it is confirmed by experiments, i. 239, 240—advantages derived from the ſaltneſs of the ſea, i. 241—various attempts to make it freſh, i. 237—its weight, i. 241 See Sea water.
• Salt, Bay-ſalt, brought from the Bay of Biſcay, a ſtrong kind made by evaporation in the ſun, i. 241—fiſhes do not imbibe any of the ſaltneſs of the ſea-water, vi. 321—deſtroys ſnails, vii. 25—allures the pivot, or razor-ſhell, vii. 53—ſalt ſprinkled upon the water-lizard, the whole body emits a viſcuous liquor, and it dies in three minutes, in great ago⯑nies, vii. 146—volatile cauſtic ſalt obtained in great quantity from the cantharides fly, viii. 143
• Sameyel, a wind along the coaſts of the Perſian Gulph, which aſſumes a viſible form, and inſtant⯑ly kills all thoſe involved in its paſſage; i. 358
• [] Samiri, the aurora, the ſmalleſt and moſt beautiful monkey of the ſapajou kind—its deſcription—a very tender delicate animal, and held in high price, iv. 336
• Samoeid Tartars, deſcription of that people, ii. 213
• Sanctorian ſtatical experiments upon a weak founda⯑tion, ii. 111
• Sand, rolling in waves like a troubled ſea, and over⯑whelming all with inevitable deſtruction, i. 13—fine vitrifiable, found in a well dug at Marly, i. 57—ſo fine, and driven with ſuch violence, as to pene⯑trate into cheſts, be they ſhut never ſo cloſely, i. 357—tract of a country, lying along the ſea-ſide in Lower Brittany, inhabited before the year 1666, now lies deſert, being covered with ſand to the height of twenty feet, i. 364
• Sanderling, ſmall bird of the crane-kind, vi. 23
• Sandpiper, ſmall bird of the crane-kind, vi. 23
• Santorin, an earthquake happened in it in 1707, i. 126—the new volcano near it, i. 127
• Sapajou, name given to the monkies of the new con⯑tinent, that have muſcular holding tails—five ſorts of them, iv. 235
• Savages more difficult in point of dreſs than the fa⯑ſhionable or tawdry European, ii. 98—inſtance of it, ii. 97—perform a journey of twelve hundred leagues in leſs than ſix weeks, ii. 115—oblige their women to a life of continual labour—is ſurprized a European walks forward for his amuſement and return back again, ii. 121—the boaſt of corporal force now reſigned to ſavage nations, and why, ii. 119—are highly delighted with the ſmell of aſafoe⯑tida, ii. 181—their cuſtoms in every country al⯑moſt the ſame, ii. 230—thoſe of Africa the moſt brutal—they and thoſe of America, ſup⯑poſe monkies to be men, idle, ſlothful, rational beings, capable of ſpeech and converſation, but ob⯑ſtinately dumb for fear of being compelled to labour, iv. 231
• [] Sauce made with the blood and marrow of the rein-deer, and kept for uſe in ſmall caſks by the Lap⯑landers, iii. 167
• Savoyards, the only chimney-ſweepers of Paris carry about for ſhow the marmotte bred in their native country, iv. 39
• Scallop, in its ſhell, moves forward upon land, and ſwims upon the ſurface of the water, by contrivance in a ſingular manner, vii. 51
• Scar, a child diſtinctly marked ſimilar to one the fa⯑ther had from a wound received in battle, ii. 238
• Scarus, if we believe Ovid, is, like the ſalmon, a ruminating fiſh, iii. 6
• Scaup-duck, a variety of the duck-kind, vi. 130
• Scent, the negroes of Guinea have an inſupportable ſcent, ii. 226
• Schotius aſſures us, he ſaw an inſtance of fiſhes being allured by muſic, ii. 168
• Sciaena, a ſpinous fiſh—deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 308
• Scolopendra, the centipes, a hideous angry worm, deſcribed, vii. 302, 303
• Somber, the mackarel, a prickly-finned thoracic fiſh—its deſcription, vi. 307
• Scooper, bird of the crane-kind, chiefly found in Italy, vi 20 See Avoſetta.
• Scorpaena, or father-laſher, of the prickly-finned tho⯑racic kind—deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 308
• Scorpion, four principal parts diſtinguiſhable in this animal, vii. 292—the reſervoir where its poiſon is kept, vii. 293—effects of its ſting upon a dog, in an experiment made by M. Maupertuis, vii. 294—experiments made upon other dogs, vii. 295—inſtances of its iraſcible nature and malignity, vii. 297—when driven to extremity, deſtroys itſelf, vii. 298—inſtance of it—the male ſmaller than the female, vii. 299—their chief food, vii. 300—how the common ſcorpion produces its young, vii. 299, 300—captivity makes it deſtroy its young—a ſcor⯑pion of America produced from the egg, vii. 301
• [] Water-Scorpion, an inſect with wings, deſcribed, vii. 359—its habits, vii. 360
• Scoter, an European duck, vi. 129
• Scotland has land in it at one time covered with water, at another free, i. 279—not infeſted with wolves, iii. 319
• Scotchman, in the Tower for felony, took not the leaſt ſuſtenance during ſix weeks, the records of that fortreſs mentioning his being exactly watched all that time, ii. 133
• Sea was open to all till the time of the emperor Juſti⯑nian, i. 232—ſenſibly retired in many parts of the coaſts of France, England, Holland, Germany, and Pruſſia, i. 275—Norwegian ſea has formed ſe⯑veral little iſlands from the main land, and ſtill daily advances upon the continent, i. 278—its co⯑lour not from any thing floating in it, but from the different reflexions of the rays of light—a proof of it—though its ſurface be deformed by tempeſts, it is uſually calm and temperate below, i. 292—the ſea grows colder in proportion as divers deſcend, i. 292, 293—ſmokes like an oven near the poles, when the winter begins, i. 386—no fiſh imbibe any of the ſea-ſaltneſs with food or in reſpiration—why ſome ſpecies live only there, and expire when brought into freſh water, accounted for, vi. 321
• Red Sea choaked up with coraline ſubſtances, i. 288 and viii. 192—along ſome ſhores, and at the mouths of ſeveral rivers, the bottom has the appearance of a foreſt of trees, millions of plants ſtanding ſo thick as to obſtruct navigation, viii 191
• Sea-eggs, name given to the multivalve ſhell fiſh, of the echini, or urchins, which move, vii. 61
• Sea-nettles, name given by ſome to the ſtar-fiſh, viii. 175
• Sea-water about a forty-fifth part heavier than freſh water, i. 241—is heavier, and conſequently ſalter, the nearer we approach the line, i. 242—various methods propoſed to render it freſh for the uſe of ſeamen in long voyages, i. 237. See Salt water.
• [] Sea-worm may be multiplied by being cut in pieces, ii. 23. See Polypus.
• Seal reſembles a quadruped in ſome reſpects, and a fiſh in others, ii. 313 and iv. 168—its deſcription—the varieties innumerable, iv. 168, 169—the brain largeſt of any animal—its tongue differs from other quadrupeds, iv. 170—the foramen ovale in its heart never cloſing, fits it for continuing under water, though not ſo long as fiſhes, iv. 171—the water its habitation, and any fiſh its food—makes little uſe of its legs, iv. 172—ſeldom at a diſtance from the ſhore—found in the North and Icy Seas, and on thoſe ſhores in flocks, baſking on the rocks and ſuckling their young—alarmed, they plunge all together into the water—in thunder and torrents they ſport along the ſhore, as delighted with univer⯑ſal diſorder, iv. 173—gregarious and migrant, direct their courſe to northern coaſts and ſeas free of ice, in two departures, obſerving time and track, iv. 174—how and by what paſſages they return unknown—they go out fat and return lean—females in our climate bring forth in winter—where they rear their young—how they ſuckle them—ſhe has four teats near the navel—in fifteen days, ſhe brings the young to the water, to ſwim and get food—no litter exceeds four—the young know the mother's voice among the bleatings of the old—aſſiſt each other in danger, and are obedient to her call, iv. 175—hunt and herd together, and have a va⯑riety of tones like dogs and cats, to purſue prey, or warn of danger—feeling natural deſires, they fight deſperately, and the victorious male keeps all to himſelf—two never fall upon one, each has its an⯑tagoniſt—neither length of time in pregnancy, nor duration of theſe animals lives yet known, iv. 176—two taken young, after ten years had the marks of age—expert at catching fiſh—deſtroy herrings by thouſands—ſwift in deep waters, they dive with rapidity, iv. 177—attacked with ſtones, they bite [] at what is thrown, and to the laſt gaſp annoy the enemy—time to ſurprize them—how the Europeans and Greenlanders deſtroy them, iv. 178, 179—in our climate they are wary, and ſuffer no ap⯑proach—never ſleep without moving, and ſeldom more than a minute, iv. 179—taken for the ſkin and oil the fat yields—uſes of the ſkin when dreſſed—the fleſh formerly at the tables of the great—an inſtance of it, iv. 180—the ſea-lion, in Anſon's Voyages, the largeſt of the ſeal family, iv. 181
• Sebald Wert, a traveller, confirms the exiſtence of giants in St. Julian's Bay, forty-nine degrees ſouth of the line, ii. 261
• Seeds, ſome thought to thrive better for maceration in the ſtomach of birds, before they be voided on the ground, v. 316
• Senegal, a river in Africa, its courſe—is navigable for more than three hundred leagues, i. 212—receives more than twenty rivers, i. 217—the natives conſi⯑der forty years as a very advanced time of life, and generally die of old age at fifty, i. 321
• Senſations, their illuſion at firſt when man is newly brought into exiſtence, deſcribed by Mr. Buffon, ii. 187—fiſh fall behind terreſtrial animals in their ſenſations, vi. 159
• Senſes, acting at ſome diſtance, proportionably more capable of making combinations; and conſequent⯑ly, more improveable, ii. 178—of all ſenſes man is moſt inferior to other animals in that of ſmell⯑ing—and it ſeems not to offend them, ii. 179—the groſſeſt, and moſt uſeful of all, is that of feel⯑ing, ii. 185
• Senſitive plant, has as much perception as the freſh water polypus, ii. 3
• Seps, improper name of the Chalcidian lizard, the laſt diviſion of that kind—deſcription of this animal, vii. 157, 158—its bite very venomous, vii, 215
• Seraglio, to be able to furniſh one the only tendency of the ambition of an Aſiatic, ii. 72
• [] Serpents, the ſea about the iſlands of Azores replen⯑iſhed with them for want of motion, i. 239—to believe all ſaid of the ſea-ſerpent, is credulity; to refuſe aſſent to its exiſtence, is preſumption, vi. 193—the various hiſſings at the cloſe of evening, make a louder ſymphony in Africa than birds in European groves in a morning, ii, 321—hiſtories of antiquity exhibit a nation ſinking under the ra⯑vages of a ſerpent, vii. 162—Regulus leading his army along the banks of the river Bagrada, in A⯑frica, an enormous ſerpent diſputed the paſſage, its ſkin was an hundred and twenty feet long, vii. 163—marks diſtinguiſhing them from the reſt of animals—their conformation, vii. 165—and pro⯑greſſive motion, vii. 171—the natural food of the ichneumon, iii. 379—the only animal in the foreſt that oppoſes the monkey—ſurpriſing them ſleeping, ſwallows them whole, before they have time for defence—monkies inhabit the tops of trees, and ſerpents cling to branches toward the bottom; thus near each other, as enemies in the ſame field of battle—this vicinity thought to argue a friendſhip—monkies provoke the ſerpents by jumping over them, iv. 220—encounter of a great ſerpent with a buffalo—entwines and devours the buffalo, vii. 174—long ſerpent of Congo, vii. 176—ſome bring their young alive, ſome bring forth eggs, vii. 184—ſome venomous, and ſome inoffenſive, vii. 186—animals which deſtroy them, vii. 188—boaſted pretenſions of charming ſerpents, vii. 189—have docility—Egyptians paid adoration to a ſerpent; and inhabitants of the weſtern coaſt of Africa retain the ſame veneration, vii. 190—all amphibious, vii. 182—their motion, ſwim⯑ing in liquids, vii. 183—excrements of ſome kept as a pleaſing perfume at Calcutta and Cranganon—the Eſculapian ſerpent, vii. 184—little ſerpent at the Cape of Good Hope, and north of the river Senegal, vii. 172—ſea-ſerpent, the elops deſcrib⯑ed, vi. 310—the prince of ſerpents a native of Ja⯑pan, [] the greateſt favourite of ſavages, and has not its equal for beauty, vii. 224—ſeat of poiſon in venomous ſerpents; inſtrument by which the wound is made, vii. 193, 194—thoſe deſtitute of fangs are harmleſs, vii. 194—various appearances the venom produce, vii. 197—may be taken inwardly without ſenſible effects or prejudice to the conſti⯑tution, vii. 198—inſtance of it, 199—another of the force of ſerpents poiſon, from Ray, vii. 200—no animals bear abſtinence ſo long as they, vii. 178—their powers of digeſtion but feeble, vii. 179—their principal food birds, moles, toads, lizards, vii. 202—little ſerpents live for ſeveral years in glaſſes, never eat at all, nor ſtain the glaſs with excrements, vii. 179
• Serval, a native of Malabar, reſembling the panther in its ſpots, iii. 258
• Setter, a dog of the generous kind, iii. 286, 288
• Severn, lamprey of this river the moſt delicate of all fiſh, vi. 270
• Shagreen, made of the ſkin of the wild aſs, ii. 377—the ſkin of the ſhark, by great labour, poliſhed in⯑to the ſubſtance called ſhagreen, vi. 247
• Shammoy, a kind of goat, in the mountains of Dau⯑phine, Piedmont, Savoy, Switzerland, and Ger⯑many, iii. 63—its deſcription, iii. 65—keep in flocks from four to fourſcore, and a hundred—time of coupling—live twenty or thirty years—their fleſh good to eat; the ſuet from ten or twelve pounds, iii. 63—this animal has a feeble bleat, to call its young; in caſes of danger, its hiſſing noiſe is heard at a great diſtance—by ſmell, diſcovers a man at half a league, iii. 64—feeds upon [...] beſt herbage, and delicate parts of plants, and aroma⯑tic herbs—admired for the beauty of its eyes, iii. 65—not found in ſummer, except in caverns of rocks, amidſt fragments of ice, or under ſhades of ſpreading trees, iii. 66—during winter, it ſleeps in the thicker foreſts, and feeds upon ſhrubs and buds of pine-trees, and ſcratches up the snow for herb⯑age, [] iii. 67—manner of hunting it—dogs of uſeleſs in the chace, iii. 68—ſkin of the ſhammoy when tanned, liked for ſoftneſs and warmth; the leather now called ſhammoy, made from the tame goat, ſheep, and deer, iii. 68, 69—medicinal virtues ſaid to reſide in the blood, fat, gall, and the con⯑cretion found in the ſtomach, and called the Ger⯑man bezoar, iii. 69
• Shank, the red, and the green ſhank, varieties of the crane kind—their dimenſions, vi. 23
• Shark, deſcription of the great white ſhark—the mouth and throat enormouſly wide; capable of ſwallow⯑ing a man, vi. 238—great number of its teeth, vi. 239—no fiſh ſwims ſo faſt, vi. 155 to 240—outſtrips the ſwifteſt ſhips—obliged to turn on one ſide (not on the back) to ſeize the prey, vi. 240—in⯑ſtances of frightful rapacity in this fiſh, vi. 241—its enmity to man; along the coaſts of Africa, many negroes are ſeized and devoured by them yearly,—loves the black men's fleſh better than the white vi. 241, 242—uſual method of ſailors to take them,—no animal harder to kill; when cut in pieces, the muſcles preſerve motion, and vibrate for ſome minutes ſeparated from the body, vi. 243, 244—how killed by the African negroes, vi. 245—the remora, or ſucking-fiſh ſticks to it; for what purpoſe—for reſemblance to the whale ranked among cetaceous fiſhes—brings forth living young—Rondeletius ſays, the female of the blue ſhark lets her brood, when in danger, ſwim down her throat, and ſhelter in her belly, vi. 245, 246—in Mr. Pennant's opinion, the female is larger than the male, through all this tribe, vi. 247
• Sheat-fiſh, the ſiturus of the prickly-finned abdominal kind—its deſcription, vi. 310
• Sheep, in the domeſtic ſtate, ſtupid, moſt defenceleſs, and inoffenſive—made ſo by human art alone—its deſcription, iii. 38, 39, 40—thoſe living upon fertile paſture, growing fat, become feeble, iii. 40, 41—thoſe without horns, more dull and heavy than [] the reſt—thoſe with longeſt and fineſt fleeces moſt ſubject to diſorders—the goat, reſembling them in many other reſpects, much their ſuperior, iii. 41—they propagate together, as of one family, iii. 35—ſheep follow the ſound of the ſhepherd's pipe, iii. 42—in courſe of time impoveriſh the paſturage, iii. 10—they eat three hundred and eighty-ſeven plants, and rejects a hundred and forty-one, iii. 176—the author law one that would eat fleſh, ii. 327—have eight teeth in the lower jaw—are ſhed and replaced at different periods—ſome breeds in England never change teeth, and are ſuppoſed old a year or two before the reſt, iii. 44, 45—bring forth one or two at a time, ſometimes three or four; the third lamb ſuppoſed the beſt—bear their young five months, iii. 45—their eyes are of a water colour, ii. 83—and the inteſtines thirty times the length of their body, iii. 210—do not appear from old writers to have been bred in early times in Britain, iii. 43—to ſpare the ſtock queen Elizabeth enjoin⯑ed her ſubjects ſhould faſt from fleſh on Fridays and Saturdays, ii. 131—no country produces ſuch ſheep as England; larger fleeces, or better for cloathing—ſheep without horns the beſt ſort, and why, iii. 44—profitable care taken of the animal produces favourable alterations in the fleeces here and in Syria, ii. 329—the ſheep in its nobleſt ſtate is in the African deſert, or the extenſive plains of Siberia, iii. 45—the moufflon, or ſheep in the ſa⯑vage ſtate, a bold fleet creature, able to eſcape from larger animals, or to oppoſe ſmaller kinds with the arms received from nature; iii. 39—the woolly ſheep is only in Europe, and in the temperate provinces of Aſia—tranſported into warmer countries, as Florida or Guinea, loſes the wool and fertility, and the fleſh its flavour—ſub⯑ſiſts in cold countries, but not a natural inhabitant of them, iii. 46—the Ireland ſheep have four, and ſometimes eight horns, on different parts of the the forehead—its wool inferior to that of the com⯑mon [] ſheep—with broad tails, common in Tar⯑tary, Arabia, Perſia, Barbary, Syria, and Egypt; the tail often weighs from twenty to thirty pounds, and ſometimes ſupported by a ſmall board, upon wheels, iii. 47—thoſe called ſtrepſicheros, a native of the Archipelago—Guinea ſheep deſcribed, iii. 48—in Syria and Perſia, remarkable for fine gloſs, length, and ſoftneſs of hair, iii. 212—diſtinguiſhed from deer; theſe annually ſhedding the horns, while the permanence in the former, draws an exact line be⯑tween their kinds, iii. 36
• Sheldrake, a variety of the pond-duck, ſuppoſed a na⯑tive of England, vi. 130
• Shells, (foſſil) found in all places near to and diſtant from the ſea, upon the ſurface of the earth, on the tops of mountains, or at different depths digging for marble, chalk, or other terreſtrial matters, ſo compact as to preſerve theſe ſhells from decay, i. 17, 40, 41—long conſidered as mere productions of the earth never inhabited by fiſh—ſome have not their fellows in the ocean, i. 41, vii. 15—but all have the properties of animal, not of mineral na⯑ture; their weight the ſame with thoſe upon ſhore, anſwer all chemical trials as ſea ſhells do—and have the ſame effects in medicinal uſes, i. 41, 42—various kinds found at a hundred miles from the ſea at Touraine in France—a continued bed of oyſter-ſhells found through the whole circumfe⯑rence of five or ſix acres of ground near Reading, in Berkſhire—ſhells found petrified in all the Al⯑pine rocks, in the Pyrenees, on the hills of France, England, and Flanders, i. 42, 43—a floor, or pave⯑ment, of petrified ſhells found in Kent, near the Medway, i. 44—ſhells always remaining in the deep, i. 46—eaſier to believe foſſil ſhells bred in freſh water, than that the ſea for a time covered the tops of high mountains, i. 50—petrified ſhells found in one of the pyramids of Egypt, i. 47, 48—great variety of foſſil, or extraneous ſhells, vii. 15—different ſtates of preſervation—every ſhell the [] ſpoil of ſome animal—no matter how parted from the ſea, vii. 16—Swammerdam's attention to teſ⯑taceous animals almoſt beyond credibility, vii. 17—volumes upon the ſubject of ſhells contribute little to the hiſtory of ſhell-fiſh, vii. 2—methods of con⯑veying a juſt idea of the formation of ſea-ſhells and garden-ſhells, vii. 3 to 5—uſual way of accounting for different colouring in ſhells, vii. 6—hint about the operation of nature in colouring ſhells—they aſſume every colour but blue, vii. 7, 8—the animal not ſolely the agent in giving beauty and colouring to it, vii. 8, 9—ſtairs-ſhell, or admiral-ſhell, not more precious for their ſcarceneſs, than pearls for their beauty, vii. 10—collections of ſhells have their uſe, vii. 11—naturally claſſed by Ariſtotle—places where ſhells are found, vii. 12—and ſub⯑ſtances of which they are compoſed—ſuppoſition that all earths fermenting with vinegar, are com⯑poſed of ſhells, crumbled down to one maſs—what ſhells moſt valuable, vii. 13—ſea-ſhells exceed land or foſſil ſhells in beauty—ſome living land ſhells not inferior in beauty to freſh-water ſhells, vii. 14
• Shells of the ſea, ſcarce one met with entire and ſound to the end of its convolutions, and why, vii. 34—of all ſea-ſhells, that of the nautilus, the thinneſt and moſt eaſily pierced, vii. 35—all bivalved ſhells fur⯑niſh pearls, and their inſides reſemble and afford that ſubſtance called mother-of-pearl, vii. 53—ſome pierced by worms argue them food for ſuch ani⯑mals, vii. 16
• Shells, animal, of the armadilla or tatou, one of the moſt ſtriking curioſities in natural hiſtory, iv. 126—turtle-ſhells of an amaſing magnitude, vi. 399
• Sheque Iſmael, in his time the Arabians firſt began the management of horſes, ii. 349
• Shetland iſles, amaſing quantity of herrings appearing off theſe iſlands, vi. 329
• Shores, of all thoſe in the world, not one ſo high as [] that to the weſt of St. Kilda, ſix hundred fathom perpendicular above the ſurface of the ſea, i. 272—ſome on which the ſea has made temporary de⯑predations, i. 279
• Short-heads, name given by ſailors to the young of the whale, whilſt at the breaſt, vi. 200
• Shoveller, ſpecies of the crane kind—its food—inha⯑bitants of the Cape of Good Hope reſpect it as the ancient Egyptians did their bird ibis, vi. 8—its neſt and eggs, vi. 9
• Shoulders, high in ſickly perſons—people dying, are ſeen with their ſhoulders drawn up in a ſurpriſing manner, ii. 103—women with child alſo, uſually ſeen high-ſhouldered, ii. 104—ſhoulders, in wo⯑men, narrower than in men, ii. 107
• Showers, dreadful ſhower of hail in 1510—its deſcrip⯑tion, i. 376—of ſtones, fiſhes, and ivy-berries, raiſed into the air by tempeſts in one country, and falling at a diſtance like rain, to aſtoniſh another, i. 390
• Shrewſbury, Roger de Belegme, created earl of Shrewſbury by William the Conqueror, firſt upon record to have attempted mending our native breed of horſes, ii. 370
• Siaguſh, called by Mr. Buffon the caracal, of the lynx-kind, a native of the Eaſt Indies, reſembles the ounce in ſize, iii. 258—met with only in warm tropical climates—uſed, in the ſame manner as the ounce, for hunting, iii. 265—called alſo the lion's provider; and ſaid when it calls him to purſue prey, its voice reſembles that of a man calling another—one ſent over from the Eaſt Indies, could not en⯑dure the change of climate, iii. 266—has killed a large dog in ſingle combat; yet remarkable for cowardice, iii. 267—how it makes the gazelle and antelope eaſy preys to the hunters, iii. 266
• Siberia, the animal between dog and fox, called iſatis, found in this country, and ſeldom in milder, cli⯑mates, iii. 340—the ſable reſembling the martin found in this country; ſoldiers and exiled crimi⯑nals [] hunt it, and furniſh annually numbers of its ſkins, iii. 375—enormous tuſks found lodged in the ſandy banks of the rivers in this waſte country, iv. 282
• Sicily and Calabria taught the other kingdoms of Eu⯑rope the ſilk-manufacture, viii. 50
• Sighs, in what manner produced—when invigorated produce ſobbing, ii. 92
• Sight, of old men indiſtinct for bodies cloſe to them, but more preciſe for objects at a diſtance from them, and why, ii. 158—of birds exceeds that of other animals, and excels in ſtrength and preciſion—a kite, from an imperceptible height in the clouds, ſees its prey, and darts on it with unerring aim, v. 10—of birds that prey by day, aſtoniſhingly quick; and in ſuch as ravage by night, ſo fitted as to diſ⯑cern objects in darkneſs with preciſion, v. 80
• Signs of death, uncertainty of them ought to make every one cautious of giving up a friend as dead, and expoſing him to real death, or a premature en⯑terment, ii. 208 to 210
• Silks, brought to Jamaica, and there expoſed to the air, rot while they preſerve their colour, but kept from air retain their ſtrength and gloſs, i. 314—anciently ſo ſcarce in Rome as to be ſold for their weight in gold; and conſidered ſuch a luxurious refinement in dreſs, that infamy was attached to wearing ſtuffs in which it made but half the compoſition, viii. 49
• Silk-worm, its real hiſtory unknown among the Ro⯑mans to the time of Juſtinian; and ſuppoſed only brought into Europe in the twelfth century, viii. 50—two methods of breeding them, viii. 51—Pauſanias's deſcription of this worm, viii. 50—changes of its ſkin in three weeks or a month, viii. 55—gummy fluid forming the threads, viii. 56—preparations made before ſpinning the web, viii. 57—the cone or ball of ſilk deſcribed, viii. 58—efforts to burſt the cone—free from confine⯑ment, it neither flies nor eats; the male ſeeks the [] female, impregnates her in an uninterrupted union of four days, then dies upon reparation, the ſur⯑vives till ſhe has laid her eggs, which are hatched into worms the enſuing ſpring—few of theſe ani⯑mals ſuffered to come to a ſtate of maturity, and why, viii. 59—the moſt ſerviceable of all ſuch creatures, viii. 4
• Manufactures of ſilk, eſtabliſhed in Europe, in the beginning of the twelfth century, by Roger of Si⯑cily, viii. 50
• Silurus, the ſheat fiſh of the prickly-finned abdominal kind, its deſcription, vi. 310
• Simeon, ſaid to have lived an hundred and twelve years, ii. 132
• Sinews of the rein-deer, the ſtrongeſt kind of ſewing thread, iii. 167
• Single, name of the tail of the ſtag, iii. 113
• Siſkin, ſinging bird of the ſparrow-kind, with thick and ſhort bill, feeding on grain and fruit, v. 315—time of its migration, v. 317
• Size of men varies conſiderably, ii. 108—the human body often differs from itſelf, ii. 110—the ſame perſon taller when he riſes in the morning, than going to bed at night; ſometimes the difference is an inch; this firſt perceived in England by a re⯑cruiting officer—in what manner, ii. 108—the cauſe of it, ii. 109—men are tall from five feet eight inches to ſix feet high—middle ſize from five feet five to five feet eight, ii. 108—Maximin, the emperor, above nine foot in height, ii. 118—ap⯑proaching towards the north pole, the natives di⯑miniſh proportionably; growing leſs and leſs in higher latitudes, ii. 217—cauſe of their difference—an ox, on the fertile plains of India, grows four times as large as the leſſer animal of the ſame kind in the Alps, ii. 237—of men in all ages, nearly the ſame as at preſent—many corroborating proofs of this, ii. 265
• Skates, Laplanders make uſe of them upon the ſnow, and how, ii. 215
• [] Skeleton of the bat in ſome meaſure reſembles that of man, iv. 135—ſome human lately diſcovered of enormous ſize five, or ſix feet beneath the ſurface, on the banks of the Ohio, not far from the river Miume, in America, iv. 282
• Skin, the only part of the body that age does not harden—whence its wrinkles proceed, ii. 197—of the rein-deer, a more valuable part of the ani⯑mal than any other—uſes of it, iii. 166—of the tiger, much valued all over the Eaſt, iii. 243—of the black fox moſt eſteemed, a ſingle ſkin ſelling for forty or fifty crowns—the hair is ſo diſpoſed, that it is impoſſible to tell which way the grain lies, iii. 333—moſt valuable part of the martin's ſkin—twelve thouſand of theſe annually imported into England from Hudſon's bay, and thirty thou⯑ſand from Canada—moſt worth when taken in the beginning of winter, iii. 372—of all, that of the ſable moſt coveted, and held in higheſt price—a ſingle ſkin four inches broad, is often ſold for ten or fifteen pounds—the fur ſurpaſſing all other in having no grain; whatever way rubbed, is equally ſmooth and unreſiſting, iii. 373—a cer⯑tain number of theſe furniſhed every year by con⯑demned exiles, and Ruſſian ſoldiers, ſent into Si⯑beria to kill the animal, iii. 375—of the ondatra alſo very valuable, iv. 80—of the mole, Agricola ſaw the fineſt and moſt beautiful hats that could be imagined, made of their ſkins, iv. 98—of the hedge-hog, converted to no uſe, except to muzzle calves, from ſucking, iv. 105—of the elephant, not covered with hair—that part covering the head reſembles the bark of an old tree more than the ſkin of an animal, iv. 265—of the rhinoceros, ſo thick as to turn the edge of a ſcymetar, and reſiſt a muſquet-ball, iv. 286—is naked, rough, knotty, and lying upon the body in folds, after a very pe⯑culiar manner, iv. 285—of the oſtrich, what uſe the Arabians make of it, v. 61—of the great [] Greenland whale, marbled white and yellow, vi. 194—of the civet, ſo ſtrongly ſcented, a perſon ſhut up with one in a cloſe room cannot ſupport the perfume, iii. 392, 393
• Skink, an animal called one of the pole-cats of Ame⯑rica, iii. 380—the author thinks it Cateſby's Vir⯑ginia pole-cat—its deſcription, iii. 381
• Skull-fiſh, name of the whale above two years old, vi. 200
• Slatberg, in Ireland (in the lands of) there ſtood a declivity, and the earth of it was found ſliding down the hill upon the ſubjacent plain, i. 160
• Sleep, with ſome lower animals, takes up the greateſt part of their lives—man the only creature requir⯑ing ſleep from double motives, for the refreſhment of the mental, and of the bodily frame, ii. 134—want of it produces madneſs, ii. 135—procured to man with more difficulty than to other animals—in what manner ſleep fetters us for hours toge⯑ther, according to Rohault, ii. 136, 137—care re⯑quired to regulate its quantity, and why, ii. 137, 138—bodily labour demands a leſs quantity of it than mental—the famous Philip Barrettier ſlept twelve hours in the twenty-four, ii. 138—ſleep to ſome an agreeable period of exiſtence—queſtions treated in the ſchools to this purpoſe, ii. 139—numberleſs inſtances of perſons who, aſleep, performed many ordinary duties of their calling; and, with ridi⯑culous induſtry, completed by night, what they failed doing by day—remarkable inſtance related in the German Ephemerides, ii. 140, 141—ridiculous hiſtory of Arlotto, a friar, with a narrative of the actions of his life, when aſleep, ii. 142, 143
• Sloth, two different kinds of that animal, the air and the unan, iv. 343—deſcribed, 344—both ſeem the meaneſt and moſt ill-formed of all animals that chew the cud—their food—formed by nature to climb—they get up a tree with pain, but utterly unable to deſcend—drop from the branches to the ground, iv. [] 345—move with imperceptible ſlowneſs, baiting by the way, iv. 346—ſtrip a tree of its verdure in leſs than a fortnight, afterwards devour the bark, and in a ſhort time kill what might prove their ſupport, iv. 345—every ſtep taken, ſends forth a plaintive melancholy cry, which, from ſome re⯑ſemblance to the human voice, excites a diſpleaſ⯑ing pity, iv. 346—like birds, have but one vent for propagation, excrement, and urine, iv. 347—they continue to live ſome time after their nobler parts are wounded, or taken away—their note, accord⯑ing to Kircher, an aſcending and deſcending hexa⯑chord, uttered only by night—their look piteous, to move compaſſion; accompanied with tears, that diſſuade injuring ſo wretched a being—one faſtened by its feet to a pole, ſuſpended acroſs two beams, remained forty days without meat, drink, or ſleep, iv. 347,—an amazing inſtance of ſtrength in the feet inſtanced, iv. 348
• Slot, term for the print of the hoof of the ſtag, iii. 113—to draw on the ſlot, a phraſe among hunters, iii. 114.
• Slow, name given by ſome to the blind-worm, vii. 222
• Smell, no ſubſtance now known in the world has a ſtronger, and more permanent ſmell than muſk, iii. 89—ſtrong offenſive ſmell of foxes often the cauſe of their death, iii. 324—of the weaſel-kind, kept tame about the houſes of the planters in America, not very offenſive, iii. 383—of the genett, not endured by mice and rats, iii. 388—the muſky not properly a characteriſtic mark of any kind of animal, iii. 32
• Smelling, the ſenſe in which man is moſt inferior to other animals—it never offends them—ſtronger in nations abſtaining from animal food, than in Eu⯑ropeans, ii. 179—bramins of India have a power of ſmelling, equal to what is in other creatures,—can ſmell water they drink, to us quite inodo⯑rous—negroes of the Antilles by ſmell diſtinguiſh [] the footſteps of a Frenchman from thoſe of a ne⯑groe—in a ſtate of nature uſeful, not in our ſitu⯑ation—gives often falſe intelligence, ii. 180—na⯑tives of different countries, or different natives of the ſame, differ widely in that ſenſe—inſtances of it, ii. 181—mixtures of bodies void of odour pro⯑duce powerful ſmells—mixtures of bodies ſepa⯑rately diſagreeable, give pleaſant aromatic ſmells—a ſlight cold blunts all ſmelling—incurable aver⯑ſions to ſmells formerly agreeable, retained from diſorders—ſmalleſt changes in man make great al⯑terations in this ſenſe—antipathies to animals, whoſe preſence is perceived by the ſmell, ii. 282—delicacy of ſmelling in birds inſtanced in ducks, v. 11
• Savours, mechanical manner of accounting for dif⯑ference of favours, ii. 183
• Smile, Fielding aſſerts, a perſon with a ſteady glaver⯑ing ſmile, never failed to prove himſelf a rogue, ii. 94
• Snail, ſhell of the garden-ſnail, in what manner formed, vii. 3, et ſeq.
• Sea-ſnail, a cartilaginous fiſh, deſcribed, vi. 288
• Garden-ſnail, is ſurpriſingly fitted for the life it is to live—organs of life, it poſſeſſes in common with animals, vii. 19—and what peculiar to itſelf, vii. 20—every ſnail at once male and female; and while it impregnates another, is impregnated in turn, vii. 21—coupling theſe animals—hide their eggs in great numbers in the earth, with great ſolicitude and induſtry, vii. 22—the growth of them, vii. 23—poſſeſſed of the power of mending the ſhell; and come to full growth, they cannot make a new one—Swammerdam's experiment to this purpoſe, vii. 24—their food, vii. 26—ſalt deſtroys them, ſo does ſoot—a tortoiſe in a garden baniſhes them moſt effectually, vii. 25—continue in a torpid ſtate during the ſeverity of winter—ſo great their mul⯑tiplication in ſome years, that gardeners imagine they burſt from the earth—wet ſeaſons favourable to their production, vii. 26—ſea ſnail, freſh water [] ſnail, and land ſnail, vii. 27—common garden ſnail compared with the freſh water ſnail, and ſea ſnail, vii. 28—freſh water ſnails vivaporous—bring forth young alive, with ſhells upon their backs—expe⯑riment made by Swammerdam to this purpoſe—at all times of the year, freſh water ſnails opened, are pregnant with eggs, or with living ſnails, or with both together, vii. 29, 30—ſea ſnails found vi⯑viparous, others lay eggs, vii. 30—manner in which the ſea ſnails impregnate each other—dif⯑ferent orifices or verges of ſnails—the difference between land and ſea ſnails, vii. 31—of the tro⯑chus kind, have no mouth—their trunk—are a⯑mong ſnails, as the tiger, the eagle, or the ſhark, among beaſts, birds, and fiſhes, vii. 33—food of all ſea ſnails lies at the bottom—of ſea ſnails, that moſt frequently ſwimming upon the ſurface, whoſe ſhell is thinneſt, and moſt eaſily pierced, is the nautilus, vii. 35—its deſcription, vii. 36—nothing ſeemingly more impoſſible, yet is more certain, than the nautilus ſometimes quitting its ſhell, and re⯑turning to it again—peculiarity by which the nau⯑tilus is moſt diſtinguiſhed, vii. 37
• Snake, continues for ſeveral months together ſub⯑ſiſting upon a ſingle meal, ii. 125—ſnakes deſtroy mice, iv. 73—the only animal in the foreſt adven⯑turing to oppoſe the monkey—larger ſnakes often winding up the trees where they reſide, and hap⯑pening to ſurpriſe them ſleeping, ſwallow them whole, before they have time to make defence, iv. 220. See Serpents.
• Black ſnake, its deſcription and food—are oviparous, vii. 220, 221
• Snipe, a water-bird of paſſage—its deſcription, vi. 23 to 28
• Snow, inhabitants of places where fields are conti⯑nually white with ſnow, generally become blind before the uſual courſe of nature, i. 15—its melt⯑ing produces a conſtant breeze, i. 347
• Snow-ſlips, dreaded by travellers—a family in Ger⯑many [] lived for a fortnight beneath one of there ſnow-ſlips, i. 161
• Sobbing, is a ſigh ſtill more invigorated, ii. 92
• Soland gooſe, belongs to the northern iſlands; in greateſt number on the Baſs iſland, and ſubſiſts entirely upon fiſh, vi. 71 to 75. See Baſs and Gannet.
• Soldier-crab, like a lobſter, without a ſhell—a native of the Weſt India iſlands—deſcription, and deſcent from the mountains, vi. 376 to 379
• Solfatara, a valley near Naples, deſcribed—exhibits the appearance of an earthquake in miniature, i 123
• Sonorous bodies; thoſe who make the tone of ſuch bodies to depend upon the number only, and not the force of its vibrations, miſtake an effect for a cauſe, ii. 164
• Soot, as well as ſalt, will deſtroy ſnails, vii. 25
• Sore, name the hunters give the buck the fourth year, iii. 128
• Sorel, the hunters name for the buck the third year, iii. 128
• Sorrel, wood ſorrel boiled up with milk, by the Lap⯑landers kept in caſks under-ground, to be eaten in winter, iii. 166
• Sound conveyed by air, is loſt in vacuo, i. 334.—ſounding bodies of two kinds; unelaſtic returning a ſingle ſound, and elaſtic rendering a ſucceſſion of ſounds—undulations in elaſtic bodies, taken by the ear as one continued ſound, while, in reality, they make many, ii. 163—thoſe whoſe differences can moſt eaſily be compared, are moſt agreeable, ii. 166—thoſe muſical moſt pleaſing, which are moſt unexpected, ii. 167—laws of the reflection of ſound not ſo well underſtood as thoſe of light, ii. 171—perſons of a bad ear oft deceived as to the ſide whence ſound comes, ii. 173—trumpets made to encreaſe ſounds, ii. 174
• Source, rivers have their ſource in mountains, or ele⯑vated lakes, i. 200
• Southminſter marſhes ſo over-run with an army of [] mice, that the graſs was eat up to the roots, v. 148
• Spalanzani, his experiments concerning the power of reproduction in animals, viii. 172
• Spaniards, the only people of Europe acquainted with the value of the aſs, ii. 385
• Spaniels, land and water, the offspring of the beagle, tranſported into Spain or Barbary, ſo altered, and converted there, iii. 284—a dog of the generous kind, iii. 286—the land ſpaniel, iii. 288—the wa⯑ter ſpaniel, iii. 289
• Spaniſh flies deſcribed; their uſe in medicine, and as bliſters, viii. 41 to 43. See Cantharis.
• Sparrows, houſe ſparrow, v. 315—various birds of the ſparrow kind—their food, v. 314, 315—ſongſters of this claſs, v. 316, 317—their migrations, v. 317, 318—a male and its mate that have young, deſtroy above three thouſand caterpillars in a week, viii. 44.
• Sparrow hawk, one of the baſer race of hawks, v. 119—taught to fly at game, but little obtained from its efforts—lately aſſerted, upon reſpectable authority, the boldeſt of all for the pleaſure of the chace, v. 131
• Sparus, the ſea-bream, its deſcription, vi. 308
• Spawn, different ſeaſons for fiſh to depoſit their ſpawn, vi. 180—always depoſited in particular places, where the ſun-beams may reach them, vi. 336
• Spawning, peculiar preparation of the lamprey for ſpawning, vi. 272
• Spears (burning) a peculiar kind of aurora borealis, i. 390
• Spears, the horns of the ſtag the third year, iii. 113
• Spermaceti, the whole oil of the cachalot eaſily con⯑verted into that concrete, vi. 218, 220—efficacy of ſpermaceti in medicine very ſmall—candles now made much of it are ſubſtituted for wax, and ſold cheaper, vi. 220
• [] Spermaceti whale, the cachelot, deſcribed, vi. 217
• Spiders, in South America and Africa, as large as ſparrows, ii. 6—the ſpider for ſeveral months to⯑gether, ſubſiſts upon a ſingle meal, ii. 125—chief of our native ſpiders—not venomous, vii. 249—their deſcription and habitudes—the Martinico ſpider's body as large as a hen's egg, vii. 250—manner of making their webs, vii. 254, 257—Liſ⯑ter has diſtinguiſhed the ſexes of this animal—their coupling—their number of eggs, vii. 260—their bag to depoſit their eggs, vii. 261—their parental care, enemies to each other—experiment made by Mr. Reaumur to turn their labours to the ad⯑vantage of man—gloves made from their webs—found it impracticable to rear them, vii. 262, 263
• Water-Spiders inhabit the bottom, yet never wet, but incloſed in a bubble of air, ſurrounding them on all ſides, vii. 264
• Spinal marrow and the brain, the firſt parts ſeen begun in the embryo, ii. 146
• Spinous claſs of fiſhes already extended to four hundred ſorts, vi. 299—Gouan's ſyſtem and arrangement of the various ſorts of ſpinous fiſhes, vi. 305—their ge⯑neral leading marks and difference from others, vi. 317—of thoſe which live in the ocean, the dorado the moſt voracious, vi. 340
• Spirits of wine flame with a candle, not with a ſpark, i. 83
• Spitzbergen, belief that bodies never corrupt there, nor ſuffer any apparent alteration, though buried for thirty years, ii. 264
• Sponges, opinion of count Marſigli about them—that of Rumph and Juſſieu ſet in a clearer light by Mr. Ellis, viii. 193, 194
• Spoonbill, deſcriptions of the European and American ſpoonbill, vi. 7—its manner of life, vi. 8
• Sports, remarkable, on horſeback, among the grandees of Guinea, ii. 363, 364—one peculiar to the Ita⯑lians, in which horſes without riders run againſt each other, ii. 354—of wild aſſes exhibited in Per⯑ſia, [] ii. 377, 378—of the bird-catchers, counter⯑feiting the cry of the owl, v. 144—cock-fighting in China, India, the Philippine iſlands, and all over the Eaſt, the ſport of kings and princes, v. 163—of hunting the turkey in Canada, v. 179
• Spouts of water at ſea common in the tropical ſeas, and ſometimes in our own—deſcription of one in the Mediterranean by Tournefort—ſolutions offer⯑ed for this phoenomenon, i. 390 to 393—broken by guns firing bars of iron at them, which ſtriking them, the water falls from them with a dreadful noiſe, and no farther miſchief—thoſe called ty⯑phons, ſometimes ſeen at land, differs from thoſe at ſea deſcribed by mariners—deſcription of that obſerved at Hatfield in Yorkſhire, in 1687, i. 394, 395—land-ſpouts ſometimes drop in a column of wa⯑ter at once upon the earth, and produce an inunda⯑tion—they appear in the calmeſt weather at ſea—facts ſtill wanting to form a rational theory of them, i. 396
• Spout-holes, in the cetaceous tribe, deſcribed, vi. 186
• Springs, of water, experience alone can determine the uſeful or noxious qualities of every ſpring, i. 171—one mentioned by Derham, which he never per⯑ceived to be diminiſhed in the greateſt drought, when all ponds in the country were dry for ſeveral months, i. 199
• Squaſh, a ſtinkard, of the weaſel-kind, called a pole⯑cat of America, iii. 380—its deſcription, iii. 381—is ſaid to eat only the brains of poultry—its ſcent ſtrong enough to reach half a mile round, near hand almoſt ſtifling—a drop of the foetid diſcharge falling into the eye, might blind it for ever—dogs abate their ardour, when they meet the foetid diſcharge, turn, and leave the ſquaſh maſter of the field, never to be led on again, iii. 384—cows and oxen ſtrongly affected by the ſtench—and proviſions ſpoilt by it—with planters and native Americans, kept tame about [] their houſes; ſeldom emitting diſagreeable ſcents, ex⯑cept when injured or frighted—natives eat the fleſh, taking care to clear it of the offenſive glands, iii. 385
• Squinting, many inſtances of ſquinting communicat⯑ed by a father to his offspring, ii. 238
• Squirrel, a ruminating animal, iii. 5—claſſed as ſuch by Pierius, iv. 3—the tails are extremely long, beautiful and buſhy, and ſerve them for ſeveral purpoſes, iv. 24, 25—particularly in vaſt leaps of one hundred yards taken from tree to tree, iv. 25, 35—when the animal eats or dreſſes itſelf, it ſits erect, like the hare or rabbit, making uſe of its fore feet as hands, iv. 25—the kind has as many varieties as any wild animal; enumeration of ſome, iv. 25 to 27—its way of moving is by bounds, iv. 32—when tamed, is apt to break away at every opportunity, iv. 37—few animals ſo tender, or ſo unfit for a change of abode, iv. 27—ſome live on the tops of trees, others feed on vegetables below, where alſo they take ſhelter in ſtorms—deſcription of its qua⯑lities, food, and manſion—the neſt formed among large branches, where they fork off into ſmall, iv. 28, 29—the martin deſtroys the ſquirel, then takes poſſeſſion of its manſion, iv. 30
• Squirrels are in heat early in the ſpring, very di⯑verting to ſee the female then feigning an eſcape from the purſuit of two or three males—nature particular in the formation of theſe animals for propagation—time of geſtation—keeps in the midſt of talleſt trees, and ſhuns the habitation of men—the tree but touched at bottom, they quit the neſt, and flie to another tree, thus travel⯑ling with eaſe, along the tops of the foreſt, until quite out of danger, iv. 31—in Lapland vaſt num⯑bers remove from one part to another, iv. 32—method of croſſing broad rivers, or extenſive lakes, iv. 33—they have a ſharp piercing note; and an⯑other, more like the purring of the cat when pleaſ⯑ed, [] iv. 32—the Laplanders eat their fleſh, iv. 34—deſcription of the common ſort, and of the grey Vir⯑ginian kind, iv. 25—the Barbary; Siberian white; Carolina black; Braſilian, iv. 26—little ground Caro⯑lina, and New-Spain ſquirrel, iv. 27—Flying ſquirrel more common in America than Europe—its food and manſion, iv. 36
• Stag, firſt in rank among quadrupeds, its elegant form deſcribed—no obvious difference between the internal ſtructure of the ſtag and the bull, but to a nice obſerver, iii. 94—ruminates not ſo eaſily as the cow or ſheep, reaſon why, iii. 106—man⯑ner of knowing its age—differs in ſize and horns from a fallow-deer, iii. 95—encreaſe in beauty and ſtature in proportion to goodneſs of paſture, en⯑joyed in ſecurity, iii, 104—ſeldom drinks in win⯑ter, and leſs in ſpring, iii. 106—different colours of ſtags, iii. 104, 105—how watchfully he exa⯑mines an enemy's approach—delighted with the ſound of the ſhepherd's pipe—of animals native of this climate, none ſuch a beautiful eye as the ſtag, iii. 105—beauty and ſize of horns mark ſtrength and vigour, iii. 98—time and manner of ſhedding them, iii. 95, 96, 99, 100—ſevere cold retards the ſhedding—horns encreaſe in thickneſs and height from the ſecond year of age to the eighth, iii. 100—ſhedding his horns, hides himſelf in ſo⯑litudes and thickets, and ventures out to paſture only by night, iii. 96, 101—grow differently in ſtags from ſheep or cows, iii. 97—horns found to par⯑take of the nature of the ſoil, iv. 100—a miſtake that horns take colour of the ſap of the tree againſt which they are rubbed, iii. 101—ſtag, caſtrated when its horns are off, they never grow again; the ſame operation performed when they are on, they never fall off—one teſticle only tied up, he loſes the horn of the oppoſite ſide—Mr. Buffon thinks the growth of the horns retarded by re⯑trenching the food, iii. 98—horns reſembled to a [] vegetable ſubſtance, grafted upon the head of the ſtag, iii, 99—time of feeling impreſſions of the rut, or deſire of copulation, iii. 101—effects, the rut cauſes, iii. 102—ſtag lives about, forty years, iii. 103—voice in the time of rut terrible—and then keeps dogs off intrepidly—a ſtag and tiger encloſed in the ſame area, the ſtag's defence ſo bold, the tiger was obliged to fly, iii. 106—the ſtag in rut ventures out to ſea from one iſland to an⯑other, and ſwims beſt when fatteſt, iii. 107—the hind, or female, uſes all her arts to conceal her young from him, the moſt dangerous of her purſuers, iii. 108—men of every age and nation made the ſtag chace a favourite purſuit, iii. 108, 109—ſtags remaining wild in England, called red-deer, found on the moors bordering Cornwal and Devonſhire, iii. 111, 112—manner of hunting ſtag and buck in England, iii. 112, 116—different names given them, according to their ages, iii. 113—terms uſed by hunters purſuing the ſtag, iii. 113, 114—the manner of knowing the track of a ſtag—and that of an hind—he changes his manner of feed⯑ing every month; in what manner, iii. 115—ſwims, againſt the ſtream, iii. 119—the ancient manner of purſuing him—that of hunting him, iii 119, 120—and in China, iii. 121, 122—ſtag of Corſica—a kind called by the ancients tragelaphus—Germans call it bran-deer, or brown-deer, iii. 122—a beautiful ſtag, thought a native of Sardinia, though per⯑haps of Africa, or the Eaſt Indies—its deſcription—ſtag royal, in Mexico, iii. 123, 124—of Canada, brought into the ſtate of domeſtic tameneſs as our ſheep, goats, and black cattle, iii. 124
• Staggard, name of the ſtag the fourth year, iii. 113
• Stallions, law prohibiting exportation of ſtallions and mares; and another ſimilar, obtained as early as the times of Athelſtan, ii. 369
• Staniſlaus, the exiled king of Poland, had a dwarf at his court in Luneville—deſcribed, ii. 255
• [] Stare, bird claſſed with the thruſh, diſtinction from the reſt of its tribe—its reſidence—its eggs—it is eaſily taught to ſpeak—its food, v. 323
• Star-fiſh, general deſcription of the tribe—ſubſtance of their bodies almoſt as ſoft as water, no way injured by ſwallowing ſhells almoſt of a ſtony hardneſs, viii. 174—float upon the ſurface of the ſea, and in the dark ſend forth a ſhining light re⯑ſembling that of phoſphorus—are alſo called ſea⯑nettles—the paſſage for devouring food, ſerves to eject excrements—taken and put into ſpirits of wine, continue many years entire, but left to influence of air, in four and twenty hours melted down into a limpid offenſive water, viii. 175—cut in pieces, every part ſurvives the operation, becoming a per⯑fect animal, endued with its natural rapacity, viii. 176
• Starling, ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, liv⯑ing upon inſects, v. 314—often lays eggs in holes deſerted by the wood-pecker, v. 253—time of mi⯑gration, v. 32
• Stars, fixed, ſuppoſed by philoſophers ſuns reſembling that which enlivens our ſyſtem, i. 6
• Stars, falling, meteors, or unctuous vapours raiſed from the earth, kindled and ſupported in the air, until they fall back extinguiſhed, i. 390
• Statues of antiquity, firſt copied after human form, now become models of it, ii. 106
• Stature, middle in men, from five feet five to five feet eight inches, ii. 108—cauſe of different ſtatures, ii. 237—ordinary of men, Mr. Derham obſerves, probably the ſame now as at the beginning—many corroborating proofs of this, ii. 264
• Stellaris, name given by the Latins to the bittern, vi. 5
• Steno, his opinion about the formation of the inci⯑pient animal, ii. 17
• Stephen, in this king's time the number of horſes in London amounted to twenty thouſand, ii. 370
• [] Stigmata, holes through which caterpillars breathe, viii. 13—famous experiment of Malpighi to veri⯑fy this, viii. 14
• Stickleback, the gaſteroſteus of the prickly-finned tho⯑racic ſort, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309—this fiſh appears in quantities every ſeventh or eighth year in the river Welland, near Spalding; a man, em⯑ployed by a farmer to take them, for manuring his grounds, got, for a conſiderable time, four ſhil⯑lings a day, ſelling them at a halfpenny a buſhel, vi. 334
• Stilicon, his two daughters betrothed, one after the other, to the emperor Honorius, buried with much finery, found eleven hundred years after, in good preſervation, excepting the pearls, vii. 57
• Stinkards, name given by our ſailors to one or two animals of the weaſel kind, chiefly found in Ame⯑rica, iii. 380—and by the ſavages of Canada to the muſk-rat, iv. 80
• Stint, ſmaller and ſhorter billed water bird of the crane kind, vi. 23
• Stoat, the ermine, its deſcription, iii. 353
• Stomach, nature has contracted the ſtomachs of ani⯑mals of the foreſt, ſuitable to their precarious way of living, ii. 124—proportioned to the quality of the animal's food, or the eaſe of obtaining it—thoſe who chew the cud have four ſtomachs, ii. 317, & iii. 3—yet ſeveral of thoſe have but two in Africa, ii. 317—names of the four ſtomachs, iii. 3, 4—ſtomach of carnivorous animals ſmall, iii. 2—thoſe of ruminating ſtrong and muſcular, iii. 5—of inſects compoſed of muſcular fibres, iii. 6—the camel has a fifth ſtomach, as a reſervoir of water for occaſional uſe, iv. 307—birds have, properly, but one ſtomach, yet this is different in different kinds, v. 14, 15—that of the cuckoo enormous, reaches from the breaſt-bone to the vent, v. 266
• Stork, a ruminating bird, iii. 5—true difference be⯑tween it and the crane, v. 382—are birds of paſſage []—returning into Europe in March—places for their neſts—number of eggs—are a month in hatching; and their young excluded, they are particularly ſo⯑licitous for their ſafety—their food in a great mea⯑ſure frogs and ſerpents, v. 383—the Dutch attentive to the preſervation of the ſtork in their republic, the bird protected by the laws, and the prejudices of the people—countries where found—ancient Egyptians regard for this bird carried to adoration—the ancient ibis ſuppoſed the ſame which at preſent bears the ſame name; a bird of the ſtork kind, about the ſize of a curlew, v. 384
• Storms, foretold by the barometer, i. 352—above their region, all is calm and ſerene, i. 353—riſe to the tops of the higheſt mountains—confirmed by thoſe who have been on the Andes, and by the deep ſnows that crown them, i. 153, 154—with powerful effects, do not ſhew great ſpeed, i. 356—one moſt dreadful in Hertfordſhire, in 1697—deſcription of it, i. 375—do not terrify goats, iii. 53
• Stones, ſhower of ſtones and other matters raiſed by ſtorms in one country, carried to another, fall ſud⯑denly as ſhowers of rain, i. 390
• Stone of the ſhammoy, generally about the ſize of a wal⯑nut, and blackiſh—formerly in requeſt for the ſame virtues with oriental bezoar, iii. 69
• Stone-chatter, ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314—migrates, iii. 318
• Stove, its warmth expeditious for hatching, and ef⯑ficacious in bringing the animal in the egg to per⯑fection, ii. 27
• Strabiſm, an inequality of ſight, and particular caſt of the eye; whence it proceeds, ii. 157
• Stream of rivers, more rapid in proportion as its chan⯑nel is diminiſhed, and why, i. 205—the ſurface ſwifter than the bottom, and why—iſlands, turn⯑ings, and other obſtacles retard the courſe but in⯑conſiderably, and why, i. 206
• [] Strength, a juſt way of eſtimating human ſtrength, by perſeverance and agility of motions, ii. 114—not hereditary, ii. 116 prodigies of it in Maximin the emperor deſcribed—inſtance of it in Milo, and alſo in Athanatus, ii. 118—eſtimation of ſtrength in animals by the bulk of their muſcles very falla⯑cious; thin and raw-boned men being general⯑ly ſtronger and powerful than thoſe ſeemingly more muſcular—women much inferior in ſtrength to men, ii. 120—of man leſs valuable ſince the invention of gunpowder, of new machines, and the application of the power of animals to the purpoſes of life, ii. 119—of the inhabitants round the poles is amazing, ii. 218—the comparative ſtrength of a horſe, meaſured, not by what he can carry, but by what he can draw, ii. 114
• Strepſicheros, a third variety of ſheep with ſtrait horns, a native of the iſlands of the Archipelago, iii. 48
• Stromateus, a ſoft-finned apodal fiſh, deſcribed, vi. 311
• Strong, human body, for its ſize, ſtronger than that of other animals—comparing the ſtrength of a lion with that of a man, to be remembered the claws of this animal give a falſe idea of its power; and lead to aſcribe to its force what is only the effects of its offenſive arms, ii. 111
• Struthophagi, ſome nations ſo called from their fond⯑neſs for the fleſh of the oſtrich, v. 59—their me⯑thod of taking it, v. 61
• Stuffs made of hair of animals about Angora, iii. 58—half compoſed of ſilk, forbid to be worn at Rome, as a luxurious refinement, viii. 49
• Stunts, name given to whales at the age of two years, vi. 200
• Sturgeon, a cartilaginous fiſh, of a conſiderable ſize, yet flies terrified from the ſmalleſt fiſhes—its de⯑ſcription—three kinds of it, vi. 275—countries of Europe this fiſh viſits at different ſeaſons—annual⯑ly aſcends the largeſt rivers to ſpawn, and propa⯑gates in vaſt numbers—enjoying the viciſſitude of [] freſh and ſalt water, then grows to an enormous ſize, almoſt to rival the whale, vi. 276—the largeſt caught in Great Britain taken in the Eſke, where frequently found weighing four hundred and fifty pounds, vi. 277—places where caught in numbers, vi. 276, 277—never by a bait, always in nets, vi. 277—their food—whence the Ger⯑man proverb, he is as moderate as a ſturgeon, vi. 278—live in ſociety among themſelves; and Geſner has ſeen them ſhoal together at the notes of a trumpet—uſual time of coming up rivers to ſpawn—at Pillau the ſhores formed into diſtricts, and allotted to companies of fiſhermen, and rented ſome for three hundred pounds a year—nets in which caught—in the water it is one of the ſtrong⯑eſt fiſhes, and often breaks the nets that encloſe it, but its head once raiſed above water, its activity ceaſes, vi. 279—has broke fiſhermen's legs with a blow of its tail—two methods of preparing it, vi. 280—that from America not ſo good as from the north of Europe—caviar made with the roe of all kinds of ſturgeon—manner of making it, vi. 281, 282
• Sturmey, the captain who deſcended into Penpark⯑hole, where remaining five hours, coſt him his life, i. 66
• Sucking fiſh, the remora, ſticks to the ſhark—alſo called the ſhark's pilot, and why, vi. 246
• Sucking-fiſh, the echeneis, a ſoft finned thoracic fiſh, its deſcription, vi, 312
• Suction, from whence that amazing power in the lamprey ariſes, vi. 270
• Sugar, the white ſort in the tropical climates ſome⯑times full of maggots, i. 314
• Sulphur, with iron filings kneaded together into a paſte, with water when heating, produces a flame, i. 76
• Sun, its warmth efficacious in bringing the animal in the egg to perfection, ii. 27—not eaſy to conceive how it whitens wax and linen, and darkens the [] human complexion, ii. 235—mock-ſuns and o⯑ther meteors ſeen in the Alps, i. 145—in the po⯑lar regions, i. 377—reflected upon oppoſite clouds, appear like three or four real ſuns in the firmament—real ſun always readily known by ſuperior bright⯑neſs—the rainbow alſo different in thoſe countries, i. 388
• Sun fiſh, an anomalous cartilaginous fiſh, like a bulky head, its deſcription, vi. 285
• Surf of the ſea, name the mariners give the riſing waves breaking againſt the ſhore, i. 273
• Surinam rat; the phalanger, a ſmall monkey, deſcribed, iv. 248
• Surinam toad, the pipali, a hideous toad, its deſcrip⯑tion, vii. 108
• Surmalot, with Mr. Buffon, the great rat, a hateful rapacious creature, deſcribed, iv. 65
• Surmulet, the mullus, a ſpinous fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 308
• Swallows, time of their migrations—departure of ſome, and retreat of others into old walls, from the inclemencies of winter, wrap the migrations of birds in great obſcurity, v. 37—experiment of Mr. Buffon to this purpoſe, v. 38—with us birds of paſſage; breed in Upper Egypt and the land of Java, and never diſappear, v. 318—houſe ſwallow, v. 346—characteriſtics of the ſwallow-tribe, v. 347 their food—have the greateſt ſwiftneſs and agility, v. 348—at the end of September they depart; ſome feeble wretched families, compelled to ſtay, periſh the firſt cold weather, v. 351—thoſe migrating firſt ſeen in Africa in the beginning of October, having performed their journey in ſeven days—ſometimes ſeen, interrupted by contrary winds, wavering in their courſe at ſea, and lighting upon the Chips in their paſſage—a doubt whether all ſwallows thus migrate, or ſome other of this ſpecies externally alike, and internally different, be dif⯑ferently affected by the approach of winter, v. 352—[] obſervations made to this purpoſe by Reaumur, Friſch, and Klein, v. 353—indicate approaching change of weather—their neſts, and thoſe they build on the coaſts of China and Coromandel, v. 349—Chineſe pluck them from rocks, and ſend great numbers into the Eaſt Indies for ſale—gluttons eſ⯑teem them great delicacies diſſolved in chicken or mutton broth—the number of their eggs, v. 350
• Swallows of Ternate, or God's birds, the bird of pa⯑radiſe, deſcribed, v. 257 to 260
• Swammerdam, lent attention to teſtaceous animals, almoſt exceeding credibility; has excelled the in⯑ſects he diſſected, in patience, induſtry, and per⯑ſeverance, vii. 17
• Swan, a ſtately web-footed water fowl; though an indifferent figure upon land, is beautiful in the water, vi. 113—doubt whether the tame kind be in a ſtate of nature—none found in Europe—the wild ſwan, though ſtrongly reſembling it in colour and form, yet another bird—differences between wild and tame ſwans, vi. 114—conſidered a high delicacy among the ancients, vi. 111—the tame moſt ſilent, the wild has a loud and diſagreeable note—from thence called the hooper, vi. 115—accounts ſufficient to ſuſpend an opinion of its mu⯑ſical abilities, vi. 115 to 118—their food, neſt, and number of eggs, vi. 118—a blow with the pinion breaks a man's leg or arm—two months hatching, and a year growing to proper ſize—longeſt in the ſhell of any bird—ſaid to live three hundred years—by an act of Edward IV. the ſon of the king was al⯑lowed to keep a ſwan, and no others, unleſs poſſeſs⯑ed of five marks a year, vi. 119—puniſhment for taking their eggs, was impriſonment for a year and a day, and fine at the king's will—places which abound with them, vi. 120
• Swarms of a bee-hive, ſeveral ſwarms in the year, the firſt always the beſt and moſt numerous, viii. 86
• Sweden, aſſes a ſort of rarity in Sweden, ii. 385
• [] Sweetmeats, in tropical climates, expoſed by day in the ſun, to prevent their putrifying by the night air, i. 314
• Swift, a bird of the ſwallow kind; peculiar poſition of the toes, v. 346, 347
• Swiftneſs of ſavages, many ſurpriſing ſtories about it, ii. 115—of the zebra, a proverb among the Spani⯑ards and Portugueſe, ii. 396
• Switzerland, the peaſants kill a cow for their own table, ſalt and hang it up, to preſerve as a deli⯑cacy the year round, iii. 9
• Sword-fiſh, the xiphias, its deſcription, vi. 305—its terrible encounters with the whale deſcribed, vi. 203
• Syaguſhes, carnivorous animals, like the jackall and wolf; hunt in packs, and encourage each other by their cries, ii. 322
• Symmetry, and proportion of the human body, ii. 79
• Sympathetic, affection of yawning, ii. 91—a ridi⯑culous inſtance of it practiſed upon profeſſor M'Laurin at Edinburgh, ii. 92
• Synovia, a lubricating liquor in the joints, ſo called by anatomiſts, ii. 109
• Syria, noted country for long ſoft hair of the animals bred in it, iii. 212—moſt of its cities deſtroyed in 1182 by an earthquake, i. 111
• Syrian-rabbit, an inſtance of the length of its hair, iv. 23
• Syſtem, in what manner the harmony of our planetary ſyſtem is preſerved, i. 4—very uſeful in natural hiſtory, ii. 290—books containing them, uſeful to be conſulted, but unneceſſary to be read, ii. 292—that of Linnaeus deſerves the preference, ii. 293—faults of ſyſtematic writers in natural hiſtory, ii. 252—what has given birth to the variety of ſyſtems in natural hiſtory, ii. 300—of Mr. Gouan concerning ſpinous claſſes of fiſhes, vi. 305—uſe of it, vi. 315

• Tabbies, ſtreaked cats, to which the civet's colour is compared, iii. 390
• Tajacu, the peccary, an animal of the hog kind, pe⯑culiar for a lump upon its back, with glands diſ⯑charging a muſky ſubſtance, iii. 183
• Tails of ſheep a foot broad, and weighing from twenty to thirty pounds, ſometimes ſupported by a board upon wheels, iii, 47
• Tail, uſe made of it by the whale, vi. 195—is about twenty-four feet broad, vi. 194
• Talapoin, eighth diviſion of monkies of the ancient continent—its deſcription, iv. 334
• Talons, in what manner produced in animals, ii. 101
• Tamaim, a monkey of the ſecond ſort of the ſagoin kind—deſcription, iv. 237
• Tamandua, an ant-bear, larger and ſmaller, live upon ants—their deſcription, iv. 338
• Tamis-bird, one of the names of the guinea-hen, de⯑ſcribed, v. 192, 193
• Tanais, the Don, a principal river of Europe, part⯑ing it from Aſia, i. 209—affords great numbers of ſturgeon, vi. 277
• Tanrec, of the hedge-hog kind, different enough to conſtitute another ſpecies, iv. 105—covered with prickles, though mixed with hair—does not de⯑fend itſelf by rolling up in a ball—only found in the Eaſt Indies—ſleeps ſeveral months, and loves to be near water, iv. 106—in the torpid ſtate, its hair falls off—Indians conſider its fleſh a delicacy, iv. 107
• Tapeti, the Braſilian rabbit, in ſhape like the Engliſh—has no tail—does nor burrow—lives at large, like the hare—is twice the ſize of a dor-mouſe, iv. 54
• Tapir, the largeſt animal of America, no way com⯑parable in ſize to the elephant of Africa, ii. 332—conſidered as the hippopotamos of the new conti⯑nent []—its deſcription—reſides in the water, iv. 331—its food—its fleſh thought a delicacy, iv. 332
• Tar, uſed by the Laplanders for all diſorders of the rein-deer, iii. 169
• Tarantula, the bite of this animal, and its cure by muſic, all a deception—inſtance of it, ii. 171—native of Apulia in Italy—deſcription—its bite not attended with dangerous ſymptoms—fable of its virulence, vii. 265
• Tarcel, name falconers give the male bird of prey; and why, v. 84
• Tariguagua, ruggedneſs of road from it up to the Andes, is not eaſily deſcribed, i. 149
• Tarnaſſar, great bird in the Eaſt Indies, no other than the condor, v. 105
• Tarrier, firſt diviſion of dogs of the generous kind, uſed for hunting, iii. 286
• Tarſier, a monkey, laſt of the claſs of the oppoſſum kinds—its deſcription—why ſo called, iv. 248
• Tartars, their religion conſiſts in part by managing their whiſkers—they waged a bloody war with the Perſians as infidels, not giving their whiſkers the orthodox cut, ii. 96—the Oſtiac, a race travelled down from the North, and originally ſprung from minute ſavages, ii. 219—Samoeid, firſt diſtinct race of men round the pole, deſcribed, ii. 213, 214
• Tartar horſes ſerviceable in war—how broke—parti⯑culars concerning them, ii. 364, 365
• Tartary, in general, comprehends great part of Aſia—deſcription of natives and manners, ii. 219, 220
• Taſte, in all ſubſtances on mountain tops, and valley bottoms, i. 335—to determine ſomewhat upon the nature of taſtes, bodies to be taſted muſt be moiſt⯑ened, or diſſolved by ſaliva, to produce a ſenſation; the tongue and body to be taſted, being dry, no taſte enſues—taſtes rendered agreeable by habit—reliſh of taſtes ſtronger in children than in perſons [] advanced in life, ii. 183—higheſt epicure has the moſt depraved taſte, ii. 184
• Tatou, or armadilla, a quadruped of the new conti⯑nent, covered with ſhells, ii. 124. See Armadilla.
• Tatu-apara, firſt of the kinds of armadilla—the ſe⯑cond, the tatou of Ray, or the encoubert of Mr. Buffon—the third, the tatuette—their diverſities deſcribed, iv. 132, 133
• Teal, ſmalleſt bird of the duck-kind, diſtinguiſhed, vi. 130
• Teats, great variety of them in animals—their form, and how placed, ii. 103
• Teeth in cows, eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw—manner of renewing them, iii. 11
• Tegg, what the hunters call the doe the ſecond year, iii. 128
• Tejuguacu, tockay, and cordyle, all of the lizard kind, gradually leſs, fill up the chaſm between the cro⯑codile and the African iguana, vii. 149
• Tempeſts, loudeſt formed by united contributions of minerals, vegetables, and animals, encreaſing the ſtreams of air fleeting round the globe, i. 338—frequent under the tropics, and a ſpace beyond them, i. 356—tempeſts of ſand, deſerts raiſed in one country, and depoſited on another, i. 357—in Arabia and Africa deſcribed, i. 363
• Teneriffe (the peak of) computed a mile and a half perpendicular from the ſurface of the ſea, i. 153
• Teneriffe (iſland of), the art of embalming preſerved among the ancient inhabitants, when conquered by the Spaniards, ii. 272
• Tendrac, an animal leſs than a mole, different from the hedge-hog, and a different ſpecies, iv. 105—deſcription—grunt like hogs, and love to be near water—they multiply in numbers—ſleep ſeveral months, iv. 106—its fleſh a great delicacy with the Indians, iv. 107
• Ternate, a Molucca iſland, its ſwallow taken for the bird of Paradiſe, v. 260
• [] Teſtaceous ſubſtances in variety on the tops of moun⯑tains, and in the heart of marble, i. 17
• Teſtaceous animals—Swammerdam lent an attention to thoſe animals exceeding credibility, vii. 17
• Thales the philoſopher, held all things made of wa⯑ter, i. 166
• Thames water, and that of the Indus, moſt light and wholeſome, i. 170
• Theories of the earth, thoſe of the moſt celebrated au⯑thors, i. 22
• Theory of evaporations for the formation of clouds, i. 370—other theories upon that ſubject, i. 368—theory of ſympathy, of father Mallebranche, beau⯑tiful upon monſtrous productions, ii. 246
• Theraſia, an iſland appeared unexpectedly to mariners on other purſuits, i. 125
• Thermometer, meaſures heat and cold by a fixed ſtand⯑ard—deſcription, i. 177—ſhews the heat of blood; in man, and moſt animals, about thirty degrees a⯑bove congelation—in the marmotte, and other tor⯑pid creatures, not above ten; and in the body of a living dormouſe, never beyond the uſual pitch in air, ſometimes a degree below it, iv. 45
• Theſſaly, the horſes there reputed excellent for war, ii. 365
• Theutys, a prickly-finned abdominal fiſh—deſcription of it, vi. 310
• Thibet, the muſk from thence reckoned the beſt—ſells at fourteen ſhillings the ounce, iii. 93—the peacock there the moſt beautiful of the feathered creation, v. 176
• Thoracic fiſh, that which has the ventral fins directly under the pectoral fins, vi. 303
• Thoulouſe, bodies buried in the monaſtery of the Corde⯑liers in that city, do not putrify, ii. 276
• Throat of the great Greenland whale is ſo narrow, that any animal larger than a herring could not enter, vi. 201—but that of the cachalot can with great eaſe ſwallow an ox, vi. 218—that of the ſhark moſt amazing, vi. 238
• [] Thruſh, a ſlender billed bird of the ſparrow kind, v. 314—its diſtinction from all of the kind—its ſong very fine—the largeſt of the tribe with a muſical voice, v. 320—its food, v. 321
• Thumb-fotted ſhell-fiſh, teſtaceous, deſcribed, vii. 60
• Thunder, Ulloa heard it rolling beneath him, when upon the Andes, i. 152—its cloud always moves againſt the wind, i. 353—a ſound produced by the oppoſition of two clouds, and continued by rever⯑berated echo—thunder clears the air, and kills in⯑ſects noxious to vegetation, i. 374—reſembled by the roaring of the lion heard in the night, and re⯑echoed by the mountains, iii. 224
• Thuroid cartilage forms a lump upon the wind-pipe in men, not ſeen in women, ii. 102
• Tides, with Pliny, were influenced partly by the ſun, and in a greater degree by the moon, i. 251—Kep⯑ler firſt conjectured attraction the principal cauſe of them—the preciſe manner diſcovered by New⯑ton, i. 252—high tides happen at the ſame time, on oppoſite ſides of the globe, where waters are fartheſt from the moon, i. 253—ſolar and lunar tides—greateſt in ſyzigies, leaſt in quadratures, i. 255—flows ſtrongeſt in narroweſt places, i. 256—Mediterranean, Baltic, and Black Sea, no ſenſible tides, the gulf of Venice excepted; and why, i. 257, 267—higher in the torrid zone, than in the reſt of the ocean—greateſt at the river Indus, riſing thirty feet, i. 257—remarkably high on the coaſts of Malay, in the ſtreights of Sunda, the Red Sea, the gulf of St. Lawrence, along the coaſt of China and Japan, at Panama, and in the gulf of Bengal—thoſe at Tonquin moſt remarkable in the world; one tide, and one ebb, in twenty-four hours; twice in each month no tide at all, i. 258—in the ſtreights of Magellan it riſes twenty feet, flows ſix hours, and the ebb laſts but two hours, i. 259
• Tiger, often bigger than the lion—nothing tames it—perfectly reſembles the cat, iii. 234, 238—leaps [] twenty feet at a ſpring, ii. 322—three ſorts in Sun⯑dah Rajah's dominions, iii. 240—the royal tiger—carries a buffalo over its ſhoulder to its den, iii. 241—attacks the lion, iii. 225—defeated by a ſtag, iii. 106—taught to defend herds, iii. 199—ſaid to follow the rhinoceros for its excrements, iii. 236—other tales about it, iii. 244—under Auguſtus, a tiger an extraordinary fight—the ſpecies ſcarce—opinion of Varo, that it was never taken alive, iii. 242—the ancients commended it for beauty among quadrupeds, equal to that of the peacock among birds, iii. 233—ſuppoſed to bring forth four or five young at a time, iii. 242, 243—expreſſes his re⯑ſentment as the lion—the ſkin eſteemed in the eaſt, particularly in China, iii. 243—battle of one tiger, and three elephants at Siam deſcribed, iii. 239—another between a tiger and a crocodile, iii. 247, 248—the red tiger, Mr. Buffon's cougar, iii. 244—common in Guiana, Brazil, Paraguai, and other parts of South America, iii. 248—the fleſh ſuperior to mutton, iii. 249—and eſteemed by the negroes as a dainty, iii. 298
• Tiger-cat, or cat-a-mountain, the ocelot of Mr. Buf⯑fon—a beautiful animal of its kind, iii. 255
• Tigris, a great river in Aſia, loſt under mount Tau⯑rus, i. 224.
• Tingitanians and Egyptians famous for the fineſt horſes in ſize and beauty, ii. 356
• Tipula (water) of the ſecond order of inſects—deſcrip⯑tion of it, vii. 358
• Tipula, long legged gnat, deſcription of this inſect—only difference between it and the gnat, viii. 151
• Titmouſe, a ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314
• Toad, differences between the frog and it, as to fi⯑gure and conformation, vii. 73, 74—their nature, appetites, and food—coupling, vii. 92—difficulty in bringing forth, vii. 93—curious particulars relating to this animal, vii. 95—one ſwallowing [] a bee alive, the ſtomach ſtung, and the inſect vo⯑mited up again, vii. 97—toads not venomous—ac⯑counts of toads taken inwardly, vii. 98, 99—their fleſh eaten as a delicacy on the coaſt of Guinea, iii. 298—a harmleſs, defenceleſs creature, and un⯑venomous—torpid in winter—retreat then—dif⯑ficult to be killed, vii. 100—lives for centuries in a rock, or within an oak, without acceſs, nou⯑riſhment, or air, and yet found alive and perfect—accounts of this, vii. 101—toads ſuck cancer⯑ous breaſts, and perform a cure—progreſs of this operation, vii. 102—the rubeth, the land-toad, alone has the property of ſucking, vii. 105—doubt⯑ful whether they die by internal or external appli⯑cation of the cancerous matter—varieties of the animal, vii. 106—ſome bigger than ducks, ii. 6—deſcription of the Surinam toad, called pipal, vii. 108
• Tococo, ſort of cry, given as a name in Canada to the flamingo; and why, vi. 16
• Toes, uſually four in all animals of the poultry kind; in a ſpecies of cock amount to five, v. 158
• Tone, a continuing tone produced from a non-elaſtic body, repeating blows quick and often, ii. 163—of a ſonorous body made to depend upon the num⯑ber of vibrations, not the impelling force, is miſ⯑taking an effect for a cauſe, ii. 164—half tones re⯑jected in all countries, where muſic is in its in⯑fancy, as in China, ii. 166
• Tongres, a city in the country of Liege, formerly en⯑compaſſed by the ſea, and at preſent thirty-five leagues diſtant from it, i. 276
• Tongue, the flamingo's much celebrated, and larger than that of any other bird, vi. 15—of the great Greenland whale, fills ſeveral hogſheads with blub⯑ber, vi. 196—of the rein-deer, a great delicacy, iii. 167
• Tonquin, tides there the moſt remarkable in the world, i. 258
• [] Teeth, coloured, the paſſion for them in China and Japan—in ſome parts of India black teeth deſired with ardour, ii. 77—teeth of animals various—how formed in man, ii. 101—of the elephant, ſhed like horns of deer, or obtained after death, not yet known—natives of Africa find them in their fo⯑reſts, iv. 281—of the narwhal ſurpaſſes ivory, vi. 213—aſcribed to a different animal—curioſity, and the deſire of ſcarce things, made them very valu⯑able a century ago, vi. 215—the white ſhark is ſaid to have one hundred and forty-four teeth, vi. 239
• Tornado, a formidable tempeſt, ſo called by the Spani⯑ards—its deſcription and dreadful effects, i. 361
• Torpedo, its deſcription, vi. 261—by an unaccountable power, the inſtant touched, even with a ſtick, when immediately taken out of the ſea, it numbs the hand and arm, or whole body, vi. 262 to 266—the ſhock reſembles an electrical ſtroke; ſudden, tingling, and painful—account by Kempfer of numbneſs produced by it, vi. 262—he believes holding in the breath prevents the violence; impli⯑cit belief of efficacy would be painfully undeceiv⯑ed, vi. 263—this power not exerted upon every occaſion—trials by Reaumur to this purpoſe—opinions concerning the cauſe of this ſtrange ef⯑fect, vi. 264, 265—the fiſh dead, the power deſtroyed, then handled or eaten with ſecurity—the power not extended to the degree ſome believe, reaching the fiſhermen at the end of the line, or numbing fiſhes in the ſame pond—ridiculous exceſs of this numbing quality in the hiſtory of Abyſſinia, by Godignus—Lorenzini, from experiments, is con⯑vinced the power reſides in two thin muſcles of the back, vi. 266—ſeveral fiſhes have acquired the name of torpedo, poſſeſſed of the ſame quality—Moore's and Condamine's accounts of them, vi. 267
• Tortoiſe, ranked among cruſtaceous fiſhes, though [] ſuperior to them all—amphibious, according to Seba—diſtinguiſhed in two claſſes, the land tortoiſe, and the ſea turtle, vi. 380—differ more in habits than conformation, 381—deſcription, 382, 383—principal diſtinctions, 384—varieties are, trunk-turtle, loggerhead, hawks-bill, and green-turtle, vi. 396—all generally found in warm countries, without retiring, 393—the ſhell never changes, and growing with the body, is formed in pieces, vi. 392—a defence againſt dangerous attacks, vi. 386—the blood warm and red, vi, 380—how circu⯑lated, vi. 383, 388—turtle larger than tortoiſe, vi. 393—weighs from fifty to five hundred pounds—ancients ſpeak of ſome of amazing ſizes, vi. 399—live to eighty and a hundred and twenty years, vi. 387—can live without limbs, head, or brain, proved by experiments of Redi, vi. 386, 387—moves with great weight upon it, vi. 382, 400—hears diſtinctly, by means of an auditory conduit opening into the mouth, vi. 404—ſighs when ill ſituated, and ſheds tears when diſtreſſed, vi. 405—torpid during winter, ſleeping in ſome cave, and breathing imperceptibly, vi. 389—account of a land tortoiſe caught in a canal at Amſter⯑dam, vi. 380, 381—and of a turtle in the Loire in 1729, vi. 394—the food chiefly vegeta⯑bles, though believed to eat inſects, ſnails, and bugs, vi. 392, vii. 25. See Turtle.
• Toucan, a bird of the pie kind, has a bill as large as its body—of five varieties; the red-beaked deſcrib⯑ed, v. 243—its food, v. 244, 245—pepper void⯑ed unconcocted by the toucan, preferred to that freſh gathered, v. 244—Pozzo bred one tame—its habits and food, v. 245—has birds, men, mon⯑kies, and ſerpents to guard againſt—ſcoops out its neſt into the hollow of ſome tree, leaves ſcarce room to go in and out, and with its great beak guards that entrance, v. 246—found only in warm parts of South America, where it is valu⯑ed [] for its tender and nouriſhing fleſh, and the beau⯑ty of its plumage, particularly the breaſt, the ſkin of which the Indians dry and glue to their cheeks for beauty, vi. 247
• Touch, thoſe parts of the body moſt exerciſed in touching, acquire the greateſt degree of accuracy—the fingers, by long habit, not from a greater quantity of nerves, become maſters in the art, ii. 185
• Tournefort, deſcribes a ſpout ſeen in the Mediterranean, i. 390, 395—ſolutions offered for this ſurpriſing phenomenon, i. 393
• Trachinus, the weever, a prickly-finned jugular fiſh, deſcribed, vi. 306
• Trachipterus, the ſabre, a prickly-finned thoracic fiſh—its deſcription, vi. 309
• Track of a ſtag, manner of knowing it, and that of a hind, iii. 115
• Trade, of hair of animals, driven by the inhabitants of Angora, iii. 58
• Tragelaphus, name of a ſtag with the ancients—found in the foreſts of Germany, and called by the na⯑tives bran deer, or the brown deer, iii. 122
• Traps for horſes, uſed by the Arabians for the wild ſort, ii. 348—for wild aſſes, alſo uſed in the Ar⯑chipelago, ii. 377—for mice, deſcribed in variety by Geſner, iv. 74
• Treacle, food for bees during winter, when robbed of their honey, viii. 75
• Trees, (foſſil) in the body of ſolid rocks, and deep un⯑der the earth upon which they once grew—con⯑jectures upon this ſubject, i. 49, 50—found in quantities at the mouth of the river Neſs in Flan⯑ders, at the depth of fifty feet, i. 281—laying twenty feet deep under ground for many ages, be⯑comes hard and tough, proofs of alternate over⯑flowings and deſertions of the ſea, i. 284—uſually of the largeſt kinds in wide uncultivated wilder⯑neſſes, in the ſtate of rude nature, ii. 10—the [] banana and plantane, ſo immenſe, as to be inimi⯑cally inhabited by monkies, ſnakes, and birds of the moſt delightful plumage, v. 255—age known by the number of their circles, vi. 176
• Trembley, firſt diſcovered in the polypus the power of reproduction in animals, viii. 172
• Trichurus, a prickly finned apodal fiſh of a ſword like form, deſcribed, vi. 305
• Trigla, the gurnard, of the ſpinous kind, deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 309
• Trochus, the ſnails of that kind have no mouth—their trunk—are among ſnails, what the tiger, eagle, or ſhark are among beaſts, birds, or fiſhes, vii. 33
• Troglodyte of Bontius, is the ouran-outang, or wild man of the woods, iv. 189
• Troglodytes, the mountain of that name in Arabia has a paſſage through it made by a diſruption, as if artificial, i. 157
• Tropical ſeas, are thoſe in which ſpouts are ſeen very commonly, i. 390—the climates ſo hot, dogs in proceſs of time loſe the delicacy of their ſcent en⯑tirely, and why, iii. 262—under them, and for a good ſpace beyond, tempeſts are frequent, and their effects anticipated, i. 356—ſuppoſed by Lin⯑naeus the native ſpot of man, and the northern climates only places of ſojourning for them—an argument ſufficing to prove the contrary, ii. 240
• Trumpets, encreaſe ſounds, in the ſame manner as the teleſcope does bodies—perſons hard of hearing find the ſame advantage in the trumpet made for this purpoſe, that the ſhort-ſighted perſons do from glaſſes; were they farther enlarged, they could be uſed to advantage only in a place of ſolitude and ſtillneſs, as the multitude of ſounds would produce tumult and confuſion, ii. 174
• Trunks of animals, that of the elephant deſcribed, iv. 259—that of the gnat may juſtly be deemed one of nature's maſter-pieces, viii. 154
• [] Trygon, the fireflare, the enchantreſs Circe armed her ſon with a ſpear headed with the ſpine of this fiſh, vi. 260
• Tubes of glaſs, drawn as fine as a hair, ſtill preſerve their hollow within, i. 192
• Tubular veſſels, diſcovered by Fallopius, and called his tubes, ii. 17
• Tufted-duck, a variety of the kind, native of Europe, vi. 129
• Tumble-dung, a ſtrong beetle, remarkable for make and manners, viii. 137
• Tumbler, in the diviſion of Dr. Caius, a dog of the firſt claſs, or generous kind, iii. 286—ſuppoſed the lurcher, and deſcribed, iii. 288
• Turbinated ſhells, are univalves, and the firſt kind of Ariſtotle's diviſion, vii. 12
• Turbits, variety of the tame pigeons, obtained by croſs breed, v. 293
• Turbots, (and rays) extremely delicate in their choice of baits; a piece of herring or haddock twelve hours out of the ſea, and uſed as a bait, will not be touched, vi. 257—growth of turbots, vi. 340
• Turkey, bird of the poultry kind—its native country diſputed; arguments for the old and new conti⯑nent—firſt ſeen in France, in the reign of Francis I. and in England in that of Henry VIII. v. 177—its tenderneſs with us, when young, argues not for our climate—in the wild ſtate, hardy and nu⯑merous in the ſnowy foreſts of Canada—alſo larger and more beautiful than in the domeſtic ſtate—the ſavages weave the feathers into cloaks, and faſhion them into fans and umbrellas, v. 178—hunting the turkey a principal diverſion with them, its fleſh chiefly ſupporting their families—manner of hunting, v. 179
• Turkeys, a ſtupid, vain tribe, quarreling among them⯑ſelves—the cock's antipathy to red—briſtles, and flies to attack it—manner of encreaſing their ani⯑moſity for diverſion—weak and cowardly againſt [] the weakeſt animals that dare face them, v. 180 the cock purſues what flies from him, as lap-dogs and children, then returns to his train, diſplays his plumage, and ſtruts about—the female milder, gentler, and particularly fond of ants and cater⯑pillars eggs—lays eighteen or twenty eggs, larger than a hen—the young very tender at firſt, muſt be carefully attended to, v. 180—account of Abbé Pluche, of a turkey-hen and her brood at the ſight of a bird of prey, v. 182—turkies of Norfolk the largeſt of this kingdom, ſome weigh thirty pounds; in Eaſt India, in domeſtic ſtate, grow to weigh ſixty pounds, v. 183
• Turky, in Aſia, has in different parts horſes of almoſt all races, ii. 361—lions found to diminiſh in num⯑ber in this country, iii. 215
• Turnings of rivers, more numerous as they approach the ſea, become indications through trackleſs lands—the bends encreaſing, form different channels and mouths into the ſea, as the Danube, Nile, Wolga, i. 203
• Turn-ſpit, a dog of the mongrel kind, and the lower claſs of Dr. Caius's diviſion, iii. 286
• Turnſtone, a ſmall bird of the crane kind, vi. 23—likes colder climates in ſummer, or wildeſt and moiſteſt parts in this country—is a bird of paſſage, 28
• Turtle-dove, one of the ruminating birds, or with a power of diſgorging food to feed its young, iii. 5
• Turtle, propagated on ſhore only—comes from ſea on purpoſe in coupling ſeaſon, vi. 400, 401—female is paſſive and reluctant; the male is ſlow, but graſps ſo faſt nothing can looſe the hold, vi. 401—pre⯑pares for laying, and depoſits her eggs in the ſand, where in twenty-ſix days they are hatched by the ſun, vi. 391, 401 to 407—lay from one hundred and fifty to two hundred in a ſeaſon, vi. 391—the young from the egg, with their ſhell, ſeek their food untaught, and at the ſize of quails, run by [] inſtinct to the ſea, ignorant of all danger, vi. 391, 403
• Turtle, article of commerce, the ſhell put to many uſes; of the hawk's-bill the fineſt, conſiſts of eight flat, and five hollow plates, vi. 396—how manufactured, 397—the fleſh, particularly of the green turtle, prized as a delicacy, and is wholeſome, vi. 398—the great Mediterranean the largeſt of all, unfit and unſafe to eat; its ſhell is unprofitable for uſe, vi. 393 to 395—ſeveral ways of catching turtles, vi. 404 to 406
• Tuſks, of the babyroueſſa a fine ivory, ſmoother and whiter than the elephant's, but not ſo hard—of enormous ſize, iii, 194—of caſtrated animals ſcarce appear without the lips, iii. 197—thoſe of a boar, ſometimes a foot long, iii. 172—broken, abate his fierceneſs and venery, producing nearly the ſame effect as caſtration, iii. 197—of the mammouth weigh four hundred pounds; thoſe of the elephant from Africa, two hundred and fifty—ſome remark⯑able lately found near the Ohio, and Miume in America, vi. 282—Dr. Hunter thinks them of a larger animal than the elephant, iv. 283—of the nar⯑whal, or ſea unicorn, a cetaceous fiſh with teeth, from nine to fourteen feet long, vi. 211, 213
• Twins, never, while infants, ſo large or ſtrong as children that come ſingly into the world, and why, ii. 48
• Typhons, ſpouts ſo called ſeen at land, differ in ſeveral reſpects from thoſe at ſea, i. 394
• Tyſon, (Dr.) his deſcription of an ouran-outang, by the name of pygmy, the beſt and moſt exact, iv. 191

• Valerian, a plant of which cats are exceſſively ſond, iii. 206
• [] Valle, (Pietro) his deſcription of Perſian horſes, ii. 361
• Vampyre, a foreign bat, having the reputed faculty of drawing blood from perſons aſleep; and thus de⯑ſtroying them before they awake, iv. 144. See Bat.
• Vanſire, a ſort of ferret of Madagaſcar, according to Mr. Buffon, iii. 362
• Vapour of metals in mines not ſo noxious, as thoſe of ſubſtances with which ores are uſually united, ſuch as arſenic, cinabar, &c.—fragrance of their ſmell—warnings about them, i. 79, 80—diſengaged from water, and attenuated, aſcends into the at⯑moſphere, where condenſed and acquiring weight as it rolls, falls down in a ſhape ſuitable to the temperature of its elevation, i. 370 to 374—moſt foetid, breathed from the jaws of the wolf, iii. 323
• Varenius, his Opinion upon the formation of rivers, i. 199
• Vari, a kind of maki, laſt of the monkey-kind, iv. 240—its deſcription, iv. 241
• Vault, go to vault, phraſe uſed by hunters when the hare enters holes like the rabbit, iv. 10
• Vegetables, totally unprotected, and expoſed to every aſſailant, ii. 2—thoſe in a dry and ſunny ſoil, are ſtrong and vigorous, not luxuriant; and thoſe the joint product of heat and moiſture, are luxuriant and tender, ii. 5—but few noxious—that life as much promoted by human induſtry, as animal life is diminiſhed, ii. 13—not poſſeſſed of one power which animals have, the actual ability, or aukward attempt at ſelf-preſervation, viii. 163—vegetable-earth—the bed of it in an inhabited country, muſt be always diminiſhing, and why, i. 56—plant, with a round bulbous head, which, when dried, becomes of amazing elaſticity, grows near the ex⯑tremity of that region, on mountains, where con⯑tinual froſt reigns, i. 151—vegetables cover the bottom of many parts of the ſea, ii. 6—thoſe called marine grow to a monſtrous ſize, viii. 179—diffe⯑rent [] kinds appropriated to different appetites of ani⯑mals, and why—birds diſtribute the ſeeds of vege⯑tables where they fly, ii. 5—the aſs gives preference over others to the plantane, ii. 381—the ſole food of ruminating animals, iii. 1—animals feeding on vegetables moſt inoffenſive and timorous, iv. 3—ſome poſſeſſed of motion—what conſtitutes the dif⯑ference between animal and vegetable life, difficult, if not impoſſible to anſwer, viii. 161—like fluids and mineral ſubſtances, produce air in a copious manner, i. 318
• Vegetation, anticipated in its progreſs by bees, viii. 74
• Velino, a river in Italy, has a cataract of a hundred and fifty feet perpendicular in height, i. 222
• Velocity, not alone the actuating force of winds, but alſo the degree of denſity, i. 355
• Velvet, like downy ſubſtance upon the ſkin covering the ſkull, when the horn of a deer is fallen off, iii. 96
• Velvet-duck, a variety of the common duck, a native of the European dominions, vi. 129
• Venery, partridges immoderately addicted to it, to an unnatural degree, v. 209
• Venom, given to the weapon of the fireflare by Pliny, Aelian, and Oppian, in a degree to affect the in⯑animate creation, vi. 259—many reaſons to doubt of it, 260
• Venus, the Grecian, her noſe ſuch as at preſent would be deemed an actual deformity, ii. 76—a modern lady's face, like that of the Venus of Medicis, would ſcarce be thought beautiful, except by the lovers of antiquity, ii. 265
• Verges, or orifices of the ſnails, are two, one active, the other paſſive, vii. 31
• Vermin, hoſpitals erected by the Bramins in India for the maintenance of all kind of vermin, ii. 225—leſs found with aſſes, than with other animals co⯑vered with hair, ii. 386
• [] Vertigo in goats produced by immoderate cold, iii. 53, 54
• Veſuvius, its eruptions—the moſt remarkable deſcribed by Valetta, i. 91 to 94—account of another by biſhop Berkley, i. 94. to 98
• Vibrations of a bell ceaſe to be heard when under the receiver of an air-pump, i. 334—the tone of a ſo⯑norous body made to depend upon the number of vibrations, not the force, is a miſtake of an effect for a cauſe, ii. 164.
• Vineta, a port of Pomerania, overflowed and deſtroyed by the Baltic, i. 278
• Violet-crab of the Caribbee iſlands, moſt noted for ſhape, delicacy of fleſh, and ſingularity of manners, vi. 368
• Viper, moſt vivacious of reptiles—experiment on a vi⯑per in the receiver of the air-pump by Mr. Boyle, i. 316—kept in boxes for ſix or eight months with⯑out any food, vii. 179—its progreſſive motion, vii. 180—the only animal in Great Britain whoſe bite is feared, vii. 203—do not devour their young—their food, vii. 205—by the application of ſallad-oil, the bite of the viper effectually cured—who firſt diſcovered this remedy—effects of the viper's bite, vii. 206, 207
• Viſion, its errors—objects repreſented upſide-down and double, ii. 147, 148—the point without ſenſation, ii. 150—and want of meaſure for diſtance, ii. 151
• Viviparous and oviparous animals, the two claſſes for generation and production—all other modes held imaginary and erroneous, ii. 22—the blenny, a ſpinous fiſh, brings forth two or three hundred young at a time, alive and playing around, vi. 177
• Ukraine, the cattle there become very fat, and conſider⯑ed the largeſt of all Europe, iii. 19
• Ulloa, his deſcription of part of South America, of Cotopaxi, of Quito, of the Andes, and a volcano, i. 99 to 103
• Umbilical veſſels, thoſe of the placenta to the foetus, ii. 41
• [] Unan, one of the two kinds of the ſloth, an animal about the ſize of a badger, iv. 343
• Under-hung, expreſſion among painters, meaning a prominent under jaw, ii. 91
• Underſtanding, comparative progreſs of it—greater in infants, than in children of three or four years old, ii. 61
• Undulations in elaſtic bodies ſuppoſed by the ear one continued ſound, though in reality many, ii. 163
• Unicorn of the ſea, a whale with teeth in the upper jaw, its deſcription, vi. 211. See Narwhal.
• Univalve ſhells, firſt diviſion by Ariſtotle, as to figure, vii. 12
• Voice of birds much louder to their bulk than animals of other kinds—ſet to muſic by father Kircher, v. 143
• Volatile cauſtic ſalt obtained in great quantity from the cantharides flies, viii. 143
• Volcano, conſidered as a cannon of immenſe ſize, the mouth near two miles circumference, i. 87—opi⯑nions of philoſophers and ignorant men about it, i. 88—the real cauſes—three very remarkable in Europe, and which, i. 89—Albouras, moſt famous in Aſia—one in the iſland of Ternate, i. 98—in the Molucca iſlands, in Japan, in Java and Suma⯑tra, in the Cape de Verd iſlands, the peak in Te⯑neriffe; alſo in America, i. 99—marine ones not very frequent, and why, i. 130
• Vomit, black, a mortal ſymptom of the diſtemper called chapatonadas, in America, i. 323
• Uranoſcopus, a prickly-finned apodal fiſh, deſcription of it, vi. 306
• Urchins, or echini, a multivalve ſhell-fiſh, vii. 61—manner of exhibiting this extraordinary animal in every light, vii. 61, 62—its deſcription, vii. 62—ſome kinds as good eating as the lobſter, and its eggs conſidered as a great delicacy, vii. 63
• Urinary paſſages, effects of the cantharides falling principally upon them, viii. 143
• [] Urine of animals found efficacious in ſome diſ⯑orders, iii. 69—of the lion inſupportable, iii. 224—of camels, an ingredient in ſal ammoniac, iv. 311—of birds differs from that of other animals, v. 17
• Urſon, or Hudſon, of the hedge-hog kind, a native of Hudſon's Bay, iv. 114—its deſcription—ſleeps much, and feeds upon the bark of juniper—in winter ſnow ſerves it as drink, and in ſummer it laps water like a dog, iv. 115
• Urus and biſon in fact deſcendants of one common ſtock; and naturaliſts, aſſigning them different claſſes, have ſeparated what is really united, iii. 15, 16—this wild bull chiefly met with in Lithuania—deſcription of it, iii. 16—generally taken by pit⯑falls, iii. 17—the breed chiefly occupies the cold and temperate zones, iii. 20
• Vulture-kind, its diſtinctive marks from other kinds of carnivorous birds—the fleſh liked and dreſſed for eating, according to Bellonius, v. 85—ſeldom at⯑tacks living animals when ſupplied with dead, v. 107—deſcription of the golden vulture, v. 108—vulture and dog, about Grand Cairo in Egypt, keep together in a ſociable friendly manner, and bring up their young in the ſame neſt, iii. 304—of Senegal, ſaid to carry off children, probably no other than the condor, v. 105
• Vulture, bird of prey, next in rank to the eagle, leſs generous and bold, v. 107—countries where found—unknown in England, v. 109—flocks of them near Grand Cairo not permitted to be deſtroyed, as they devour all the filth and carrion there—in company with wild dogs, tear and devour together without quarrelling, v. 110—wonderful method of ſeparating the fleſh from the bones, and leaving the ſkin entire, v. 111—ſmell carrion from afar—follow thoſe that hunt for ſkins alone, and ſo vora⯑ciouſly fill themſelves as merely to waddle, and to want diſgorging before they fly away—are little ap⯑prehenſive of danger, and allow themſelves to be [] approached—an eagle falling in upon their meals, keeps them at diſtance till he be ſatiated—an ox re⯑turning home alone, lying down by the way, be⯑comes their prey, and is devoured alive—attempt oxen grazing, deſtroy lambs, and feed much upon ſerpents, rabbits, hares and what game they can overpower—alſo demoliſh whole broods of croco⯑diles, v. 111 to 114—lay two eggs at a time, and produce but once a year—make neſts in inacceſſible cliffs and remoteſt places—their fleſh lean, ſtringy, nauſeous, taſting and ſmelling of carrion, v. 114—the down of their wing makes a pretty kind of fur, commonly ſold in the Aſiatic markets, v. 109
• King of Vultures, deſcription of this bird, v. 115, 116

• Waiſts of European women diſpleaſe Linnaeus, who, in a catalogue of monſters, particularly adds their ſlender waiſts, ii. 243
• Walfiſchaas, whales provender, inſects floating in cluſ⯑ters on the ſurface of the ſea, and called meduſa by Linnaeus, vi. 202
• Walnut-trees, with walnuts on the ſtem, leaves and branches, in exact preſervation, found at twenty- in ſix feet depth round the city of Modena in Italy, i. 282
• Wanderow, a baboon leſs than the mandril, its de⯑ſcription—chiefly ſeen in the woods of Ceylon and Malabar, iv. 215
• Wappe, dog of the mongrel kind, in the third diviſion of Dr. Caius, iii. 286
• Warbling of birds, ſo loud and various in modulation, not eaſily accounted for, v. 14
• Warine, the Braſilian guariba, largeſt of the monkey-kind, found in America, iv. 235—its deſcription, iv. 236
• [] Warree, hog of the iſthmus of Darien, deſcribed by Wafer, iii. 196
• Warwickſhire rams not uncommonly worth fifty gui⯑neas, iii. 44
• Waſps, ruminating inſects, or ſeemingly ſuch, iii. 6—their deſcription and habits—their habitation ſcarce⯑ly completed when the inhabitant dies—have two or three hundred queens in a hive, viii. 96, 97—their neſt a moſt curious object, viii. 97 to 100—the ſo⯑cial waſps gather no honey themſelves, though fond of ſweets, viii. 102—fierce battles with the bees, who make up by conduct and numbers the deficiency of proweſs, viii. 103—their depreda⯑tions, viii. 102—where found, other flies deſert the place, viii. 103—live but one ſeaſon, viii. 104—cannot endure winter—before new year they wither and die, having butchered their young—in every neſt, one or two females ſurvive—im⯑pregnated the preceding ſeaſon, ſhe begins in ſpring to lay eggs—and before June produces ten thouſand young, which are nurſed and fed by her alone, viii. 105—ſolitary waſp, its manners, viii. 106—proviſions made for the young at leaving the egg—the proviſions arranged and laid in, the old one cloſes the hole and dies—the young leaving the egg are ſcarcely viſible, viii. 108—how the life of the young is ſpent—waſps of Europe innocent compared to thoſe of tropical climate—deſcription of thoſe of the Weſt Indies, and their habits, viii. 109—pains of their ſting inſupportable, more terri⯑ble than of a ſcorpion, the part ſwells, and people are ſo disfigured as ſcarce to be known, viii. 110
• Water, its parts infinitely ſmall, driven through the pores of gold, penetrating through all ſubſtances, except glaſs—enter the compoſition of all bodies, ve⯑getable, animal, and foſſil, i. 164, 165—birds, beaſts, fiſhes, inſects, trees, and vegetables, with their parts, have growth from it, and by putrefaction be⯑come water, i. 165—gives all other bodies firmneſs and durability, i. 163—a phial hermetically ſealed, [] kept fifty years, depoſed no ſediment, and conti⯑nued tranſparent, i. 168—gathered after a thunder⯑clap in ſultry weather, depoſits a real ſalt, i. 169 ſpring-water collected from the air—of river waters, the Indus and the Thames offer the moſt light and wholeſome, i. 170—lightneſs, and not tranſparency, the teſt of purity, i. 171—pureſt wa⯑ter diſtilled from ſnow on tops of higheſt mountains—different kinds adapted to different conſtitutions, i. 172—water of the ſea heavier and more buoy⯑ant than freſhwater, i. 241—very tranſparent, i. 171—freſh water at ſea putrifies twice, ſometimes thrice in a voyage—a month at ſea, ſends up a noiſome and dangerous vapour, which takes fire from a flame, i. 173—elementary water not compounded, i. 174—is ice kept in fuſion, i. 175—dilates in bulk by cold, i. 176—confirmed by experiments, i. 178—very compreſſible and elaſtic, i. 180—made to reſemble air, i. 183—a drop of water converted into ſteam capable of raiſing twenty ton weight, i. 184—keeps its ſurface level and even, i. 185—a ſingle quart ſufficient to burſt a hogſhead, and how, i. 187, et ſeq.—of the ſea kept ſweet by motion, i. 249—converted into ruſhing air, and again into its former ſtate, i. 337—the bramins of India ſmell the water they drink, to us quite inodorous, ii. 180
• Water-ſpouts, burſt from the ſea, and join miſts im⯑mediately above them, i. 377—moſt ſurpriſing phoenomena, dreadful to mariners, and aſtoniſhing to obſervers of nature, common in the tropical ſeas, ſometimes in our own—deſcription of thoſe ſeen by Tournefort in the Mediterranean, i. 390 to 193—ſolutions offered for this ſurpriſing phoenome⯑non, i. 393 to 396
• Water-wagtail, ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, living upon inſects, v. 314
• Waves, their luminous appearance in the night, and the cauſe, i. 247
• Wax of two kinds gathered by common bees, viii. [] 88—the firſt fifteen days, the bees make more wax than during the reſt of the year, viii. 86—that produced by black bees in tropical climates only uſed for medicinal purpoſes, being too ſoft for candles, as in Europe, viii. 90
• Weaſel, a ſmall carnivorous animal; marks com⯑mon to the kind, iii. 346, 347—theſe differ from the cat-kind in the formation and diſpoſition of claws—differ from the dog-kind in a cloath⯑ing of fur rather than hair, iii. 346—one of the ſpecies is like all the reſt, iii. 347—this the ſmalleſt of the whole kind, iii. 348—its deſcrip⯑tion—untameable and untractable, iii. 349—hides and ſleeps three parts of the day, and ſallies forth for prey in the evening, iii. 350—attacks ani⯑mals much above its own ſize, iii. 349—catches rats and mice better than cats; alſo ſmall birds—deſtroys young poultry, and ſucks the eggs—ſo nimbly runs up high walls, no place is ſecure from it, iii. 350, 351—in cultivated lands, it thins the number of hurtful vermin, iii. 359—never cries but when ſtruck—all the kind has glands near the anus, ſecreting a ſubſtance foetid in ſome, and a perfume in others, iii. 347—this moſt offenſive in ſummer, and inſufferable when irritated, iii. 152—one ſort in America is by ſailors called the ſtinkard. See Stinkards. Confined to a cage, is ever in uneaſy agitation—muſt have leave to hide itſelf—eats only by ſtealth, and will not touch the food until it begins to putrefy, iii. 349, 350—the female makes an eaſy bed for her young, and gene⯑rally brings forth from three to five at a time, and with cloſed eyes, iii. 351—account of a weaſel's forming her [...], and bringing forth her young in the putrid carcaſe of a wolf, iii. 352—the white ermine found in Great Britain is called the white weaſel—its fur among us of no value, iii. 358—of the weaſel kind, the martin the moſt pleaſing, iii. 368—the boldeſt and moſt uſeful of all is the ich⯑neumon, iii. 376
• [] Weather, the moiſt alone prevents evaporation, i. 371
• Weathercocks often erroneous with Derham in regard to upper regions, i. 353
• Weed floating over great tracts of the ſea ſerve as ſuſ⯑tenance for many fiſh bearing ſimilitude with ſuch vegetables, ii. 7
• Weever, the trachinus, a prickly-finned jugular fiſh, its deſcription vi. 306—the ſting given by its back-fin is poiſonous, vi. 348
• Weight of the human body often found to differ from itſelf—inſtances of it—the difference often amounts to a pound, or ſometimes to a pound and a half, not eaſy to conceive whence this adventitious weight is derived, ii. 110—the porters of Conſtantinople carry burdens of nine hundred pounds weight—a man able to raiſe a weight of two thouſand pounds—a horſe will not carry upon its back above two or three hundred pounds—whence this ſeeming ſupe⯑riority comes, ii. 112
• Well, burning, at Broſely, now ſtopped, had a fire⯑damp in it, which would kindle with the flame of a candle, i. 86—ſome continue full, affected neither by rains nor droughts, i. 282
• Welland, river near Spalding, has amazing ſhoals of ſticklebacks caught in it, vi. 334
• Wert, Sebald, a traveller, confirms the exiſtence of giants, on a coaſt of South America, towards the ſtreights of Magallan, ii. 261
• Whale, the largeſt animal known, no preciſe anatomy of this fiſh yet given—two centuries ago they were deſcribed two hundred and fifty feet long, vi. 186 to 198—the Biſcayneers practiſed the whale-fiſhery near Greenland ſoon after the year 1300, i. 205—ſeven different kinds, diſtinguiſhed by external figure or internal conformation, i. 193—are gregarious ani⯑mals, make migrations from one ocean to another, i. 201—and generally reſort where they have the leaſt diſturbance, 192—great Greenland whale, its de⯑ſcription, [] vi. 194—from ſixty to ſeventy feet long,—the head one third of its bulk, vi. 194—its hearing is acute, vi. 196—breathes air at the ſurface of the water, and cannot remain under it like other fiſhes, vi. 169—it blows loudly through the ſpout-holes, and moſt fiercely when wounded—whalebone diffe⯑rent from the bones of the body, v. 197—the fins are from five to eight feet long, vi. 194—the throat is narrow, nothing larger than a herring can be ſwallowed, vi. 202—the tail, its only weapon of de⯑fence, is twenty-four feet broad, and ſtrikes hard blows, vi. 194—one ſeen by Ray marbled, with the figures 122 diſtinctly marked upon it, vi. 195—the blubber and other parts turn out to very good ac⯑count—the fleſh palatable to ſome nations, vi. 209, 210—the female and male keep much together; their fidelity exceeds that of birds—inſtance of it, vi. 199—do not croſs breeds—ſhe goes with young nine or ten months, is then fatter than at other times—produces two breaſts and teats at pleaſure—ſuckles her young a year, and how—is very tender of them—defends them fiercely when purſued—in⯑ſtance of it—dives with them, and comes up ſoon to give them breath—during the firſt year, called ſhort-heads, and then yield fifty barrels of blubber—at two years, they are ſtunts, and after that ſkull-fiſh, 199, 200—the food of this animal, an inſect called meduſa by Linnaeus, and walfiſchaas by the Icelanders—purſues no other fiſh, and is inoffen⯑ſive in its element, vi. 202—the whale-louſe, of the ſhell-fiſh kind, ſticks to its body as to the foul bottom of a ſhip, gets under the fins, and eats through the ſkin into the fat, vi. 203—the ſword-fiſh affrights the whale, avoids the ſtroke of its tail, bounds upon its back, and cuts into it with the toothed edges of its bill, vi. 203, 204—the killer, a cetaceous fiſh of great ſtrength, With powerful teeth, beſet the whale as dogs do a bull, tear it down, and then devour only its tongue, [] vi. 204—old manner of taking whales, vi. 206 to 208—improvements hinted, vi. 209
• Spermaceti Whale, the cachalot, has teeth in the under jaw—is leſs than the whale, about ſixty feet long, and ſixteen high—can remain longer under water; and the head makes one half of the whole—is vo⯑racious and deſtructive even to dolphins and por⯑poiſes, vi. 217, 218—ſeven diſtinctions in this tribe, vi. 217—contain two precious drugs, the ſpermaceti and ambergris; the latter moſtly in older fiſhes, vi. 219 to 221. See Cachalot.
• Wheat and currants, ſwallowed whole, indigeſtible to man; ſo may many kinds of food be in the ſto⯑machs of animals, v. 74
• Wheat-ear, a thick ſhort-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, thought foreign, v. 315—it migrates be⯑fore winter, v. 318
• Whin-chat, a ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 314—bird of paſſage, v. 318
• Whip-ſnake, a very venomous ſerpent of the eaſt, is five feet long, and its bite kills in ſix hours time, vii. 214, 215
• Whirlpool, manner in which it is formed, i. 265—thoſe of the ocean particularly dangerous, i. 267—the central point always loweſt, and why, i. 205
• Whirlwind, the moſt rapid formed by united contri⯑butions of minerals, vegetables, and animals, en⯑creaſing the current of air, i. 338
• Whiſkers, a man without them formerly conſidered as unfit for company in Spain; nature denying, art ſupplied the deficiency—a Spaniſh general borrow⯑ing money from the Venetians, pawned his whiſ⯑kers, and took care to releaſe them—part of the religion of the Tartars conſiſts in the management of their whiſkers; and they waged war with the Perſians as infidels, whoſe whiſkers had not the or⯑thodox cut, ii. 96—the kings of Perſia wore them matted with gold thread; and the kings of France, of the firſt races, had them knotted and buttoned with gold, ii. 96, 97
• [] Whiſton, his reaſoning concerning the theory of the earth—finds water enough in the tail of a comet for the univerſal deluge, i. 28, to 32
• White, the natural colour of man, all other tints pro⯑ceed from greater or leſſer heat of climates, ii. 233—among white races of people, our own country bids faireſt for pre-eminence, ii. 235
• White-bait, ſhoals appear near Greenwich in July; and ſeem the young of ſome animal not come to perfect form, vi. 337
• White-noſe, the mouſtoc, monkey of the ancient con⯑tinent, a beautiful little animal—its deſcription—a native of the Gold Coaſt, iv. 234
• White-throat, a ſlender-billed bird of the ſparrow-kind, living upon inſects, v. 314
• Widgeon, a variety of the European duck deſcribed, but beſt known by its whiſtling ſound, vi. 130
• Wild man of the woods, the ouran-outang, foremoſt of the ape-kind—this name given to various animals walking upright, but from different countries, and of different proportions and powers—the troglodyte of Bontius, the drill of Purchas, pygmy of Tyſon, and pongo of Battel, have all this general name, iv. 189
• Wind, a current of air—artificial, i. 337—cauſes aſſigned for the variety, activity, continual change, and uncertain duration of it, i. 338—in what man⯑ner to foretel the certainty of a wind, as the return of an eclipſe—to account for variations of wind upon land, not at preſent expected, i. 339—re⯑courſe to be had to the ocean—and why—in many parts of the world the winds pay ſtated viſits—in ſome places they blow one way by day, and an⯑other by night; in others, for one half year they go in a direction contrary to their former courſe; in ſome places the winds never change, i. 340—the wind which never varies is the great univerſal wind, blowing from the eaſt to the weſt, in all ex⯑tenſive oceans, where the land does not break the general current, i. 341, 342—the other winds are [] deviations of its current—many theories to explain the motion of the winds—that of Dr. Lyſter—theory of Carteſius—Dr. Halley's more plauſible, i. 342, et ſeq.
• Trade-winds, blow from the poles toward the equator, i. 343, 344—were the ſurface of the globe ſea, the winds would be conſtant, and blow in one direc⯑tion—various circumſtances break its current, and drive it back againſt its general courſe, forcing it upon coaſts that face the weſt, i. 344, 345—want of a true ſyſtem of trade-winds, ſupplied by an imper⯑fect hiſtory of them—north wind prevails during October, November, December, and January, in the Atlantic, under the temperate zone—north wind reigns during the winter of Nova Zembla, and other arctic countries—ſouth wind prevails dur⯑ing July in the Cape de Verde iſlands—north-weſt wind blows during September at the Cape of Good Hope—regular winds produced by various cauſes upon land—ancient Greeks firſt obſerved them, i. 346, 347—in general, wherever a ſtrong current of water, there is a wind to attend it—regular wind produced by the flux and reflux of the ſea—winds called monſoons, i. 347—ſome peculiar to certain coaſts—ſouth wind conſtant upon thoſe of Chili and Peru—other winds particular to various coaſts, i. 348, 349
• Winds at land puff by intervals, and why—not ſo at ſea, i. 352—eaſt wind more conſtant than any o⯑other, and generally moſt powerful—wind blow⯑ing one way, and clouds moving another, fore-runners of thunder—cauſe of this ſurpriſing ap⯑pearance remains a ſecret, i. 353—from ſea, gene⯑rally moiſter than thoſe over tracts of land—more boiſterous in ſpring and autumn than at other ſea⯑ſons, i. 354—their force does not depend upon ve⯑locity alone, but alſo upon denſity—reflected from ſides of mountains and towers, often more power⯑ful than in direct progreſſion, i. 355—raiſe ſandy deſerts in one country, to depoſit them upon ſome [] other—ſouth winds in ſummer, ſo hot in Egypt as almoſt to ſtop reſpiration, and produce epide⯑mic diſorders, continuing for any length of time, i. 357—deadly along the coaſts of the Perſian Gulph, and of India, i. 359—aſſume a viſible form, i. 358
• Wind-pipe, in men has a lump not ſeen in women, ii. 102—makes convolutions within a bird, and is called the labyrinth, v. 13—this difference obtains in birds ſeemingly of the ſame ſpecies, v. 14—ſtrange in the throat of the crane, v. 377—of the bittern, vi. 2—in the wild ſwan, vi. 114
• Wings of birds, anſwer fore-legs of quadrupeds—their deſcription—baſtard wing, v. 7—flap of a ſwan's wing break's a man's leg; a ſimilar blow from an eagle lays a man dead inſtantly, v. 9—of butter⯑flies, diſtinguiſh them from flies of other kinds—their number and beautiful colours, viii. 33
• Winter beginning round the poles, the miſty appear⯑ance of heat in ſouthern climates is there produced by cold, i. 378, 386
• Wiſtiti, a monkey of the ſagoin kind, remarkable for the tufts of hair upon its face, and its annulated tail, iv. 237
• Wolga, its length—abounds with water in May and June; at other times very ſhallow—the Engliſh diſappointed in a trade into Perſia through it, i. 209—receives thirty-three leſſer rivers in its courſe, i. 217—and has ſeventy openings into the Caſpian ſea, i. 131
• Wolf, a fierce, ſtrong, cunning carnivorous quadru⯑ped, externally and internally ſo nearly reſembling the dog, they ſeem modelled alike, yet have a per⯑fect antipathy to each other, iii. 309—deſcription of the wolf, iii. 306—principal diſtinction from the dog is the eye, which opens ſlantingly upwards in the ſame direction with the noſe, iii. 307—alſo the tail is long, buſhy, hanging lank—the wolf lives about twenty years—is not much with thoſe of his kind, yet hunts in packs with them, iii. [] 311—quarelling, they devour each other, iii. 110 is watchful and eaſily waked—ſupplied with water, lives four or five days without food—carries off a ſheep without touching the ground, and runs with it ſwifter than the ſhepherds his purſuers, iii. 315—ſmells a carcaſe at a great diſtance, iii. 316—leaving the wood, goes out againſt the wind—particularly fond of human fleſh—follow armies, and arrive in numbers upon a field of battle—two or three wolves keep a province for a time in con⯑tinual alarm, iii. 317—diſtinguiſhed by huntſmen into young, old, and great wolf—manner of hunt⯑ing them, iii. 318—young dogs ſhudder at their ſight, iii. 309—the wolf killed, no dogs ſhew an appetite to enjoy their victory, iii. 318—the fleſh ſo very indifferent, no creature eats it but the kind itſelf—breathe a moſt foetid vapour from their jaws, iii. 323—often die of hunger, after running mad by furious agitations, iii. 109—ſeaſon for coupling laſts but fifteen days—no ſtrong attachment ap⯑pears between male and female; ſeek each other only once a year—couple in winter, ſeveral males then follow one female, diſpute cruelly, growl, and tear each other, and ſometimes kill that pre⯑ferred by the female—ſhe flies from all with the choſen when the reſt are aſleep, iii. 311—males paſs from one female to the other—time of pregnancy about three months and a half—couple like the dog, and the ſeparation hindered by the ſame cauſe—bring forth five or ſix, to nine at a litter—the cubs brought forth with eyes cloſed, iii. 312—young wolves play with hares or birds brought by their dams, and end by killing them, iii. 313—able to engender when two years old, iii. 314—wild dogs partake of the diſpoſition of the wolf, iii. 276—the wolf taken young is gentle only while a cub; as it grows older, diſcovers its natural appetite of rapine and cruelty, iii. 277—experiments prove neither wolf nor fox of the ſame nature with the dog, but each a diſtinct ſpecies, iii. 298 to 300—France, [] Spain, and Italy, much infeſted with them; Eng⯑land, Ireland, and Scotland, happily free—king Edgar firſt attempted to rid this kingdom, and in what manner, iii. 319—Edward I. iſſued a man⯑date to Peter Corbet for the deſtruction of them—ſome quite black, ſome white all over—found in Aſia, Africa, and America, iii. 320—in the Eaſt trained up for ſhew, taught to dance and play tricks; one thus educated ſells for four or five hun⯑dred crowns—in Lapland, the wolf never attacks a rein-deer when haltered—wolves of North-Ame⯑rica uſed in hunting, iii. 321, 322—caught in pit⯑falls; a wolf, a friar, and a woman taken in one in the ſame night, iii. 319
• Golden wolf, the Latin name for the jackall, iii. 334
• Wolf-fiſh, the anarbicas, a ſoft-finned apodal fiſh, its deſcription, vi. 311
• Womb, hiſtory of the child in the womb, ii. 39—of the hare divided in two, as a double organ, one ſide of which may be filled, while the other remains empty, iv. 6—deſcription of the falſe womb of the oppoſſum, iv. 243, et ſeq.
• Woman, the body arrives at perfection ſooner than in men, ii. 79—the perſons of women as complete at twenty as thoſe of men at thirty, ii. 80—the bones, cartilages, muſcles, and other parts of the body, ſofter than in men—a woman of ſixty has a better chance than a man of that age to live to eighty—women longer in growing old than men, ii. 199—the ſhoulders narrower, and the neck proportion⯑ably longer than in men, ii. 107—after a catalogue of deformities, Linnaeus puts down the ſlender waiſts of the women of Europe, by ſtrait lacing, deſtroying their health, through a miſtaken notion of improving their beauty, ii. 243—leſs apt to be⯑come bald than men; Mr. Buffon thinks they ne⯑ver become bald; there are too many inſtances of the contrary, ii. 86—in the polar regions as de⯑formed as the men, ii. 214—women of India de⯑ſcribed—marry and conſummate at eight, nine, and [] ten years old, and have children at that age—ceaſe bearing before the age of thirty—thoſe of ſa⯑vage nations, in a great meaſure exempt from painful labours, ii. 224—ſome continue pregnant a month beyond the uſual time—thoſe of Africa de⯑liver themſelves, and are well a few hours after, ii. 47—remarkable inſtance of the power of imagina⯑tion upon the foetus, ii. 246—lower eye-lids drawn downwards when with child—the corners of the mouth alſo—then likewiſe high ſhouldered—cir⯑cumſtances under which the midwives call them all mouth and eyes, ii. 104—in barbarous coun⯑tries, the laborious duties of life thrown upon the women, ii. 71, 121—the chief and only aim or an Aſiatic is poſſeſſion of many women, ii. 72—in⯑ſtance, in our own country, of a fine woman mar⯑ried to an eunuch, ii. 74—a principal employment of thoſe of Thibet, is reddening the teeth with herbs, and making their hair white, ii. 77—firſt impulſe of ſavage nature confirms women's ſlavery; the next, of half barbarous nations, appropriates their beauty; and that of the perfectly polite en⯑gages their affections, ii. 122
• Woods, in Britain, cut down by the Romans, and for what reaſon, i. 286
• Wood-cock, or cock of the wood, of the grouſe kind, places which this bird inhabits—how diſtinguiſhed from other birds of the poultry kind—the delicacy of its fleſh—its food and habitation—amorous de⯑ſires firſt felt in ſpring, v. 200, 201—keeps to the place where he firſt courts, and continues till the trees have their leaves, and the foreſt is in bloom—its cry, clapping of wings, and ridiculous poſ⯑tures in this ſeaſon—during which the females, at⯑tending his call, are impregnated; ſportſmen uſe this time to fire at them, and take many while thus tame, though at others it is moſt timorous and watchful, V. 202, 203—the female much leſs than her mate, and ſo unlike him in plumage, ſhe might be miſtaken for another ſpecies—number and ſize [] of the eggs—ſhe hatches them without the cock; and when obliged to leave them, in queſt of food, ſo covers them with moſs or leaves, it is difficult to find them—ſhe is then extremely tame and quiet—keeps her neſt, though attempted to be driven away—the young being hatched, they run with agility after the mother, though ſcarcely diſengag⯑ed from the ſhell, v. 203—their food ant's eggs and wild mountain berries—older, they feed upon tops of hether, and cones of pine trees—are hardy—the clutching time over, the young males forſake the mother; keep together till ſpring, when the firſt genial acceſs ſets them at variance for ever—fight each other like game-cocks, and eaſily fall a prey to the fowler, v. 204
• Woodcock, bird of the crane kind, its dimenſions, vi. 23—food, vi. 25—is a bird of paſſage—places where it is to be found, vi. 28
• Woodchat, a rapacious bird, third kind of the butcher-bird, v. 136
• Wood-louſe, its deſcription—has three varieties—where found—how bred—are of uſe in medicine, vii. 286, 287
• Wood-pecker, of this bird are many kinds, and varie⯑ties in each, v. 249—general characteriſtics, v. 248—deſcription of the green wood-pecker, or wood-ſpite, called the rain-fowl in ſome parts—feeds up⯑on inſects, particularly thoſe in hollow or rotting trees—deſcription of its tongue, the inſtrument for killing and procuring food, v. 249 to 251—want that inteſtine, which anatomiſts call the caecum, v. 249—ſtratagem uſed by them to catch ants, v. 252—in what manner they make neſts, and how delicate in the choice—number of eggs, v. 253—neſts in warmer regions of Guinea and Braſil, v. 254, 255—little wood pecker, called by the natives of Braſil guiratemga, v. 255
• Woodward, his eſſay towards a natural hiſtory, detail of it, i. 26, et ſeq.
• Wool, the Spaniſh finer than ours; but in weight not comparable to that of Lincoln or Warwickſhire [] ſome Spaniſh wool required to work up with it, iii. 44—of the pacos, moſt valuable, and formed into ſtuffs, not inferior to ſilk; this manufacture a conſiderable branch of commerce in South Ame⯑rica, iv. 317
• Worms, within the body of the caterpillar, devour its entrails, without deſtroying its life, viii. 47—of different kinds infeſt each ſpecies of fiſh, vi. 347—ſea-worms make the ſhells of fiſhes their food, vii. 16
• Blind worm, of the ſerpent kind, its deſcription—lies torpid all winter, vii. 221
• Froth-worm, an inſect in that ſort of ſubſtance on the ſurface of plants—deſcription of it, vii. 358
• Worm-kind, general deſcription of the earth-worm, viii. 166—entirely without brain, but with the heart near the head, viii. 168—in what manner taken, viii. 169—its eggs, viii. 168—nouriſhment,—keeps life in ſeparated parts, viii. 170
• Wraſſe, the labrus of the prickly-finned thoracic kind—deſcription of this fiſh, vi. 307
• Wren, and golden crowned wren, ſlender billed birds of the ſparrow kind, v. 314—willow-wren, a wander⯑ing bird of the ſparrow-kind, v. 318—the ſinging bird admired for the loudneſs of its note, com⯑pared to the ſmallneſs of its body, v. 335
• Wrinkles, whence thoſe of the body and face proceed, ii. 197
• Wry-neck, or cuckoo's attendant, a little bird, moſt ac⯑tive in the chaſe of the young cuckoo, v. 266

• Xiphias, or the ſword-fiſh, of the prickly-finned apo⯑dal kind, its deſcription, vi. 305

• Young people ſometimes ceaſe growing at fourteen or fifteen, ii. 79

• Zealand, inundations there, in which many villages were and remain overflowed, i. 278
• Zebra, the moſt beautiful, but wildeſt animal—a na⯑tive of the ſouthern parts of Africa—nothing ex⯑ceeds the delicate regularity of its colour—deſcrip⯑tion—watchful and ſwift, ii. 390—its ſpeed a pro⯑verb among Spaniards and Portugueſe—ſtands bet⯑ter upon its legs than a horſe—in what countries found, ii. 396—the Portugueſe pretend to have tamed, and ſent four from Africa to Liſbon, to draw the king's coach—ſome ſent to Braſil, could not be tamed—Merolla aſſerts, when tamed, they are ſtill as eſtimable for ſwiftneſs as beauty, ii. 397—their noiſe reſembles the confuſed barking of a maſtiff dog—in two, the author ſaw the ſkin be⯑low the jaw upon the neck hung looſe in a kind of dewlap—they are eaſily fed; ſome in England eat bread, meat, and tobacco—the emperor of Japan made a preſent of ſixty thouſand crowns value, for one received from a governor of Batavia, ii. 398—the Great Mogul gave two thouſand ducats for another—African ambaſſadors to the court of Con⯑ſtantinople, bring ſome with them, as preſents for the Grand Seignior, ii. 399—zebra and wild aſs of a very different ſpecies, ii. 376
• Zebu, the Barbary cow, and the grunting or Siberian cow, are but different races of the biſon, iii. 23, 24, 32
• Zeiran, name of the fourth variety of gazelles by Mr. Buffon, iii. 73
• Zembla, Nova, north wind reigns there during winter, i. 346—a deſcription of its inhabitants, ii. 213, et ſeq.
• Zeus, the doree, of the prickly-finned thoracic kind, deſcription of that fiſh, vi. 309
• Zibet, one of the two ſpecies of the civet, according [] to Mr. Buffon—diſtinction between them, iii. 389
• Temperate zone, properly ſpeaking the theatre of na⯑tural hiſtory, i. 14
• Torrid zone, in the center the heat very tolerable, in other places the cold painful—temperature and advantages of perpetual ſpring under it, i. 150—lightening there not fatal or dangerous, i. 379—has the largeſt quadrupeds—all fond of the water, iii. 28, 29
• Zoophytes, name of vegetable nature indued with ani⯑mal life, viii. 161—firſt claſs of zoophytes, viii. 166—all the tribe continue to live in ſeparate parts; one animal by cuttings, divided into two diſtinct exiſtences, ſometimes into a thouſand, viii. 171—ſecond claſs, viii. 174
• Zorille, a ſtinkard, of the weaſel kind—reſembles the ſkink—is ſmaller and more beautifully coloured, iii. 381